Interior Lighting: M CM V F
Interior Lighting: M CM V F
Interior Lighting: M CM V F
Illumination:
1. Definition Of Terms
❖ Plan Angle : A plan angle is subtended at a point and is
enclosed by two straight lines lying in the same plan , as shown :
arc
Plan angle ( ) = (radians)
radius
area A
Solid angle ( ) = = (steradian s)
(radius) 2 r 2
( if A = r 2 , then = 1 steradian ) . Hence , steradian is
defined as the angle subtended at the center of a sphere by a
2
part of its surface having an area equal to (radius ) .
Obviously , the solid angle subtended at the centre by whole
of the spherical surface is :
4 r 2
= 2 = 4 steradian
r
The relationship between Solid and plan angle is :
= 2 (1 − cos )
2
❖ Luminous Flux ( )
Is the rate of energy radiation in the form of light waves . . or
It is the magnitude of a ray which produces a luminous sensation.
The unit of luminous flux is Lumen (LM)
2
I=
The unit of luminous intensity is Candela (cd) or candle power
(CP) .
Candle power (CP) of source is the number of lumen emitted in a
unit solid angle in a given direction .
Therefore , Lumen : is defined as the luminous flux ( ) emitted in
a unit solid angle by a source of one candle power .
i.e. Lumens = Candle power x Solid angle
Lumens = CP
Flux Lumen CP ω
Illuminanc e ( E ) = = = Lux =
Area m2 m2
❖ Laws of illumination :
1- E is directly proportional to the luminous intensity (I) of source
i.e. E I .
2- Inverse square law : The illumination of a surface is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from the
source . i.e. : E 1 / r
2
3
3- Lambert's cosine law : According to this law , E is directly
proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal to the
illuminated surface with the direction of the incident flux.
1 2
A
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Consider a lamp of uniform luminous intensity suspended at a high
(h) above the working plane as shown in fig below . Let us
consider the value of illumination at point A immediately below the
lamp and at the other points B,C,D etc. laying in the working plane
at different distances from A .
I cos 0 I
EA = =
h2 h2
I cos 1 I h
EB = =
( LB) 2 ( LB) 2 ( LB)
3
h I h3 I h
=I = =
( LB)3 h 2 ( LB)3 h 2 ( LB)
I h
EB = E A cos 3 1 where E A = 2 and cos 1 =
h ( LB)
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Example 1: A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is
suspended 8m above the working plane . Calculate the illuminations
at a point on the working plane 6m away from the foot of the lamp .
1200
Solution : I = = 95.5 cd
4
LB = 82 + 6 2 = 10m
cos = 8 / 10 = 0.8
I 95.5
E A = 2 = 2 = 1.492 lm / m 2 or lux
h 8
EB = E A cos3 = 1.492 (0.8)3 = 0.764 lux
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Solution :
I
illumination due to 1 h 2 (cos 1 )
= 3
i- L
5
cos 1 = = 0.316
5 + 15
2 2
200 (0.316)3
illumination due to L1 = 2
= 0.253 lm / m 2
5
I
illumination due to 2 h 2 (cos 2 )
= 3
ii- L
5
cos 2 = = 0.707
5 +5
2 2
200 (0.707)3
illumination due to L2 = 2
= 2.83 lm / m 2
5
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❖ Utilization Factor or Coefficient of Utilization (UF)
The value of this factor varies widely and depends on the following
factors :
1- The type of lighting system , whether direct or indirect etc.
2- The type and mounting height of the fittings .
3- The colour and surface of walls and ceilings .
4- The shape and dimensions of the room .
Determination of (UF )
1. Calculate the ROOM INDEX (K)
The ROOM INDEX is a measure of proportions of the room .
L *W
K=
Hm (L + W )
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Hm – Mounting Height (the distance between the light source
and working plane)
Working plane height is 0.8 to 0.85 meter above finished
floor level.
2. Decide on the values of Room Raflectances. c , w , wp.
Room Reflectances
The ratio of the luminous flux reflected by a room surface to the
flux incident upon that surface is called the reflectance of that
surface.
w - wall reflectance
c - ceiling reflectance
wp - working plane reflectance
The surface reflectance depends on its color, material &
texture. For guidance the following scale could be used :-
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The designer is frequently faced with the situation that the
reflectance of room surfaces are not known at the time when the
lighting design is made. In such cases it is recommended to use for
offices the triplet 0.7 / 0.5 / 0.3 for the reflectance of ceiling,
walls and working plane respectively, and for other premises the
triplet 0.7 / 0.5 / 0.1
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❖ Lamp Color
The light output of some standard Fluorescent Tubes :
(40 Watt 120 cm)
Lamp color Light Output (Lumen)
Universal White (UW) 2500
Warm White (WW) 3200
Warm White Deluxe (WWX) 2000
Daylight (D) 2500
Daylight-Deluxe (DX) 1950
Cool White (CW) 3200
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❖ Number of Lamps per fitting : (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . 6)
4. Select the Utilization Factor table appropriate for the type of
luminaire and lamp under consideration and read the value of
UF from the table at the corresponding calculated value of the
room index (K) and the particular combination of room
reflectances.
