Research Article

Identification of seismic attributes for hydrocarbon prospecting

of Akos field, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Godwin Omokenu Emujakporue1 · Emmanuel Enifome Enyenihi1

Received: 5 December 2019 / Accepted: 18 March 2020

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Abstract
In this study, we have extracted and analyzed four seismic attributes of Akos oil field to obtain more information about
the structures, stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential of the Akos field from available seismic and a suite of well logs
data. Two lithology and reservoirs were delineated from the well logs. Two horizons and growth faults were identified
in the seismic sections. For a comprehensive analysis of the structural and stratigraphic understanding of the reservoirs,
four seismic attributes variance edge, sweetness, root mean square and relative acoustic impedance were applied to
the seismic data. The Variance edge analysis was used to delineate the prominent and subtle faults in the area. The high
sweetness regions in the seismic data indicate high amplitude which indicates the presence of hydrocarbon-bearing
sand units. The root mean square amplitude analysis also indicates the presence of hydrocarbon in seismic data. The
relative acoustic impedance analysis was used for delineating lithology variation in the seismic sections. The result of
the seismic attribute analysis has shown that the Akos field has good hydrocarbon prospects.

Keywords  Seismic attributes · Root mean square amplitude · Variance edge · Niger-Delta · Hydrocarbon prospects

1 Introduction Seismic attributes are quantities of geometric, kine-

matic, dynamic, or statistical features obtained from seis-
Seismic attributes analysis involves the procedure used mic data [11, 18, 24, 35]. The geometrical seismic attributes
to extract corresponding subsurface geological informa- can enhance the visibility of the geometrical characteris-
tion from seismic sections [5–7, 20]. Seismic attributes are tics of seismic events and are sensitive to the lateral vari-
extensively being used in the oil industry to predict sub- ation of azimuth, continuity, similarity, curvature, energy,
surface reservoir properties [9, 28, 32, 35] . Seismic attrib- and dip [3]. The geometrical attributes are used for struc-
utes are used in most seismic exploration and reservoir tural and stratigraphic interpretations of seismic data. This
study to correctly image the subsurface geological struc- study aims to determine the seismic attributes of the Akos
tures, correctly characterize the amplitudes of the seismic field for the identification of potential hydrocarbon reser-
data and to obtain information on reservoir properties [26, voirs and four seismic attributes: variance edge, sweetness,
27, 38, 39]. Seismic attributes analysis also offers clues to root mean square and relative acoustic impedance were
lithology typing, estimation of layer porosity, fluid content, applied to the seismic data.
mitigation of stratigraphic and structural features, drilling
risk, reservoir characterization, and better identification
and definition of sweet spots.

*  Godwin Omokenu Emujakporue, [email protected]; Emmanuel Enifome Enyenihi, [email protected] | 1Department

of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

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2 Geological background

The study area (Akos Field) is located in the onshore

coastal swamp depositional belt in the eastern part of
the Niger Delta (Fig. 1) and it lies on latitudes 4° 19′ 00″
N and 4° 50′ 00″ N and Longitudes 6° 02′ 30″ E and 7° 10′
00″ E. The base map of the area showing the seismic lines
and well locations are shown in Fig. 2.
The Niger-Delta is located in the southern part of
Nigeria, West Africa in the Gulf of Guinea. It is a major
hydrocarbon province in the world. It covers an approxi-
mate area of about 75,000 with an average thickness of
about 12 km. It is made up of an overall regressive clastic
sequence [12, 30]. The Niger Delta resulted from the sep-
aration of the African and South American plates starting
in the Late Jurassic and continuing into the Cretaceous.
The Niger Delta has one identified petroleum system
known as the Tertiary Niger Delta (Akata-Agbada) petro-
leum system [8, 12, 23, 30, 37]. Three lithostratigraphy
(Akata, Agbada and Benin Formations) are present in the
basin [13]. The Akata formation is the main source rock Fig. 2  Schematic Base map showing the study area
and it is made up of shale. The Agbada Formation, which
is the main reservoir, lies on top of the Akata Formation
and it is made up of alternation of sand and shale. The 3 Materials and methods
Benin Formation lies on top of the Agbada Formation
and it made up of sand lithology. Most aquifers in the The data provided for this research work are 3 D-seismic
basin are found in the Benin Formation. The oil in geo- volume in SEG-Y format, composite well logs (ASCII), and
logical structures in the basin may be trapped in dip check shot data: The logs include Gamma ray (GR), resis-
closures or against a Synthetic or antithetic fault (Fig. 3). tivity (LLD) and density (RHOB). The data were obtained
from the Shell Petroleum Development Company of

