Adsec8.4 Manual-Unlocked
Adsec8.4 Manual-Unlocked
Adsec8.4 Manual-Unlocked
Help Manual
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© O as ys Ltd. 2019
Oasys AdSec
© Oasys Ltd. 2019
All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or
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While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this
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Table of Contents
1 Overview
................................................................................................................................... 8
2 Design
...................................................................................................................................
Codes 9
1 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a Simple Section 14
2 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a Compound Section 15
3 Load
...................................................................................................................................
Cases and Analysis Cases 16
1 Using
...................................................................................................................................
AdSec 19
2 Sign
...................................................................................................................................
Convention 21
3 Working
...................................................................................................................................
w ith the Gatew ay 21
4 Working
...................................................................................................................................
w ith the Section View 22
5 Working
...................................................................................................................................
w ith Table View s 23
Editing Tables
......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Find, replace,
.........................................................................................................................................................
go to and modify in tables 25
6 Ultimate
...................................................................................................................................
Limit State Analysis Options 26
7 Serviceability
...................................................................................................................................
Limit State Analysis Options 29
8 Strain
...................................................................................................................................
Discontinuities 30
9 Staged
...................................................................................................................................
Analysis 31
1 Titles
................................................................................................................................... 33
2 Specification
................................................................................................................................... 34
General Specification
......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Units ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
3 Material
...................................................................................................................................
Properties 34
Concrete Properties
......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Rebar Material
.........................................................................................................................................................
Properties 35
Steel Material
.........................................................................................................................................................
Properties 36
FRP Material.........................................................................................................................................................
Properties 37
4 Sections
................................................................................................................................... 37
Definition ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Reinforcement
......................................................................................................................................................... 38
5 Loads
................................................................................................................................... 39
Load Titles ......................................................................................................................................................... 39
Loading ......................................................................................................................................................... 39
Reference Point
......................................................................................................................................................... 40
6 Analysis
...................................................................................................................................
Cases 40
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ULS Analysis
.........................................................................................................................................................
Cases 41
SLS Analysis
.........................................................................................................................................................
Cases 41
1 General
...................................................................................................................................
Section Wizard 44
General Section
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Titles 44
General Section
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Design Option 45
General Section
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Wrap/Cast Section 45
General Section
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Definition 46
General Section
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Reinforcement 46
2 Section
...................................................................................................................................
Wizard 47
Section Wizard
.........................................................................................................................................................
: Section Type 47
Section Wizard
.........................................................................................................................................................
: Catalogue Section 48
Section Wizard
.........................................................................................................................................................
: Standard Shapes 48
Section Wizard
.........................................................................................................................................................
: Perimeter Section Definition 50
Section Wizard
.........................................................................................................................................................
: Section Definition 50
3 Section
...................................................................................................................................
Material 51
4 Compound
...................................................................................................................................
Section Definition 51
5 Section
...................................................................................................................................
Builder 51
6 Reinforcement
...................................................................................................................................
Wizard 51
Reinforcement
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Template Definition 52
Reinforcement
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Links and Cover 52
Reinforcement
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Main Reinforcement 52
Reinforcement
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Side Reinforcement 53
Reinforcement
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Rectangular Column Reinforcement 53
Reinforcement
.........................................................................................................................................................
Wizard : Circular/Elliptical Reinforcement 53
General Reinforcement
.........................................................................................................................................................
Definition 53
7 Analysis
................................................................................................................................... 54
8 Advanced
...................................................................................................................................
Analysis Control 55
9 Chart
...................................................................................................................................
Analysis Dialogs 55
N/M Chart ......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Myy/Mzz Chart
......................................................................................................................................................... 56
M/Curvature.........................................................................................................................................................
and M/EI Chart 57
10 Miscellaneous
...................................................................................................................................
Dialogs 57
Stress-strain
.........................................................................................................................................................
Chart 58
Expand Section
......................................................................................................................................................... 58
Label and Display
.........................................................................................................................................................
Options 58
Chart Style ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
Additional Points
.........................................................................................................................................................
on N/M and Myy/Mzz Charts 59
Output Specification
......................................................................................................................................................... 60
11 Preferences
................................................................................................................................... 60
1 Graphical
...................................................................................................................................
Output 63
2 Tabular
...................................................................................................................................
Output 63
1 Command
...................................................................................................................................
File Commands 66
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6 © O as ys Ltd. 2019
Part I
Oasys AdSec
1 About AdSec
Oasys AdSec is a program for non-linear analysis of sections with a particular emphasis on concrete
sections. Analysis options are available for ultimate and serviceability limit states in accordance with
various design codes.
Permission to reproduce extracts from the British Standards is granted by BSI. British Standards
can be obtained from:
BSI Customer Services,
389 Chiswick High Road,
London W4 4AL.