Example 3 A room 10m x 15m is lighted by 20 lamps to give
uniform illumination of 150 lm / m 2 on the working plane . If the
output of each lamp is 1800 lumens . Calculate the utilization factor
of the room .
Solution : The flux emitted by the lamps = 20 x1800 = 36000 lm
The flux received by the working plane of the room
= 10 x 15 x150 = 22500 lm
22500
Utilizatio n Factor = = 0.625 or 62.5%
36000
❖ Lighting Maintenance
The lighting installation will continue to operate efficiently
only when it is well maintained. Poor maintenance can reduce
illuminance levels considerably. This is due to :-
i) Accumulation of dust and dirt on lamps and luminaries.
ii) Accumulation of dust and dirt on room surfaces which
affects the light reflected from these surfaces.
iii) Reduction in the luminous flux due to aging of lamps.
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iv) Poor lamp replacement.
At the design stages the above factors are included in what is
called the Maintenance Factor (MF) .
❖ Maintenance Factor (MF)
It is the ratio of average illuminance on the working plane after
a specified period of use of lighting installation to the average
illuminance obtained under the same conditions for a new
installation.
The maintenance factor depends on the type of lamps/
luminaire combination used, the proportions of the room, the
degree of pollution present and the effectiveness and frequency
of the maintenance. For rough guidance, the following values
could be used at the design stage :
MF = 0.85 for clean locations
MF = 0.80 for moderate location
MF = 0.75 for dirty locations
Taking into consideration the utilization and maintenance factors
the expression for the gross lumens (flux) required is :
E A
Total lumens ( ) =
UF MF
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Example 4 A bed-room 6m x 10m is illuminated by 10 lamps of
250 W each . The luminous efficiency of each lamp is 20 lm/W. IF
the maintenance factor and utilization factor are 0.8 and 0.6 , find
the illumination on the working plane .
Solution : Total flux available ( ) = 10 ( 250 x 20 ) = 50000 lm
E A
Total lumens ( ) =
UF MF
UF MF 50000 0.6 0.8
E= = = 400 lm / m 2 or lux
A 6 10
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Purpose and places lm / m 2
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The total flux required = 7200 x 1000 = 7.2 10 lm
6
The UF = 0.4 i.e. ( only 40% of the flux emitted from the lamps
reaches the ground of pitch )
Therefore, the total flux required to be emitted by the total lamps=
7.2 106
= 18 106 lm
0.4
The Total flux required to emitted by each tower bank =
18 106
= 4.5 106 lm
4
The total flux emitted by the lamps on each tower bank =
25 3000 = 75 103 lm
Hence , the number of lamps on each tower is =
4.5 106
= 60
75 10 3
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2. Type of lamps
• Incandescent lights:
which produce light with a glowing filament heated by electric current.
These are very inefficient, having a luminous efficacy of 10-17
lumens/W, and also have a short lifetime of 1000 hours. incandescent
lamps come to full brightness without need for a warm-up time, They
work well with dimmers
• Fluorescent lamps:
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Fluorescent Lamp circuit Fluorescent Lamp circuit
using Thermal Starter using Glow Starter
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Lamp Color Selection Chart
The following lamp selection chart gives the most suitable colors
recommended for the various applications.
D CW UW CWX W WW WWX
Shops
Grocery
Baker
Clothing
Shoes
Furniture
Books
Sports
Watches
Cosmetics
Flowers
Commercial
Offices
Conference Rooms
Hotels
Restaurants
Theaters
Schools
Hospitals
Industrial
Textiles
Printing
Electrical
Chemical
Wood
Laboratories
Domestic
Lounge
Kitchen
Bathroom
Garage
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• Metal-halide lamps :
which produce light by an arc between two electrodes in an atmosphere of
argon, mercury and other metals, and iodine or bromine. These are more
efficient than Fluorescent lights, having a luminous efficacy of 75–100
lumens/W and have a relatively long bulb lifetime of 6,000-15,000 hours,
but because they require a 5 - 7 minute warm up period before turning on,
are not used for residential lighting, but for commercial and industrial
wide area lighting, and outdoor security lights and streetlights.
• LED lamps :
are an electric light or light bulb for use in light fixtures that produces
light using Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). LED lamps have a lifespan
and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than incandescent
lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps,
LEDs come to full brightness without need for a warm-up time; The
initial cost of LED is usually higher.
Most LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional
characteristics affect the design of lamps.