Fig. 1  Map Niger Delta showing the study area

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Fig. 3  Generalized dip section of the Niger Delta showing the structural provinces of the Delta. Adapted from [40]

Nigeria (SPDC) in line with the Department of Petro- 5 Generation of synthetic seismogram
leum Resources (DPR) and the federal government’s
policy on education. ­Petrel® E&P software platform 2014 Synthetic seismogram was generated from sonic and den-
was used for the 3D seismic interpretation and attribute sity logs for one of the wells in the field. Well to seismic tie
visualization, and well logs data analysis. Among the of the hydrocarbon reservoir was carried out using check-
seismic attributes that have been used in the visualiza- shot data, which helps in studying how the seismic charac-
tion of the geology of the subsurface are variance, root ter would be expected to vary as the stratigraphy changes
mean square amplitude, sweetness, and relative acoustic across the basin.
impedance. The seismic attribute analysis was applied
to the seismic inline 6871. The procedure adopted for 6 Fault interpretation
the research are; wells -to-seismic tie; seismic attribute
analysis and prediction of reservoir properties from the A fault is a break in the continuity of any geologic unit, which
seismic attributes. involved either a lateral or vertical movement of any part of
the rock unit, caused by varying geologic processes. Faults
can be delineated as abrupt termination of reflection events
or displacement or distortion of reflection. Faults are identi-
4 Delineation of reservoir fied on the dip sections, in the interpretation window or on
the 3D window of the software.
The available gamma-ray and resistivity logs from the
oil wells in the field were used for lithologies and reser-
voirs delineation. The deflections of the gamma ray sig-
nature to the left (low values) indicate sandstone while
the deflection to the right (high values) signifies shale.
High resistivity values corresponding with sandstone
zone is interpreted as a reservoir while low resistivity
values represent shale or reservoir containing saltwater.

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7 Determination of root mean square (RMS) where f(t) = seismic trace.

amplitude The integration of the seismic trace will provide a band-
limited estimate of the natural log of the acoustic imped-
The root mean square (RMS) amplitude was extracted ance. Since the integration of band-limited, the impedance
from the seismic data as a surface attribute. Root mean will not have absolute magnitude values and consequently
square (RMS) amplitude is used to obtain a scaled esti- is only relative. Relative acoustic impedance is an estimated
mate of seismic trace envelope. It is obtained in the soft- inversion computed by the integration of seismic trace
ware by sliding a tapered window of N samples as the accompany by a high cut Butterworth zero-phase filter. It is
square root of the sum of all the trace value x squared. a simplified inversion and has been generated as an asyn-
The RMS attribute computation in Petrel software makes chronous attribute in the software. It enhances acoustic
use of the inbuilt formula: impedance contrast boundaries. According to Taner [36],
√ the relative acoustic impedance (RAI) can be computed by
integrating the real part of the seismic trace.
√ N
√1 ∑
Xrms = √ w x2 (1)
N n−1 n n t=T

∫
In(𝜌𝜈) = 2 f (T )dt (4)
where ­Xrms = root mean square amplitude, w
­ n = window
t=0
values, N = number of samples in the window, x = trace
value. Where f(T) = real part of seismic trace.
A Butterworth filter is then applied to remove long-wave-
length trends that originated from the integration process
8 Variance (edge detection) method [31].
1
In the Petrel software, the variance attribute uses an BL(f ) = ( )2N (5)
algorithm that computes the local variance of the 1 + f ∕fH
seismic data through a multi-trace window with user-
where BL(f ) = band –limited signal in frequency; ­fH = fre-
defined size. The local variance is computed from hori-
quency cutoff value of 10 Hz, (N = filter order of 3.
zontal sub-slices for each voxel. A vertical window was
It is used for delineating sequence boundaries, uncon-
used for smoothing the computed variance and the
formity surfaces, and discontinuities. The acoustic imped-
observed amplitude normalized. The variance attribute
ance may be related to the formation porosity and the pres-
measures the horizontal continuity of the amplitude that
ence of fluid in a hydrocarbon reservoir.
is the amplitude difference of the individual traces from
their mean value within a gliding CMP window.
10 Determination of sweetness

