Revised Comparative Models of Policing Module 1 SY 2020 2021
Revised Comparative Models of Policing Module 1 SY 2020 2021
Revised Comparative Models of Policing Module 1 SY 2020 2021
Comparative
Models of Policing
Name of Owner
II. INTRODUCTION
Policing is one of the most important of the functions undertaken by the every sovereign government.
For the state machinery, police is an inevitable organ which would ensure maintenance of law and order, and
also the first link in the criminal justice system. The police systems across the world have developed on a socio
cultural background, and for this reason alone huge differences exist between these police systems.
Comparing different models of policing plays an important role in fighting the growing problem of transnational
crimes. It is needed in order to adopt new strategies used by other country in order to combat sophisticated
types of crimes. During this Covid-19 pandemic, everything adjusts and emerge the “new normal” way of life
and it includes the setting in education.
V. TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………………………….. 2
LECTURE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Introduction to Comparative Models of Policing ………………………………… 3
Seven Theories of Comparative Criminology …………………………………… 5
Types of Government ……………………………………………………………… 6
Countries with low crime rate ……………………………………....................... 6
Transnational Crimes ……………………………………………………………. 7
a. Terrorism …………………………………………………………….. 7
REFERENCE …………………………………………………………………………….. 8
ASSESSMENT …………………………………………………………………………… 9
Pre-Test I …………………………………………………………………………. 9
Post-Test I ………………………………………………………………………… 10
Post-Test II ……………………………………………………………………….. 12
Post-Test III ………………………………………………………………………. 12
Post-Test IV ……………………………………………………………………… 13
UNIT 1: TOPIC 1
i. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module:
You will be able to discuss, analyze, and compare the different models of policing.
You can identify what method is being used in researching and comparing policing
models of countries worldwide.
ii. LECTURE
1. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING
A model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from happening.
This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help understand when
and how crime are being committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for ways to prevent
crimes from happening. This model has more proactive stance than the traditional policing.
A global movement with American origin. It embraces an analytic approach which takes community
concerns seriously while developing strategic responses that aim to deal effectively with issues
underlying police relevant community problems, the origins of this method is under the work of
Goldstein (1979). It incorporates an explicit conception of nature and role of Modern Policing, with
officer imagination, local discretion and community resources being used where it is relevant to do
so (Tilley 2003).
It stresses that substance and effectiveness over process and style, it is predominantly evidence
based. Goldstein outlines several purposes of this method of policing as follows;
o To prevent and control conduct which threatens life and property
o To aid victims and protect those in danger of physical harm
o
o To protect constitutional guarantees
o To facilitate the movement of people and vehicles
o To assist those who cannot care for themselves
o To resolve conflict between individuals, groups or citizens and their government;
4. PREDICTIVE POLICING
A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques in Law Enforcement to
identify potential offenders.
It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytic techniques to identify possible criminal
activity.
5. REASSURANCE POLICING
It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves the community in solving
community-related problems. It is similar to community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are
those that shape the community’s perception of risk from a particular type of crime during a given
period.
It gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a police officer or patrol
car is nearby.
TRANSNATIONAL POLICING
It pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.
INTERNATIONAL POLICING
It indicates to those type of policing that are formally directed by institutions usually responsible
for international affairs
GLOBAL POLICING
Indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.
GLOBALIZATION
- A process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different
nations. A process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology. The process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on
economic development and prosperity and on human physical well-being in societies around the
world.
- The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas
and other aspects of culture. Put in simple terms, globalization refers to processes that promote
worldwide exchanges of national and cultural resources. Advances in transportation and
telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of internet, are major factors in globalization
generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.
3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
- Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and
opportunities for committing of crime multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
- Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
- Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast enough.
6. MODENIZATION THEORY
- Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
Different types of government are included in the comparative police system because the type of
government of a country directly affects its law enforcement.
1. MONARCHY
- One which supreme power of sovereignty is vested in the rules of a monarch. Monarchy is classified
into two:
a. Absolute Monarchy
Where the ruler rules the divine right.
b. Limited or Constitutional Monarchy
The power of the ruler is limited to a constitution.
The following countries have low crime rate because of the following reasons.
1. JAPAN
Strong shame-based country rather than guilt-based.
Some reasons of low crime rate.
Community policing.
Patriarchal family system.
2. EGYPT
Siwa Oasis embraces the law of tradition (URRF LAW)
Composed of 23,000 population, 11 tribes.
Plato: fashioned his model of a perfect government.
Last crime around 1950.