The light output of single LED is less than that of incandescent and
compact fluorescent lamps; in most applications multiple LEDs are used
to form a lamp, although high-power versions (see in table below) are
becoming available.
LED chips require controlled (DC) electrical power and an appropriate
circuit as an LED driver is required to convert the AC from the power
supply to the regulated voltage DC used by the LEDs. LEDs are
adversely affected by high temperature, so LED lamps typically
include heat dissipation elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins.
Qualification of LED
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Lamp Life and Efficiency
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check that the SHR conditions are not exceeded.
5 5 6.75
SHR = = = 0.94 and = 1.27 O.K
7 − 0.9 − 0.8 5.3 5.3
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117647
Number of fluoresent required = = 47.1
2500
So we select 48 luminaires.
If twin-tube fitting are employed , then number of such fitting
required = 48/2 = 24 , These can be arranged in 3 rows of 8 fitting
each .
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check that the SHR condition is not exceeded.
5 5 6
SHR = = = 1.56 and = 1.87 O.K
4 − 0.8 3.2 3.2
Example 8 :
Calculate the number of luminaires required to provide an office
with an average illuminance of 400 Lux on the working plane.
Office dimensions are:-
Length L = 12 m ; Width W = 8 m ; Height H = 3.25 m
assuming that the working plane is 0.85 m above the floor level .
Solution :
L W 12 8
Room Inde x ( K ) = = =2
Hm (L + W ) (3.25 − 0.85)(12 + 8)
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➢ We select from the lighting catalogue (Thorn Lighting) a
luminaire suitable to operate with (2x40) Watt fluorescent
tubes type (Arena 2)
➢ Tube colour ➔ White
➢ Lighting design lumen = 2800 lumen
➢ Since the reflectances of room surfaces are not known we
select the triplet 0.7/0.5/0.3
➢ For the selected room reflectances and the calculated room
index , we find the Utilization Factor from table of the selected
luminaire in lighting catalogue (Thorn Lighting ) which is UF
= 0.65
➢ The location is assumed to be clean, so the MF = 0.85
69502.26
Number of fluoresent required = = 24.8
2800
If twin-tube fitting are employed , then number of such fitting
required = 24.8/2 = 12.4
So we select 12 luminaires.
➢ A suitable layout is to use 3 rows with 4 luminaires in each
row.
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1.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.5
1.333
2.667
2.667
1.333
Luminaire Layout
4. Lighting Fittings
A lighting fitting may be one out of a large number of shades,
reflectors , refractors , diffusers and the like and is helpful in
controlling and directing the luminous flux from a lamp . It performs
the functions of directing the luminous flux , reducing the observed
brightness of the lamp and of protecting the lamp .
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❖ Symmetrical Fittings :
A) Direct Fittings :
In this type of fittings , not lees than 90% of the total luminous
flux is directed in the lower hemisphere ( Working plane ) and
only 10% of the total flux goes in the upper hemisphere . It is
generally used in industrial applications . The reflector may be
of plastic or vitreous enamel . The SHR generally used is 1.5 .
Semi-direct Fitting
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C) General Diffusing Fittings :
In this type of fittings , not less than 40% , and not more than
60% of the total luminous flux is directed in either hemisphere (
Working plane ) . An example is a fitting of opal glass sphere .
They find application in offices and schools and in commercial
establishments .
Semi-indiret Fitting
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E) Indirect Fittings :
In this type of fittings , not less than 90% of the total luminous
flux is directed in the upper hemisphere ( Working plane ) , since
practically all the flux is directed towards the ceiling and upper
portions of the walls .
Indirect Fitting
❖ Asymmetrical Fittings :
There are requirements in industry where the flux may have to
be directed at a particular angle and the lighting will have to be
provided with a directional feature by having parabolic and
elliptical reflectors and some such devices . They may have to be
watertight and vapourproof also .
Asymmetrical Fittings
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5. Residential Lighting
Lighting for the home should tie in with family life and activities.
Factors such as family size, living habits, social activities, sports,
hobbies, etc…., affect greatly the residential lighting design.
Therefore, home lighting should be CUSTOM-DESIGNED to
meet the specific requirements and preferences of the individual
family.
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➢ Use rise and fall pendants.
➢ In bathrooms provide two wall-mounted fixtures, one on each
side of the mirror ( or one fixture mounted above the mirror ).
➢ The kitchen should always receive careful attention, because it
is an area where the lady of the house spends a great deal of
time.
➢ Reserve the central point of the room for the ceiling fan.
➢ In bedrooms provide sufficient light at the dressing table.
➢ Provide a light point outlet directly over the dining table.
➢ Provide suitable lighting fixtures outdoors and in the garden.
➢ In bathrooms switches shall be so situated as to be normally
inaccessible to a person using fixed bath or shower.
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