Sweetness involves the implementation of envelopes and

9 Determination of relative acoustic instantaneous frequency that are combined. Mathemati-
impedance cally, it is expressed as

The acoustic impedance inversion transforms the seis- a(t)

s(t) = √ (6)
mic data into an acoustic impedance model. The acoustic fa (t)
impedance of a media is given as
where s(t) = Sweetness, a(t) = Envelope, fa (t) = instantane-
I = 𝜌V (2) ous frequency.
where V = velocity, I = acoustic impedance, ρ = density. Sweetness is used for the identification of features where
To measure acoustic impedance, it is necessary to use the total energy signatures change in the seismic data.
seismic inversion. It was assumed that the input seismic
data has been processed to reduced noise and multiples,
and also contains zero phase and large bandwidth. The 11 Results and discussion
seismic trace represents a band-limited reflective series;
11.1 Well logs and seismic interpretation
1 Δ𝜌𝜈
f (t) = (3)
2 𝜌𝜈 Based on the gamma ray logs, two lithologies were
identified sand and shale. From the lithology log,

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Fig. 4  Well log correlation panel of Akos field

Fig. 5  Seismic section showing interpreted horizons and faults

the interval colored yellow is sand, while the interval shown in Fig. 5. Two horizons A and B were delineated.
colored grey is shale. Two reservoirs were observed and Similarly, some of the interpreted faults in the area are
correlated across the oil wells in the field (Fig. 4). The also shown.
interpreted horizons and faults in the seismic data are

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Fig. 6  Well-to-seismic Tie on Inline 7021

11.2 Well to seismic tie Figure 8 represents the sweetness values of the seismic
data. The sweetness value ranges from 0 (blue) to 22,500
The result of the well to seismic tie for the field is shown (yellow). High sweetness values may be attributed to both
in Fig. 6. The well to seismic tie was used to delineate the high amplitude and low frequency while low sweetness
position of the observed reservoirs in the well logs in the value is as a result of low amplitude and high frequency
seismic data. in the seismic volume.
The relative acoustic impedance generated in the study
11.2.1 Seismic attributes area is shown in Fig. 9. Base on the map, the yellow and red
colors represent the highest relative impedance while the
A series of seismic volume attributes such as variance lowest relative impedance is represented by the blue color.
edge, sweetness, relative acoustic impedance, and Rms The result of the RMS amplitude analysis is shown in
amplitude were generated in Schlumberger’s P ­ etrel® soft- Fig. 10. The RMS amplitude values range from 0 (blue) to
ware interface to investigate potential structural and strati- 12,000 (red). The red yellowish color represents hydrocar-
graphic controls within the study area. Figure 7 shows the bon sands. Some of these hydrocarbon sands were not
computed variance attributes of the seismic section. The detected in the original seismic section. The observed
variance values range from 0.0 to 1.0. Values of variance changes may be due to changes in lithology or fluid
equal to 1 represent discontinuities while a continuous content.
seismic event is represented by the value of 0. The high
values are denoted with red to yellow colorations.

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Fig. 7  Variance Edge inline 6875

