Experimental Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate With Copper Slag

8 VII July 2020
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.30407
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 8 Issue VII July 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com
Experimental Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete by

Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Copper Slag
Ashish Shrivas1, Mr. Anil Rajpoot2
1
M.E student, 2Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Vikrant Institute of Technology and Management, Gwalior, India
Abstract: The innovation in the field of concrete technology can minimise the consumption of natural resources like river sand,
aggregate and energy sources and lessen the burden of pollutants on environment. at present in mining and production of steel
large amounts of Copper Slag are generated which gives an harm full impact on environment and humans. This assignment
describes the feasibility of using the copper slag in concrete production. Dumping the waste materials to the environment directly
may cause environmental problem. Hence it is highly required to reuse of waste material to save the environment. proper waste
management can be employed to produce new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural resources are used more
efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposits. In order to utilize an alternative material to increase the
strength of the concrete. Copper slag may be used as partial part of aggregate which is an environmental waste work as partial
component without sacrifice the strength and durability of the concrete structure. In this research work the effects of replacing
fine aggregate by copper slag is tested by performing the compressive strength. This work includes the determination of different
properties of locally available copper slag and utilization of copper slag in concrete by replacing it in different composition ratio
in aggregate by keeping the other parameters constant.
Keywords: Copper Slag, Aggregate, M20 Grade, M25 Grade, Compressive Strength, Environmental Waste.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. General
The importance of cement concrete in present society can’t be thought little of. Solid Structures of Concrete Presents in all places,
such as structures, streets, bridges, and dams. There is no avoidance the effect of concrete utilization makes on your regular day to
day existence. Concrete is a combined substance which is consisting of filler and a fastener. Regular concrete is a combination of
F.A., C.A, cement, and water. Cement and lime are usually utilized as fastening materials, while the sand binder is mixed as fine
aggregates and crushed stones, gravel, broken bricks; clinker is employed as coarse aggregates. The concrete having cement, sand
and coarse aggregates mix up in an appropriate percentage in addition to water is called cement concrete. In this kind of concrete,
cement is mixed as a fastening substance, sand as fine aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.
Concrete material is most common construction substance in the earth, mostly because ofits low charge, ease of use, its
extendedstrength, and capacity tocarry onintenseweather atmosphere. The universal construction of concrete is 10 times that of steel
by tonnage. On the other side, other constructionresourcesfor example steel and polymers are more costly and less common than
concrete materials. Concrete is a fragile material that has a high compressive force, but a low tensile force. This reinforcement of
concrete is required to allow it to handle tensile stresses. Such support is usually made out using steel.
B. Strength of Concrete
The concrete strength is very much dependent factor upon the hydration reaction. Water acting a vital function, particularly the
amount used. The strength of concrete enlarges when a smaller amount of water is used to create concrete. The hydration effect
itself graphs a specific amount of water. Concrete is essentially mixed with extra water than is wanted for the hydration responses.
This additional water is mixed to provide concrete enough workability. Water to cement proportion gives to high strength but low
workability. High water to cement ratio directs to small strength, but excellent workability. The objective distinctiveness of
aggregates is form texture, and amount. These can ultimately affect strength.
C. Materials
The materials used in the projects for making concrete mixture are cement, Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, copper slag, etc are
detailed describe below:
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1) Cement: Cement is by far the most important constituent of concrete, in that it forms the binding medium for the discrete
ingredients. Made out of naturally occurring raw materials and sometimes blended or underground with industrial wastes. The
cement used in this study was OPC 53 grades Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to IS12269-1987.
2) Fine Aggregate: Aggregates which occupy nearly 70 to 75 percent volume of concrete are sometimes viewed as inert
ingredients in more than one sense. However, it is now well recognized that physical, chemical and thermal properties of
aggregates substantially influence the properties w23mm and performance of concrete. The fine aggregate (sand) used was
clean dry sand was sieved in 4.75 mm sieve to remove all pebbles.
3) Coarse Aggregate: Coarse aggregate is used for making concrete. They may be in the form of irregular broken stone or
naturally occurring gravel. Material which is large to be retained on 4.75mm sieve size is called coarse aggregates. Its
maximum size can be up to 40 mm.
4) Water: water plays an important role in the formation of concrete as it participates in a chemical reaction with cement. Due to
the presence of water, the gel is formed which helps in increase of strength of concrete. Potable water is generally considered
satisfactory for mixing.
D. Copper Slag
Copper slag is a by-product of copper smelting and refining process. As refineries draw metal out of copper ore, they produce a
large volume of non-metallic dust, soot, and rock. Copper slag which is an industrial waste obtained from smelting and refining
process of copper from Sterlite Industry Ltd., Tuticorin, and Tamilnadu. Nearly 4 tons of copper is obtained as waste is disposed to
lands cause’s environmental impacts. So it can be reused as concreting materials. In refinery plants when copper metal produced by
extraction process then copper slag is generated in a large amount in the production of copper metal. About 2-2.5 tons of copper slag
produced for each 1 ton of copper production. Concrete production with that material gives upgrading in workability compared
to traditional concrete. Production of concrete has many environmental benefits for example waste recycling and resolve disposal
problems.
E. Problem Formulation
Natural resources are decreasing in all over the world and increasing wastes from industries generated simultaneously. The eco-
Friendly and reliable development for construction consists the use of non-conventional and different waste materials and recycling
of waste material for reducing emissions in environments and decreasing the use of natural resources. The mixture of concrete
mainly consists fly ash for saving the cement also useful to maintain the heat of hydration temperature of concrete. A mixture of
water, aggregate, sand and cement called concrete, it is a composite material that uses in constructions and developments. Therefore
reducing the use of natural resources in construction, we use copper slag as a partial replacement for reducing the use of cement, so
copper slag is used in the concrete as one of the alternative materials. It is the waste product of copper produces from iron or steel
plants. The construction industry is the only area where the safe use of Copper slag is possible. When it is introduced in concrete as
a replacement material, it reduces the environmental pollution, space problem and also reduces the cost of concrete. In refinery
plants when copper metal produced by extraction process then copper slag is generated in a large amount in the production of
copper metal.
F. AIM
As the addition of waste materials in concrete increase the strength of concrete and reuse of waste material. The need of this
research is to Reduced the quantity of waste material required to produce the concrete of high strength as not to increase the amount
of cement.
G. Objectives
To compare the various properties like compressive strength and density of modified concrete with partial replacement of Copper
slag with Conventional concrete.
1) To investigate the effect of Copper Slag waste materials in concrete on its strength.
2) Used copper slag in place of sand during concrete construction.
3) To save the natural resource and cost optimization.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

