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    Heat Rate Calculation

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    manotos
    This document discusses how to calculate heat rate and efficiency for a power plant. Heat rate is calculated by dividing the fuel's lower heating value by the plant's electrical energy output. Efficiency is calculated as the energy output divided by the heat rate. It is important to measure fuel flow, energy output, and heating value in consistent units and conditions to accurately calculate heat rate. Variations in these measurements can lead to errors in the calculated heat rate. The document provides examples of typical units and conversions used.

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    Heat Rate Calculation

    Uploaded by

    manotos
    402 views9 pages
    This document discusses how to calculate heat rate and efficiency for a power plant. Heat rate is calculated by dividing the fuel's lower heating value by the plant's electrical energy output. Efficiency is calculated as the energy output divided by the heat rate. It is important to measure fuel flow, energy output, and heating value in consistent units and conditions to accurately calculate heat rate. Variations in these measurements can lead to errors in the calculated heat rate. The document provides examples of typical units and conversions used.

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    This document discusses how to calculate heat rate and efficiency for a power plant. Heat rate is calculated by dividing the fuel's lower heating value by the plant's electrical energy output. Efficiency is calculated as the energy output divided by the heat rate. It is important to measure fuel flow, energy output, and heating value in consistent units and conditions to accurately calculate heat rate. Variations in these measurements can lead to errors in the calculated heat rate. The document provides examples of typical units and conversions used.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    402 views9 pages

    Heat Rate Calculation

    Uploaded by

    manotos
    This document discusses how to calculate heat rate and efficiency for a power plant. Heat rate is calculated by dividing the fuel's lower heating value by the plant's electrical energy output. Efficiency is calculated as the energy output divided by the heat rate. It is important to measure fuel flow, energy output, and heating value in consistent units and conditions to accurately calculate heat rate. Variations in these measurements can lead to errors in the calculated heat rate. The document provides examples of typical units and conversions used.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Heat Rate Calculation

    SG
    Heat Rate

    V x LHV
    Heat rate H=
    E

    3600
    Efficiency %= x 100
    H

    Fuel gas volume flow V (m3n)


    Lower heating value LHV (kJ/m³n)
    Produced electrical energy E (kWh)
    Heat rate H (kJ/kWh)
    Efficiency (%)
    Heat Rate

    Some units for measuring LHV

    kJ/m³ kJ/ft³
    kcal/m³ Kcal/ft³
    BTU/ft³

    All of the volumes are measured in certain measuring conditions.

    Measurements for the heat rate need to be measured in same conditions or the
    measurements must be converted to same conditions before calculating heat
    rate.

    Most common measuring conditions.


    Normal conditions m³ (p=101,325 kPa, T=273,15 K or 0ºC)
    Standard conditions m³ (p=101,325 kPa, T=288,15K or 15ºC)
    Standard conditions ft³ (p=14,73 psi or 101,56 kPa, T=257,594K or 60ºF)
    Heat Rate

    Unit conversions

    1 normal cubic metre (m³N) = 1,054915 standard cubic metre (m³S)


    1 standard cubic metre (m³S) = 35,31 standard cubic foot (ft³S)
    1 bar = 14,5 psi
    1 BTU/ft³S = 37,2445 kJ/m³S
    1 kcal = 4,1868 kJ
    Heat Rate

    Example.

    Energy = 8000 kWh


    LHV = 36000 kJ/m³ (nominal)
    Gas flow = 1800 m³ (nominal)

    Heat rate = 8100 kJ/kWh or 44,44%

    Same heat rate calculated again with same output and LHV but when gas
    flow is given in standard conditions.
    If calculation are made without converting the gas flow to same conditions
    as the LHV the results are as below.

    Gas flow = 1899 m³ (standard)

    Heat rate = 8545 kJ/kWh or 42,12%

    Giving error of 445 kJ/kWh or 2,32%


    Heat Rate

    Tolerance.
    2 2 2
     LHVtol   gf tol   Etol 
    ∆H = H ×   +  + 
     100   100   100 

    Example

    H = 8100
    LHVtol = 1%
    gftol = 1%
    Etol = 1%
    2 2 2
     1   1   1 
    ∆H = 8100 ×   +  +  = 140
     100   100   100 
    H max = H + ∆H ⇒ 8100 + 140 = 8240
    H Min = H − ∆H ⇒ 8100 − 140 = 7960
    Heat Rate

    Measuring heat rate.

    -Energy
    Produced energy can be measured by PMU in CFC panel or
    equipment mentioned in the contract. PMU can be set to
    automatically measure required time period.

    -Gas flow
    Any gas flow meter can be used as long as it is certified and
    accurate and is not supplying gas to any other equipment than the
    engines that are tested. Check that the flow meter has correct
    settings in the flow computer.

    Gas flow should never be measured without flow computer by


    calculating the flow from gas temperature and pressure. This will
    easily cause big error to the overall heat rate. Gas flow meters with
    flow computer can be ordered from technical service in case the
    equipment is not available at site.
    Heat Rate

    Measuring heat rate.

    -Lower heating value


    Gas quality can change a lot in short time. LHV has to be
    measured at site at the time of the actual heat rate test by taking
    sample from the gas and getting it to be analyzed in laboratory. In
    some sites it is required to take gas samples every hour or even
    every 30 minutes during the test if the heat rate needs to be
    calculated accurately.
    Heat Rate

    Measuring plant heat rate.

    Example of real LHV measurement from site in India.


    31.10.2009 LHV (MJ/m3)
    37

    36,73
    36,58
    36,5 36,52
    36,43

    36,22

    36

    35,78
    35,63
    35,5
    35,43
    35,26 35,26 35,3

    35

    34,5
    10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00 12:00-13:00 13:00-14:00 14:00-15:00 15:00-16:00 16:00-17:00 17:00-18:00 18:00-19:00 22:00-23:00 23:00-24:00
    time

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