Two main lithologies were delineated from the gamma indication that a potential hydrocarbon trap might exist
ray logs. These lithologies are sand and shale. The alterna- in the area. The variance attribute is edge imaging and
tion of the sand and shale is an indication that the log detection techniques. It is used for imaging discontinuity
sections of the wells are within the Agbada Formation in related to faulting or stratigraphy in seismic data. Variance
the Niger Delta. Two reservoirs were delineated in the well attribute is proven to help in imaging of channels, fault
and correlated across all the five wells. The structural inter- zones, fractures, unconformities and the major sequence
pretation of the seismic data shows that the studied area boundaries [25]. The darkest regions in the seismic section,
is dominated by synthetic faults. The tops of the reservoir which make vertical strips, may be interpreted as faults or
observed in the well logs were correlated to the seismic fractures. The zones with low variance values are due to
sections as horizons A and B. similar seismic traces.
Concerning the variance map, the areas dotted with The high sweetness regions within the seismic data
blue, green and pink colored lines signify values that (circled in black) indicate high amplitude. They are inter-
correspond to the location of the discontinuity. The dis- preted as hydrocarbon-bearing sand units. Though the
continuities may be interpreted as faults and bounda- sweetness attribute is quite effective for channel detection
ries as shown by the lines drawn on the variance attrib- and characterization of gas-charged bearing sand units, it
ute map [17]. The variance edge enhanced the faults or is known to be less useful when the acoustic impedance
sedimentological bodies within the seismic data volume. contrast between shale and sand units are low and also
Furthermore, several bright spots are also delineated (in less effective when both lithology units are high. In most
black circle) which indicate high reflectivity sediments cases, shale intervals are characterized by low amplitude
compare to their surroundings. These bright spots are an (low acoustic impedance contrasts) and high frequency,

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Fig. 8  Sweetness inline 6875

thereby indicating low sweetness. Sand intervals are acoustic impedance may also be interpreted as sequences
characterized by high amplitude (high acoustic imped- boundaries.
ance contrast with the shales) and low frequencies, thus The RMS attribute is related to the variations in acoustic
indicating high sweetness values. Sweetness is used for impedance. The higher the acoustic impedance values, the
identifying sweet spots that are hydrocarbon prone. The higher the RMS amplitude. The high values of RMS ampli-
high sweetness values in the seismic section are possible tudes may also be related to high porous sands, which are
indications of oil and gas [15, 16, 29]. potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. RMS amplitude is similar
The relative acoustic impedance attribute represents to reflection strength and it is used in seismic exploration
apparent acoustic impedance or physical property con- for delineating bright spots and amplitude anomalies [14,
trasts. It is commonly used for lithology discrimination, 21, 22]. The RMS amplitude is may be used for identify-
thickness variation and sequences boundaries indicators ing coarser-grained facies, compaction related effects,
associated with high contrasts in acoustic impedance and unconformities. The high values of RMS amplitudes
values. It may also indicates unconformity surfaces, dis- circled in the map are interpreted as high porosity litholo-
continuities, porosity and the presence of hydrocarbon gies, such as porous sands. These high RMS amplitude seg-
in a reservoir [24]. The high relative acoustic impedance ments are potential high quality hydrocarbon reservoirs.
values are associated with shalier facies while lower val- The high amplitude (in black circles) in the seismic data
ues correspond to sand intervals [1, 33]. The high relative conforms to the structures and confirm the presence of

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Fig. 9  Relative acoustic impedance inline 6865

hydrocarbon [4, 19]. The high amplitude ranges from gray structures and faults in the seismic section. The RMS ampli-
to yellow/red coloration. Root mean square amplitude is tude, sweetness and relative acoustic impedance results
used as a good indicator of the presence of hydrocarbon highlighted the hydrocarbon zones. The seismic attribute
in seismic data [19]. The result of this research compares analysis in this study has helped in increasing the under-
favorably with that obtained by other researchers [2, 10, standing of the delineated reservoirs and geological
21, 34]. structures in the study area towards a better delineation
of hydrocarbon potential and improved reservoir charac-
terization. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that
12 Conclusions seismic attributes are complementary to the information
derived through traditional methods of seismic interpreta-
In this study, Petrel software has been used to generate tion. Extraction of seismic attributes can bring to fore new
and interpret seismic attributes and well logs. Two res- information and insights into stratigraphic and structural
ervoirs and lithology were interpreted in the well logs interpretations. Hydrocarbon exploration and develop-
respectively. The seismic attributes interpreted in include ment risks can be reduced greatly with the outcome of
variance, relative acoustic impedance, root mean square seismic attributes extraction and analysis.
amplitude and sweetness. The variance revealed the subtle

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Fig. 10  RMS amplitude inline 6895

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