Teleph +44 (0)20 8996 9001
one
Email [email protected]
1.1 Overview
Oasys AdSec is a program for non-linear analysis of sections with a particular emphasis on concrete
sections. Analysis options are available for ultimate and serviceability limit states in accordance with
selected concrete design codes
Analysis – ULS
For the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) the section analysis options are:
Analysis – SLS
For the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the program calculates:
cracking moment
stresses, strains, stiffness and crack widths for each applied loading and strain
moment-curvature and moment stiffness charts
Applications
Concrete, steel and fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) sections of either standard or user defined shape.
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Steel sections can be selected from steel catalogues used in various countries. Reinforcement can
be defined for concrete sections: this can be steel, prestress tendons or FRP bars.
These basic sections can be combined into compound sections, by joining or wrapping sections.
The following load types cannot be input explicitly, but can be simulated:
Concrete
The table below shows the current or most recent concrete design codes that are available in AdSec.
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Hong Kong Code Code of Practice Hong Kong 2013 2004 (AMD 2007),
of Practice for the Structural 2004, 1987
Use of Concrete
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Part II
Oasys AdSec
Welcome to AdSec
When launching AdSec the Welcome to AdSec dialog is displayed. There are options to
Create a new section – will open the General Section Wizard guiding the user through the
definition of the titles, specification and section.
See also
Titles
When creating a new section job titles and details are entered here and then the design code is
chosen. As well as the design code the units can be changed here and the bending axis can be
selected between bi-axial and uni-axial bending. Uniaxial ending has the additional option of
specifying the section as a slab or wall in which case cracking checks are omitted on the "side"
faces.
Uni-axial bending constrains the neutral axis to remain horizontal despite asymmetric geometry or
loading. Moments generated about the vertical axis are ignored. Use this option for constrained
sections (e.g. angles restrained by walls or slab) and for standard rectangular beams to Eurocode to
allow crack widths to be calculated. For other cases a biaxial bending analysis should be used,
allowing the neutral axis to rotate from horizontal as a result of any asymmetry of reinforcement or
section, even for applied bending about the horizontal axis.
Section
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The next stage is to define the basic section. The section is given a name as a convenient way of
referring to and identifying the section. The material type allows for concrete, steel or fibre reinforced
polymer (FRP) sections. Depending on the material selected the material grades available will
change. The section button gives access to the normal section wizard to select the section shape
and size or alternatively if the section description syntax is known it can be entered directly. The
section shape is drawn to provide visual feedback on the section shape.
The next stage only applies for concrete sections as this is where the reinforcement is defined.
Reinforcement can be either "general" or "template" (although the template option is not available for
all section shapes).
General Reinforcement
In the General Reinforcement Definition the section extents are displayed as a guide for placing the
reinforcement. General reinforcement defines single bars, lines of bars or arcs/circles of bars and the
bars are specified by type and diameter. The actual coordinates required to define the location of the
bars will depend on the definition type selected.
Prestress in bars is specified here as part of the bar definition. Prestress force is specified as a force
in each bar, or an initial strain applied to the bars.
The modify allows the reinforcement definition to be edited while the shift option allows the
reinforcement to be repositioned.
Template Reinforcement
Template reinforcement starts by considering the section as a beam or column and then offers
reinforcement patterns appropriate to that section shape. The template option allows large numbers
of bars to be defined in a quick and convenient manner.
Further sections can be created however in this case the process starts at the section definition
stage.
A number of approaches are possible to build a compound section assuming the reference or base
section has already been defined. The most suitable approach depends on the final section to be
assembled.
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Section Builder
The section builder option allows a compound section to be assembled from two existing sections by
specifying the position of one section relative to the other. AdSec will the calculate the offsets based
on the section dimensions.
Wrap/Cast Section
The "wrap/cast section" option allows a compound section to be created by introducing a new
section which is wrapped or cast around or inside the base section. The options are:
Apply to face – this is used to apply a thin section to the faces of the base section. This can
either warp the entire section or apply a strip of material to the bottom or top face of the section.
This option is typically used to "apply" FRP to an existing section.
Cast rectangle or circle – these options allow a new section to be cast around the existing
section. These options are typically to create concrete cased steel sections.
Fill void – this option which is only available for hollow sections allows the void to be filled. This
option is typically used for concrete filled tubes.
Once the secondary section option is defined the definition of the section is as before but the wizard
takes care of the section shape creating a secondary section that giving the correct intersection with
the reference section.
Use the Loads table or the Load Definition dialog to define load records. Any load records that
belongs to a particular load case will be grouped together.
Analysis cases are set up for ULS or SLS cases separately and both ULS and SLS analysis cases
are numbered from 1.
For a ULS Analysis use the ULS Analysis Cases table or ULS Analysis Case Definition dialog to
define the analysis cases.
