1) The quantity of storm water is affected by factors like the area, slope, soil porosity, and presence of obstructions of the catchment area as well as the rainfall intensity and duration.
2) Storm water quantity can be estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulae methods which relate runoff quantity to rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area.
3) The time of concentration, which is the time for the entire catchment area to contribute runoff, affects whether rainfall will produce maximum runoff and must be considered in calculations.
1) The quantity of storm water is affected by factors like the area, slope, soil porosity, and presence of obstructions of the catchment area as well as the rainfall intensity and duration.
2) Storm water quantity can be estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulae methods which relate runoff quantity to rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area.
3) The time of concentration, which is the time for the entire catchment area to contribute runoff, affects whether rainfall will produce maximum runoff and must be considered in calculations.
1) The quantity of storm water is affected by factors like the area, slope, soil porosity, and presence of obstructions of the catchment area as well as the rainfall intensity and duration.
2) Storm water quantity can be estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulae methods which relate runoff quantity to rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area.
3) The time of concentration, which is the time for the entire catchment area to contribute runoff, affects whether rainfall will produce maximum runoff and must be considered in calculations.
1) The quantity of storm water is affected by factors like the area, slope, soil porosity, and presence of obstructions of the catchment area as well as the rainfall intensity and duration.
2) Storm water quantity can be estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulae methods which relate runoff quantity to rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area.
3) The time of concentration, which is the time for the entire catchment area to contribute runoff, affects whether rainfall will produce maximum runoff and must be considered in calculations.
The surface run-off resulting after precipitation contributes to the storm water. The quantity of storm water reaching to the sewers or drains is very large as compared with sanitary sewage. The factors affecting the quantity of storm water flow are as below:
i. Area of the catchment
ii. Slope and shape of the catchment area iii. Porosity of the soil iv. Obstruction in the flow of water as trees, fields, gardens, etc. v. Initial state of catchment area with respect to wetness. vi. Intensity and duration of rainfall vii. Atmospheric temperature and humidity viii. Number and size of ditches present in the area
Measurement of Rainfall The rainfall intensity could be measured by using rain gauges and recording the amount of rain falling in unit time. The rainfall intensity is usually expressed as mm/hour or cm/hour. The rain gauges used can be manual recording type or automatic recording rain gauges.
Methods for Estimation of Quantity of Storm Water
1. Rational Method 2. Empirical formulae method In both the above methods, the quantity of storm water is considered as function of intensity of rainfall, coefficient of runoff and area of catchment.
Time of Concentration: The period after which the entire catchment area will start contributing to the runoff is called as the time of concentration. The rainfall with duration lesser than the time of concentration will not produce maximum discharge. The runoff may not be maximum even when the duration of the rain is more than the time of concentration. This is because in such cases the intensity of rain reduces with the increase in its duration. The runoff will be maximum when the duration of rainfall is equal to the time of concentration and is called as critical rainfall duration. The time of concentration is equal to sum of inlet time and time of travel.
Time of concentration = Inlet time + time of travel
Fig.1 Runoff from Catchment Area
Inlet Time: The time required for the rain in falling on the most remote point of the tributary area to flow across the ground surface along the natural drains or gutters up to inlet of sewer is called inlet time (Figure 1). The inlet time ‘Ti’ can be estimated using relationships similar to following. These coefficients will have different values for different catchments.
Ti = [0.885 L3/H]0.385 Where, 5|Page
Ti = Time of inlet, minute
L = Length of overland flow in Kilometer from critical point to mouth of drain H = Total fall of level from the critical point to mouth of drain, meter
Time of Travel: The time required by the water to flow in the drain channel from the mouth to the point under consideration or the point of concentration is called as time of travel. Time of Travel (Tt) = Length of drain/ velocity in drain
Runoff Coefficient: The total precipitation falling on any area is dispersed as percolation, evaporation, storage in ponds or reservoir and surface runoff. The runoff coefficient can be defined as a fraction, which is multiplied with the quantity of total rainfall to determine the quantity of rain water, which will reach the sewers. The runoff coefficient depends upon the porosity of soil cover, wetness and ground cover. The overall runoff coefficient for the catchment area can be worked out as follows:
Where, A1, A2, ….An are types of area with C1, C2, …Cn as their coefficient of runoff, respectively.
Table 1. Runoff coefficient for different type of cover in catchment
Type of Cover Coefficient of runoff
Business areas 0.70 – 0.90 Apartment areas 0.50 – 0.70 Single family area 0.30 – 0.50 Parks, Playgrounds, Lawns 0.10 – 0.25 Paved Streets 0.80 –0.90 Water tight roofs 0.70 – 0.95 6|Page
Rational method Storm water quantity can be estimated by rational method as below: Storm water quantity, Q = C.I.A / 360 Where, Q = Quantity of storm water, m 3/sec C = Coefficient of runoff I = intensity of rainfall (mm/hour) for the duration equal to time of concentration, and A = Drainage area in hectares OR Q = 0.278 C.I.A Where, Q is m3/sec; I is mm/hour, and A is area in square kilometer
NOTE: Applicable for smaller areas less than 400 hectares
Empirical Formulae Empirical formulae are used for determination of runoff from very large area. Various empirical relationships are developed based on the past observations on specific site conditions suiting a particular region. These empirical formulae can be used for prediction of storm water runoff for that particular catchment. A] Burkli – Zeiglar formula
C.I.A Q S/A 141.58
B] Mc Math formula (used in USA)
Q C.I.A S/A 148.35 C] Fuller’s formula
Q C.M 0.8
13.23 7|Page
(Where, S- Slope of the area in meter per thousand meter, M- drainage area in sq. km., A – drainage area in hectare)
D] Dickens Formula: (North India & Central India)
Q = C M3/4 C value varies as 2.8 to 5.6 for catchments in plains and 14 to 28 for catchments in hills M is catchment area in sq. km
E] Ryves Formula: (South India)
Q = CM2/3 The value of C varies widely between 6.8 (for flat or plain catchments) and 42.40 (for western coast region)
F] Inglis Formula: (Old Bombay)
Q = 123 M / √ M + 10.4
G] Nawab Bahadur Jung Formula
Q = C M [ 0.93 – (1 / 14) log M ] C varies from 48 to 60, M is Catchment area in acres
H] Dridge or Burge Formula: ( Based on Indian records)
Q = 19.6 M / L2/3 M is in sq Km and L is length of drainage basin in Km 8|Page
Empirical formulae for rainfall intensities
These relationships between rainfall intensity and duration are developed based on long term experience in field (Figure 2). Under Indian conditions, intensity of rainfall in design is usually in the range 12 mm/h to 20 mm/h. In general, the empirical relationship has the following forms: I = a/ (t + b) OR I = b / tn (9)
Where, a, b, and n are constants.
Figure 2 Relationship of rainfall duration and intensity
British Ministry of Health formula
I = 760 / (t + 10) (for storm duration of 5 to 20 minutes)
I = 1020 / (t + 10) (for storm duration of 20 to 100 minutes)
Where, I is intensity of rainfall, mm/h and t is duration of storm, minutes. 9|Page