A. Sukhoon Pyo et. al. [2016] they conducted analysis using a recently developed impact testing system that uses suddenly
released strain energy to generate an impact pulse. Three fibre categories were measured, a warped fibre and two extra types of
straight fibres. Sample effect reply was estimated in terms of first cracking power, post-cracking strength, energy inclusion
power and strain power. The test outcomes specify that samples with warped fibres normally show fairly better mechanical
functions than samples with straight fibres for the series of strain rates measured. All UHP-FRC sequence experienced
demonstrate extra rate sensitivities in energy inclusion power, normally made much more energy dissipative under increasing
strain rates.
B. B. Patnaik et .al. [2015] they studied about the force and toughness functions of concrete having copper waste as a fractional
substitution of sand and results have been presented in this paper. Two different kinds of Concrete Grade (M20 & M30) were
used with different proportions of copper slag replacement (0 to 50%) in the concrete. Strength & Durability properties such as
Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Acid Resistivity and Sulphate Resistivity were evaluated for
both mixes of concrete. test results explains that the strength functions of concrete has better having copper slag as a partial
substitute of Sand (up to 40%) in concrete but in terms of stability the concrete found to be low resistant to acid attack and
better resistance against sulphate attack.
C. Pranshu Saxena et. al. [2015] they studied about scope of replacement of F.A. from C.S. in concrete. Copper slag represents an
accepted substitute to sand as a blasting way in industrial cleaning. With explosion or aggressive spraying methods, companies
are using C.S. to clean huge refining equipment or furnaces .Material like copper waste can be utilized as one which can
decrease the cost of construction. Their effort has been completed to accumulate the different analyses completed on the
substitution of copper waste in F.A. to observe the potency of concrete.
D. T. U. Ganiron et. al. [2014] they studied about the effects of thermoplastic when added to concrete cement and needs of the
ecological sector in terms of recycling the waste plastic that harms not only the soil structure and the environment The plastic
was grounded into pieces for concrete mixture, where it substitutes the 5% of the fine aggregate, which is the sand. It then
undergoes to strength test that investigate whether it can pass or at least equal the standard specification of concrete mix for
wall panel. The experimentation went through moisture content test, specific gravity test, slump test, sieve analysis,
compressive test and flexural test.
E. Yi Zheng et. al. [2013] they analysed structural concrete strength rapid detection methods, which mainly include rebound
method, Ultrasonic-rebound combined method, and drilled core method were compared and analysed. Application of each
method was analysed. Based on current detection technical specification, ultrasonic-rebound combined method for testing
concrete strength was analysed. Actual concrete bridge as a platform for a compressive test, ultrasonic-rebound combined
method test was carried out.
III. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
A. Methodology
The aim of the experiment was to assess the properties of concrete made with Fine aggregates, cement, and coarse aggregate and
copper slag to study the various important aspects such as compressive strength of concrete Cube prepared by using Concrete
materials and replacing copper slag with different percentage of replacements with cement. In fresh state; the workability
parameters such as slump cone test was studied. In hardened state; the strength tests such as compressive strength was studied. The
study was carried out for mix design of Grade of concrete-M20, M25. In this study, concrete cubes were casted and Dimensions of
cubes were 150 150 150 mm.
B. Materials Used
1) Cement: Cement is by far the most important constituent of concrete, in that it forms the binding medium for the discrete
ingredients. Made out of naturally occurring raw materials and sometimes blended or inter-ground with industrial wastes. The
cement used in this study was OPC 53 grades Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) ultratech conforming to IS 10262.
Figure 1. Cement