Case is manslaughter.
Punishment: social ostracization or shunning (the act of being excluded from the community)
3. IRELAND
Low crime rate despite of serious unemployment problem, presence of large urban ghettos,
crisis with religious terrorism.
4. SWITZERLAND
Advertised in travel brochures as no crimes in Switzerland.
High rate of firearm ownership but low crime rate.
Effective in using “iron fist” or velvet gloves.
Topics below are different transnational crimes. It is included in this subject because one of the purposes
of comparing the police system of different countries is to learn techniques applied in other countries
which are very effective which can be adopted in our country in fighting transnational crimes and
modern types of crimes.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
A. TERRORISM
Etymology (study of origin)
Comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state
terrorism as practiced by the French government during the reign of terror.
The French word terrorisme turn derives from the Latin verb terreṓ meaning “I frighten”
Definition of Terrorism under the United Nations
Terrorism as any act “intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-
combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or
an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.
The systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.
TYPES OF TERRORIST
1. National Terrorist
- Sued to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purpose by
clandestine groups. Ex. New People’s Army (NPA)
2. Transnational Terrorist
- Terrorists who operates across national borders, whose actions and political operations may
affects individual of more than one country.
3. International Terrorist
- Terrorists who are controlled by and whose actions represent the national interest of a
sovereign state.
Mission Specific Cells – In terrorist’s organization, it refers to small units which are put together
for the purpose of executing specific assignments
Sleeper Cells – in terrorist organizations, it refers to small groups of recruits who are in placed in
target and other countries. Living ordinary lives until activated for the cause, may also perform
services for the immediate group. E.g. counter and reconnaissance tasks.
Cell – it is the smallest element and building block of terrorist organization.
2. Domestic Terrorism
- It refers to the use or the threatened used of violence against person or property by a group
(or an individual) whose operations are entirely within the victims nation, without following
direction and are done to further political and social objectives.
Rightwing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist group who adhere to the principles of racial
supremacy embraces anti-government and anti-regulatory beliefs.
Leftwing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist group who profess a revolutionary socialist
doctrine and view themselves as protectors of the people against the dehumanizing effect of
capitalism and imperialism.
Special Interests Groups – it refers to domestic terrorist group who perhaps the most active
special interests groups in United States or the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth
Liberation Front (ELF).
2. Bio Terrorism – it refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize
civilians in the nature of political or other cause. Category a (biological diseases) are those likely to do
the most damage. It includes:
a. Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) – most commonly used biological agent
b. Botulism (clostrodium botulinum toxin)
c. The plague (Yersinia pestis)
d. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
e. Hemorrahagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg Virus
4. Nuclear Terrorism – it refers to number of waste, nuclear materials might be exploited as a terrorist
tactics. These includes:
a. Attacking nuclear facilities
b. Purchasing nuclear weapons
c. Building nuclear weapons
5. Explosives Terrorism – it is the most common form of terrorism through the utilization of explosives in
committing acts of terrorism.
6. Cyberterrorism – it refers to a type of terrorism that uses computers and networks. It can allow
disruption in military communications and even electrical power.
Aum Shrinkyo and the Tamil – terrorist groups usually use cyberterrorism to fail the computer
security or to show off their technical abilities.
Ways of demonstrating cyberterrorism:
o By controlling from a distance electrical things such as dams or power plants.
o By destroying the actual machines that contains the electronic information.
iii. REFERENCE
IMPORTANT NOTE!
List of Assessments:
Pre-Test I
SET A - Post Test II and Post-Test I
SET B - Post Test III and Post Test IV
HOW TO SUBMIT?
A. If you’re done taking a photograph of your output in SET A, you will now going to send it via
messenger to the assigned person in your section. You will know who is going to be the assigned
person in our messenger group chat is after the release of the official lists of students.
B. The assigned person will now going to be the one who will send it to me. In order for us to be
centralized.
C. The same procedure for the submission for the outputs of SET B.
1. Pre-Test
I. Honestly answer the following questions. It can be small letters or capitalized. 4 points each.
1. What is policing?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________
2. What is Problem-oriented Policing?
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What is Comparative Police System?
