Chapter 2: Directional Drilling
Chapter 2: Directional Drilling
Chapter 2: Directional Drilling
There are many application for witch directional wells gives the solution to
several problems that can be for topographic, geological, space and
technical issues.
I) Applications of Directional wells DD-02
4. Salt Dome: Salt domes have been found to be natural traps of oil accumulating in
strata beneath the overhanging hard cap. There are severe drilling problems associated
with drilling a well through salt formations. These can be somewhat alleviated by using a
salt-saturated mud. Another solution is to drill a directional well to reach the reservoir,
thus avoiding the problem of drilling through the salt.
I) Applications of Directional wells DD-02
9. Relief Well: The objective of a directional relief well is to intercept the bore
hole of a well which is blowing and allow it to be “killed". The bore hole causing
the problem is the size of the target.
To locate and intercept the blowing well at a certain depth, a carefully planned
directional well must be drilled with great precision.
I) Applications of Directional wells DD-02
10. Horizontal Drains: Reduced production in a field may be due to many factors,
including gas and water coning or formations with good but vertical permeability.
Engineers can then plan and drill a horizontal drainhole. It is a special type of directional
well. Horizontal wells are divided into long, medium and short-radius
designs, based on the buildup rates used. Other applications of directional drilling are in
developing geothermal fields and in mining.
II) Definition and vocabulary in a Directional well DD-02
R: radius of curvature
EOB1
TD: Total depth
Straight Section (or)
Inclination Tangent Section TVD: True Vertical Depth
KOP2
Drop-off Section
DLS2
EOB2
R2
DLS (Dog Leg): indicate the rate of
angle buildup in (º/100ft). The DLS
TVD TD increase when “R” decrease.
Total horizontal displacement Target
II) Definition and vocabulary in a Directional well DD-02
North
Initial Azimuh
b
a c Lead Angle
Target azimuth
Target
East
Lead angle: is the angle between the initial azimuth and the
target azimuth.
Incertency Circle
Top of reservoir
Incertency Ellipse
Incertitude surfaces: are areas of trajectory probable position due to tools incertitude
on the coordinate measurements'. This shape is a circle in vertical wells but becomes
an ellipse in deviated section because of different sensibility between azimuth and
inclination tools.
III) Types of Directional wells DD-02
“J” well or “Slant type well” “S” type wells Double build well
DP Type “S” Drill Pipes are used because of high mechanical strength & elasticity
10 HWDP Standard
9 Jar Up & Down Jar is strongly recommended due to high stacking risks
8 DC Standard
Roll Reamers are recommended to reduce stacking risk and especially to reduce
7 Stab (RR) Torque
Non Magnetic Drill Collar are needed to seat in MWD devices or to isolate them
6 NMDC from other magnetic tools.
5 MWD Measurement While Drilling tools (measures Deviation, Inclinations & GR)
Mud Motor or Turbine are tools capable to create spinning effect to the down
4 Mud Motor parts attached to the rotor by using mud flow energy
The Bent is a tilted tool responsible to give a soft angle needed to change the well
3 Bent housing inclination (build up, drop of or azimuth change)
2 NB Stab Near Bit Stabs drives the Bit to the hole center to control the direction of drilling
1 Bit Special Bits are used for directional drilling to optimize controlling the trajectory.
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
1- Drilling Bits
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
1- Drilling Bits
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
1- Drilling Bits
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
There are no formal rules of Bits used for directional drilling, but commonly
drilling Bits used includes all Rock Bits (Roll Bits or Tricones) and some Fixed
cutter Bits (PDC, TSP and Diamond Bits) characterized by:
1) Re-enforced legs or gauge for better side friction resistance (while building angle)
2) Shortened size for fixed cutter type, this improve drifting and controls
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
Scribe line
Bent sub
Bent housing
Bearing
Power section
section
Transmission
Dump Valve
Assembly
SAB Assembly
Mud Motor
Assembly
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
Straight motor DTU motors Single bent housing Dual bent housings
(Double Tilted Unit) (fixed or adjustable)
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
DP Type “S” Drill Pipes are used because of high mechanical strength & elasticity
10 HWDP Standard
9 Jar Up & Down Jar is strongly recommended due to high stacking risks
8 DC Standard
Roll Reamers are recommended to reduce stacking risk and especially to reduce
7 Stab (RR) Torque
Non Magnetic Drill Collar are needed to seat in MWD devices or to isolate them
6 NMDC from other magnetic tools.
5 MWD Measurement While Drilling tools (measures Deviation, Inclinations & GR)
Mud Motor or Turbine are tools capable to create spinning effect to the down
4 Mud Motor parts attached to the rotor by using mud flow energy
The Bent is a tilted tool responsible to give a soft angle needed to change the well
3 Bent sub inclination (build up, drop of or azimuth change)
2 NB Stab Near Bit Stabs drives the Bit to the hole center to control the direction of drilling
1 Bit Special Bits are used for directional drilling to optimize controlling the trajectory.
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
DP Standard
10 HWDP Standard
9 Jar Up & Down Jar is strongly recommended due to high stacking risks
8 DC Standard
11 DP Type “S” Drill Pipes are used because of high mechanical strength & elasticity
Roll Reamers are recommended to reduce stacking risk and especially to reduce
7 Stab (RR) Torque
Non Magnetic Drill Collar are needed to seat in MWD devices or to isolate them
6 NMDC from other magnetic tools.
5 MWD Measurement While Drilling tools (measures Deviation, Inclinations & GR)
Mud Mud Motor or Turbine are tools capable to create spinning effect to the down parts
4 attached to the rotor by using mud flow energy
Motor
The Bent is a tilted tool responsible to give a soft angle needed to change the well
3 Bent sub inclination (build up, drop of or azimuth change)
2 NB Stab Near Bit Stabs drives the Bit to the hole center to control the direction of drilling
1 Bit Special Bits are used for directional drilling to optimize controlling the trajectory.
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
Window in Casing
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
Shear pins
New versions of Whipstock most are not
retrievable. They have an Anchoring Packer to
their bottom and Shear pins to the top that
connects them to the Bit.
Orient and
Anchoring packer ensure the stability of the Anchor Packer
Whipstock (so it can not move down while drilling
or rotating with the Bit is drilling: WOB & RPM). Kick off
Tool face can be oriented with a surveying tool cement plug
Build up BHA
IV) Directional Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) DD-02
Down hole motor with “Bent Housing” Rotary Packed Hole BHA
Steerable Motor BHA
3. Gyroscopic surveys
2) Magnetic Single
Shot surveying
V) Directional Surveying DD-02
Down hole
surveying tools
It can perform:
perform Single & Multishot Survey in DP,
Casing and Open Holes.
Application:
Application Orientation or Steering of directional
BHA, Whipstocks, Perforating Guns.
V) Directional Surveying DD-02
3) Gyroscopic Survey
Real time gyroscopic steering on directional PDM BHA
V) Directional Surveying DD-02
(Whipstock orientation…)
4. Measurement While Drilling (MWD-LWD) Directional drilling
Geostearing (LWD)
VI) Trajectory calculation DD-02
For this reason survey points are spaced by depth intervals. The smallest is this
interval, the more precise is the computed well trajectory.
Considering other technical factors such as surveying time and costs, IADC have
established standards for depth surveying resolution:
Single Shot Equipments (vertical wells): once at the end of the phase or at any trip
Multi shots, Gyroscope & MWD (deviated wells): once at 1 stand length (100 ft or
28 m)
1- Azimuthal toolface
Well axis
Build up direction
V) Directional Surveying DD-02
1- Gravity toolface
V) Directional Surveying DD-02
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