Table 3.1: Properties of cement

Properties Value
Grade of Cement OPC(53 grade)
Specific gravity of cement 3.15
Initial setting time 35 min
Final setting time 330min
Normal Consistency 32%
2) Fine Aggregate: Aggregates which occupy nearly 70 to 75 percent volume of concrete are sometimes viewed as inert
ingredients in more than one sense. However, it is now well recognized that physical, chemical and thermal properties of
aggregates substantially influence the properties and performance of concrete. The fine aggregate (sand) used was clean dry
sand was sieved in 4.75 mm sieve to remove all pebbles.
Figure 2: Fine Aggregate

Table 3.2 - Properties of fine aggregate
Properties Value
Specific Gravity 2.60
Fineness Modulus 3.75
Water absorption 0.6%
3) Coarse Aggregate: Coarse aggregate are used for making concrete. They may be in the form of irregular broken stone or
naturally occurring gravel. Material which are large to be retained on 4.75mm sieve size are called coarse aggregates. Its
maximum size can be up to 63mm.
Figure 3 - Coarse aggregate

Table 3.3: Properties of coarse aggregate

Properties Values
Specific Gravity 2.94
Size of Aggregates 20mm
Fineness Modulus 7.07
Water absorption 0.219
Aggregate Impact value 15.2%
Aggregate Crushing value 22.5%
4) Water: Water plays an important role in the formation of concrete as it participates in chemical reaction with cement. Due to the
presence of water the gel is form which helps in increase of strength of concrete. Almost any natural water that is drinkable and
has no pronounced taste or odor can be used as mixing water. Water from lakes and streams that contain marine life are also
usually suitable. Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious quantities of alkalies, acids, oils, salts,
sugar, organic materials, vegetable growth or other substance that may be deleterious to bricks, stone, concrete or steel. Potable
water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing.
5) Copper Slag: Copper slag is a by-product during copper smelting and refining process. As refineries draw metal out of copper
ore, they produce a large volume of non-metallic dust, soot, and rock.
Figure 3: Copper slag

Table 3.4: Chemical properties of copper slag
Chemical Component % of chemical Component
SiO2 37.26
Fe2O3 47.45
Al2O3 3.95
CaO 2.38
Na2O 0.65
K2O 2.62
Mn2O3 0.086
TiO2 0.33
SO3 2.75
CuO 1.12

C. Tests
1) Tests on Fine Aggregate: In this project, the river sand, which was available in saturated surface dry condition was used as fine
aggregate and the following tests were carried out on sand as per IS:2386-1968
a) Sieve analysis
b) Density
c) Specific gravity
d) Water absorption
2) Tests on Coarse Aggregate
The coarse aggregate are tested for the following
a) Impact value
b) Sieve analysis
c) Density
d) Specific gravity
e) Water absorption
3) Tests on Copper Slag