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Why do we need to compare different police systems worldwide?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
5. What is globalization?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
II. Identification. Identify the following. CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY (1 Point each)
________________________1.It refers to crimes that takes place or transgresses across national borders.
________________________ 2.It is the terrorists group that is responsible for the Mamasapano clash.
________________________ 3.What is the type of government of the Republic of the Philippines?
________________________ 4.What country has no crime?
________________________ 5.What law created the Philippine National Police?
Hello! Are you done answering this Pre-Test? If NO, keep answering! You can do it! Keep it up! If YES,
take a photo of it and send it to the assigned person in your section. Congratulations! You did great
Rubric:
Pre-Test I. Test I
4 3 2 1
Neatness Output is neatly done. Output is neatly done Output has more Output is messy.
No erasures or with few erasures and than 5 erasures
alteration on words alterations of words and alterations of
words
Completion All questions are Most of the questions Some of the You did not turn
answered are answered questions are answer at all/
answered
Timeliness Output was received Output was 1 day late Output was 2 days Output was 3 or
on the due date late more days late
Accuracy All of the answers are Most of the answers Some of the Little to none of the
correct are correct answers are correct answers are
correct.
INSTRUCTION: Use a separate 1 whole yellow pad paper as an answer sheet. Strictly NO
ERASURES or ANY FORM OF CHANGING OF ANSWERS. Erasures and alterations will be
considered wrong.
I. A. Identify what kind of Policing is being asked in every statement. CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY
II. Modified TRUE or FALSE. If the statement is TRUE write T followed by a heart sign (♥), if the
statement is FALSE, write F and identify the word that make the statement false and replace
the wrong word with a correct word.
21. In problem-oriented policing, it has a more reactive stance rather than the
traditional policing.
22. Reactive is otherwise known as Traditional Policing.
23. In SARA policing, after they create a Response in their detected problems,
they need to evaluate its effectivity of the response by means of
Assessment.
24. The Reassurance policing, the methods focus on crime alone.
25. Anomie refers to social cohesion on values.
26. Comparative Criminal Justice studies the differences and similarities in the
structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history
and political structure of different systems.
27. Historical Comparative is the most often by researchers by using
quantitative and qualitative method.
28. Sir Robert “Boby” Peel is the father of Modern Policing.
A. Pick 5 countries per continent (Asia (except the Philippines), Africa, North America, South
America, Europe, and Australia).
B. Determine what type of government governs your chosen country.
C. Indicate who is the President, monarch or leader in the said country.
D. Determine the severity of crime in the said country (the crime rate).
2. In your own opinion and understanding, what is the best and worst type of government and why? Rank the
different types of government from best to worst and briefly explain why you put it in that rank.
Hello! Are you done answering SET A of assessment? If NO, keep answering! You can do it! Keep it
up! If YES, take a photo of it and send it to the assigned person in your section. Congratulations! You
did great!
Rubric:
4 3 2 1
Neatness Output is neatly done. Output is neatly done Output has more Output is messy.
No erasures or with few erasures and than 5 erasures
alteration on words alterations of words and alterations of
words
Completion All questions are Most of the questions Some of the You did not turn
answered are answered questions are answer at all/
answered
Timeliness Output was received Output was 1 day late Output was 2 days Output was 3 or
on the due date late more days late
Accuracy All of the answers are Most of the answers Some of the Little to none of the
correct are correct answers are correct answers are
correct.
INSTRUCTION: Use 1 WHOLE YELLOW PAD paper as an answer sheet. Answer only. Strictly NO
ERASURES or ANY FORM OF CHANGING OF ANSWERS. Erasures and alterations will be
considered wrong.
I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify the following. CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY (1 point each –Passing score
is 12/20
INSTRUCTION: Use 1 WHOLE YELLOW PAD paper. Write the question before you answer.
In the topic countries with low crime rate, there are listed reasons why they maintain a low crime rate.
Hello! Are you done answering SET B of assessment? If NO, keep answering! You can do it! Keep it
up! If YES, take a photo of it and send it to the assigned person in your section. Congratulations! You
did great! You’re finally done with the first module. See you on the next module.
4 3 2 1
Neatness Output is neatly done. Output is neatly done Output has more Output is messy.
No erasures or with few erasures and than 5 erasures
alteration on words alterations of words and alterations of
words
Completion All questions are Most of the questions Some of the You did not turn
answered are answered questions are answer at all/
answered
Timeliness Output was received Output was 1 day late Output was 2 days Output was 3 or
on the due date late more days late
Quality of The output was written The output was written The output had a The output had no
Writing in an extraordinary in an interesting style little style or voice. style or voice. Gives
style and voice. Very and voice. Somewhat Gives some new no new information
informative and well informative and information but and very poorly
organized organized poorly organized organized
IMPORTANT NOTE:
The video discussion on this module will be posted in your respective Facebook group.