Math-102-Section-8.5-L52-with Solution
Math-102-Section-8.5-L52-with Solution
Math-102-Section-8.5-L52-with Solution
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Section 8.5: Partial Fractions
Introduction
Simple Linear Factors
Repeated Linear Factors
Irreducible Quadratic Factors
Final Note
After completing this section, you should be able to do the following.
Set up partial fraction decompositions.
Evaluate integrals involving only linear factors.
Evaluate integrals involving irreducible quadratic factors.
Evaluate integrals that require a preliminary step.
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Introduction
We know from the previous sections that
1
𝑑𝑥 ln|𝑥 | 𝐶
𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝐶
𝑥 1
𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑥 1 𝐶
𝑥 1 2
𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝐶
𝑥 1 𝑥 1
But, what about the integral:
1
𝑑𝑥 ? ? ?
𝑥 𝑥 1
If you realize that
1 1 𝑥
,
𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 1
then you can calculate the integral easily,
1 1 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln|𝑥 | ln 𝑥 1 𝐶.
𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 2
So, the main goal of the partial fraction method is to find a method to rewrite
fractions of the form
1
𝑥 𝑥 1
in the equivalent form
1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 1
which can be integrated easily.
Remark. The quadratic term
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐
is called “irreducible” if it has no real roots and cannot be factored over the real
numbers, that is if
Δ 𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 0.
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Note: The rational function 𝑅 𝑥 is called
1‐ Proper rational function if the degree of 𝑝 𝑥 is less than degree of 𝑞 𝑥 .
2‐ Improper rational function if the degree of p(x) is greater than or equal to
the degree of q(x).
Examples:
1‐ 𝑅 𝑥 is proper rational function
2‐ 𝑅 𝑥 is improper rational function
3‐ 𝑅 𝑥 is improper rational function
Note: If 𝑅 𝑥 is an improper rational function, then 𝑅 𝑥 can be written as
𝑟 𝑥
𝑅 𝑥 𝑙 𝑥 ,
𝑞 𝑥
where 𝑙 𝑥 is a polynomial and is a proper rational function. That can be done
by the long division
Examples:
𝑥 𝑥 3 14𝑥 39
𝑅 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 7 .
𝑥 𝑥 6 𝑥 𝑥 6
Set up partial fraction decompositions
Suppose
𝑝 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥
𝑞 𝑥
where 𝑝 𝑥 and 𝑞 𝑥 are polynomials with no common factors and with the
degree of 𝒑 𝒙 less than the degree of 𝒒 𝒙 . The first step is to factor the
denominator 𝒒 𝒙 . Then, based on the factorization of 𝑞 𝑥 , we have two main
cases:
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1) Linear Suppose the repeated linear factor
Factors 𝑥 𝑟
appears in the denominator of a proper rational function in reduced form,
i.e.,
𝑝 𝑥 𝑝 𝑥
, ℎ 𝑟 0.
𝑞 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 ℎ 𝑥
Then the partial fraction decomposition has a partial fraction for each
power of 𝑥 𝑟 up to and including the 𝑚 power; that is, the partial
fraction decomposition is of the form
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
⋯ other terms
𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
2) Irreducible Suppose an irreducible quadratic factors
Quadratic 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐
Factors appears in the denominator of a proper rational function in reduced form,
i.e.,
𝑝 𝑥 𝑝 𝑥
,
𝑞 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 ℎ 𝑥
the partial fraction decomposition is of the form
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵
⋯ other terms
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐
Example. Give the appropriate form of the partial fraction decomposition for the
following function
5𝑥 15
𝑥 4𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 1
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Examples in using Partial Fraction Decomposition to Find some
Integrations:
Example. Evaluate the integral
5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 6
Solution: The function 𝑅 𝑥 is proper rational function.
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Example. Evaluate the integral
2𝑥 𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4𝑥
Solution: The function 𝑅 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is proper rational function.
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Example. Evaluate the integral
𝑥 2𝑥 4𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1
Solution: The function 𝑅 𝑥 is improper rational function.
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Extra Problems to be done at home:
Example. Evaluate the integral
5𝑥 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2𝑥
Solution: The function 𝑅 𝑥 is proper rational function.
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Example. Evaluate the integral
1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
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Example. Evaluate the integral
16𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 6 𝑥 2
Solution: The function 𝑅 𝑥 is proper rational function.
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Example. Give the appropriate form of the partial fraction decomposition for the
following function
𝑥 1
𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑥 4 𝑥 2