The copper slag is tested separately for the following
a) Sieve analysis
b) Density
c) Specific gravity
d) Water absorption
4) Sieve Analysis Test: Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine aggregate. This is
done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (part I) 1963. In this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code and
then pass aggregate through them and collect different sized particles left over different sieves.
5) Density: The density of both fresh and hardened concrete is of interest to the parties involved for numerous reasons including
its effect on durability, strength and resistance to permeability. Hardened concrete density is determined either by simple
dimensional check followed by weighing and calculation or by weight in air water buoyancy method.
D. Preparation Of Materials
All materials were brought to room temperature before commencing the results. The cement samples, on arrival at the laboratory,
were thoroughly mixed dry either by hand in such a manner as to ensure the greatest possible blending and uniformity in the
material, care is being taken to avoid the intrusion of foreign matter. The cement was stored in a dry place.
Figure 5: Preparation of material

E. Casting of Concrete Cubes

First of all, lubricating oil is applied to all the moulds so that during opening time after 24 hrs will open mould easily without
damaging the concrete cube and before pouring ensures that all the bolts of cubes are tight, this prevents the leakage of concrete mix
and help in setting of perfect cube shape (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm).The concrete mix of M-20, grade was designed to. All the
concrete mixes were mixed in Institute laboratory. From each mix three 150 mm cubes were cast for determination of compressive
strength, 100mm×100mm×700mm beam were cast for the determination of flexural strength.
Figure 6: Casting of Concrete
F. Curing Of Cubes
After opening the cubes, cubes will be named for their specification by the help of water resistant paint & paint brush taken to the
curing tank and rested there for 7th day, 14th day & 28th day with the cover of fresh and clean water. Specification denotes the cube
specimen name; type of reinforcement shape used, and date of casting. During time period of curing of cubes, always watch the
curing tank that water level does not reaches below the cubes due to concrete heat releasing property and then fill the tank to cover
the cubes. The water for curing should be tested every 7 days and the temperature of water must be at 27°C.
G. Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strength on each 150×150×150 Cubic specimen was determined in accordance with Compression testing machine.
The two ends of each specimen were ground before testing to ensure uniform distribution of load during test. The diameter of each
specimen was taken before the compressive strength test. The testing was hydraulic controlled with a maximum capacity of 2000
KN. Load was applied to the specimen at a constant loading rate of 0.5 N until complete failure occurred. The outputs of the load
cell from the testing machine were connected to a data acquisition system, which records the data during the test. The maximum
load is recorded and the compressive stress computed by dividing the maximum load by the cross sectional area of the specimen.
The type of fracture was also recorded.
Fig 7- Compression testing machine

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Introduction
In this study the designed concrete is subjected to various tests to estimate the strength and other properties of the casted concrete.
The main aim of the study is to monitor the developed strength attained by the concrete at various testing days from curing.
Generally proper casting and curing of concrete will increase the strength of the concrete. For this project each test is carried out
with 2 samples for every mix ratio and tested at required curing time. Then the average values are used for the investigations.
B. Compressive Strength Test

Concrete is weak in tension and strong in compression so the concrete should be strong to attain high compression. In this study for
each mix 2-samples were tested and the average strength is compared with nominal mix of M20 & M 25 Mix. Compressive strength
test finds out the high amount of compressive load a material can bear below facture limit. The results of compressive strength at
the age 7th day, 14th day & 28th day are shown in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Compressive Strength at different Curing stages (M 20)

Percentage Replacement Compressive Strength (N/mm²)
of Copper Slag 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
0% 19.57 32.70 33.51
5% 20.36 27.04 29.54
10% 20.91 27.37 30.53
15% 21.22 28.62 31.02
20% 19.20 26.14 28.92
25% 17.22 22.84 27.16
Table 4.2 Compressive Strength at different Curing stages (M 25)

Percentage Replacement Compressive Strength (N/mm²)
of Copper Slag 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
0% 20.82 27.97 31.82
5% 22.27 29.78 33.12
10% 23.41 32.32 33.28
15% 23.45 33.14 36.26
20% 22.84 30.09 33.22
25% 19.48 25.52 30.24
Compressive Strength at different Curing stages (M 20)

40
Compressive Strength
33.51
32.7
30 29.54 30.53 31.02 28.92
27.04 27.37 28.62 27.16
26.14
22.84
(N/mm²)
20 19.57 20.36 20.91 21.22 19.2 7 Days

17.22
10 14 Days
28 Days
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
% Replacement of Copper Slag

Compressive Strength at different Curing

stages (M 25)
40
Compressive Strength (N/mm²) 36.26
35
33.12 33.28
32.32 33.14 33.22
31.82
30 29.78 30.09 30.24
27.97
25 25.52
23.41 23.45 22.84
22.27
20 20.82 7 Days
19.48
15 14 Days
28 Days
10
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
% Replacement of Copper Slag
Most concrete structures are designed assuming that concrete processes sufficient compressive strength. The compressive strength is
the main criteria for the purpose of structural design. To study the strength development of concrete in comparison to Conventional
concrete, compressive strength tests were conducted at the ages of 7, 14, & 28 Days.
V. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

A. Introduction
Based on the test results obtained from the experimental program of this work the following major calculations are arrived.Based on
the experimental investigation following assumptions are as follows:
1) A Copper slag is a type of waste used as a substitute to Cement in concrete.
2) Cost of Concrete production reduces when Copper Slag is used as Cement in concrete.
3) After 7 days curing from the experimental test results, the compressive strength of concrete mix of cube having 15% of copper
slag has the higher strength of 21.22Mpa(M20) and 23.45Mpa(M25).
B. Scope Of Future Work

1) This research was intended to examine the influence of copper slag additions in concrete for M20 & M 25 mixes. The same
word can be extended to higher grades of concrete mixes with varying water/cement ratio.
2) Copper slag can be effectively replaced in making bricks, hollow blocks and pavement blocks.
3) Since copper slag has higher shear strength value it can be used for soil stabilization.
4) Copper slag can be replaced along with fly ash, silica fume and granulated blast furnace slag in concrete and RCC members
which can be tested for mechanical performances.

REFERENCE
[1] Sukhoon Pyo, Sherif El-Tawil, Antoine E. Naaman, “Direct tensile behavior of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) at high strain
rates”, Elsevier 2016
[2] Yuh-Shiou Tai, Sherif El-Tawil, Ta-Hsiang Chung, “Performance of deformed steel fibers embedded in ultra-high performance concrete subjected to various
pullout rates” ,Elsevier 2016.
[3] M.A.Rasheed, S. Suriya Prakash, “mechanical behavior of sustainable hybrid-synthetic fiber reinforced cellular light weight concrete for structural applications
of masonry”, Elsevier, 2015.
[4] Binaya Patnaik, Seshadri Sekhar.T, Srinivasa Rao, “Strength and Durability Properties Of Copper Slag Admixed Concrete” International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology, e-ISSN: 2319-1163, p-ISSN: 2321-7308, Volume 4, Issue 1, Feb 2015.
[5] S.W. Tang, Y. Yao, C. Andrade, Z.J. Li, “Recent durability studies on concrete structure”, Elsevier, 2015
[6] Pranshu Saxena, Ashish Simalti, “Scope of Replacing Fine Aggregate With Copper Slag In Concrete” International Journal of Technical Research and
Applications, e-ISSN: 2320-8163, Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2015, PP. 44-48.
[7] Tomas U. Ganiron, “Effect of Thermoplastic as Fine Aggregate to Concrete Mixture”, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, Volume 62,
pp.31-42, 2014.
[8] Yi Zheng, Xuebin Jia, Kechao Zhang, Jianzhang Chend, Peng Wange, “Analysis and Experimental Study of Concrete Strength Detection”, Applied Mechanics
and Materials, Volume. 351-352, 2013.
[9] M.Chockalingam, D.Jayganesh, J.Vijayaraghavan, Dr.J.Jegan, “Scope for Reuse of Copper Slag in Concrete”, International Journal of Civil Enigneering and
Technology, e-ISSN: 0976-6316, Volume 4, Issue 6, 2013
[10] Sahil Verma, Sahil Arora, “Replacement of Natural Sand in Concrete by Polyethylene Bottles” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET), Volume: 02 Issue: 01, Apr-2015

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8 VII July 2020

Experimental Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete by

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1084

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1085

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1086

Table 3.1: Properties of cement

Figure 2: Fine Aggregate

Figure 3 - Coarse aggregate

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1087

Table 3.3: Properties of coarse aggregate

Figure 3: Copper slag

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1088

3) Tests on Copper Slag

Figure 5: Preparation of material

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1089

E. Casting of Concrete Cubes

Figure 6: Casting of Concrete

G. Compressive Strength Test

Fig 7- Compression testing machine

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1090

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

B. Compressive Strength Test

Table 4.1 Compressive Strength at different Curing stages (M 20)

Table 4.2 Compressive Strength at different Curing stages (M 25)

Compressive Strength at different Curing stages (M 20)

20 19.57 20.36 20.91 21.22 19.2 7 Days

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1091

Compressive Strength at different Curing

V. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

B. Scope Of Future Work

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1092

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 1093

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