For an SLS Analysis use the SLS Analysis Cases table or SLS Analysis Case Definition dialog to
define the analysis cases. Analysis cases for an SLS analysis are more complicated than for ULS
analysis as the load duration and creep effects need to be taken into account. The load duration
options will depend on the design code selected. The basic options are long term where creep
effects are considered and short term where no creep takes place. The creep factor is specified for
each component of the section and effect of creep is modelled by modifying the Young's modulus
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E
Elong
1
If the loading is dead load the long term option (which includes creep) should be used. If the load is a
short term imposed load then the short term option is selected which excludes the effect of creep.
Most real loading will have a component of long term load plus short term imposed loads. AdSec
offers two options for modelling this type of situation.
When the design code is BS8110 the effect of the combined load can be modelled using the "long +
short" term option. With this the long term load is allowed to creep but the additional short term load
is only applied after the creep effects of the long term load have been taken into account.
When the design code is BS5400, or a related code, the effect of combined load is modelled using
the intermediate term analysis option. In this the creep effect is varied depending on the ratio of live
load to dead load. In this cases the analysis case must define the live to dead load ration Mq/Mg.
When selecting an analysis (either ULS or SLS) you are give the opportunity to select the analysis
cases that you wish to analyse.
Note for a ULS analysis if no analysis cases have been defined then a single analysis case is
created for each load case.
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Part III
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Section properties
Section strength
Force moment (N/M or P/M) and moment (My y /Mzz) interaction charts
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Once a section is created the Gateway gives access to all aspects of the section. Select Section |
Dimensions if you want to change its dimensions. Only select Section | Definition if you wish to
change the section shape and re-create the reinforcement.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement can be defined as either:
General reinforcement (i.e. single bars, lines, arcs and circles of bars) which can be placed for any
section.
Template reinforcement (i.e. beam and column arrangements) is available for selected (common)
section shapes. The Reinforcement wizard will guide the user through the process of creating
Template reinforcement.
A section may contain both template and general reinforcement.
Compound Sections
A compound section is made up of existing sections (component sections). There are several
benefits to this:
Component sections can be analysed separately from the compound section without having different
files.
Sections with Template beam and column reinforcement arrangements can be used to make up the
Compound section.
To create a compound section, select the "Data | New Compound Section" option. In a compound
section the original section is referred to as section "A" . The origin of section A will be the origin of
the Compound section. Position additional section(s) by specifying the offset of their origins relative
to the origin of section A. You should ensure that component sections are in contact but do not
overlap.
The "Data | Wrap Current Section" menu option also creates a compound section.
Current Section
AdSec can contain multiple section so it has the concept of a current section. The current section
is:
Analysis Cases
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Analysis cases contain data to be used in a ULS Capacity (Strength), ULS Loads, or SLS Loads
(Serviceability) analysis. Each analysis is performed for a specified case or cases. AdSec stores
ULS and SLS analysis cases. The load descriptions specify factored load cases to be included in
the analysis. For example an analysis case load description is of the form 1.4L1+1.6L2.
Applied Forces
N is axial load is positive for compression (referred to as P in some codes)
My y is the moment about the y axis, positive for compression on the top of the section.
Mzz is the moment about the z axis, positive for compression on the right of the section.
Strain planes
εax is axial strain, positive for compression.
κy is the curvature about the y axis, positive for compression on the top of the section.
κz is the curvature about the z axis, positive for compression on the right of the section.
= ax + .z' +
y z.y'
Note: Moment angles and neutral axis (NA) angles are measured positive anticlockwise from the
positive y axis. A negative concrete-only strain models shrinkage in the concrete. A negative
prestress gives tension in the steel.
Top level categories can be expanded by clicking on the '+' symbol beside the name or by double
clicking on the name. Clicking on the ' ' symbol or double clicking on the name when expanded will
close up the item. A branch in the view is fully expanded when the items have no symbol beside
them.
Clicking the right mouse button when the cursor is pointing at an item in the Gateway displays a
floating menu that relates to that item. Double clicking on an item will open the appropriate view.
The Gateway organizes the data into several categories. Against each item is reported the number of
records currently specified for the data module. These are updated as the data is created or edited.
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If results are present some basic results are display in the graphic view – details of these are given
elsewhere.
The appearance of the section can be modified using the Label and Display Options.
The view is adjustable dynamically and via the Graphic menu. The redraw option just redraws the
image without altering the view. Dragging a rectangle in the window causes the image to be zoomed
and panned to result in that rectangle filling the Window.
Operation Short-cut
Zoom in Ctrl+Up
Pan up Shift+Up
The section view can also be saved to file in one of the following formats:
JPEG
See also:
Graphical Output
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Some of the data required by AdSec can be entered in tables. The details of the data entered in each
table are covered in the Program Data section.
Tables in AdSec are similar to spreadsheets, but there are a number of significant differences.
The current cell is indicated by a bold border around the cell. When editing a cell the cursor flashes
at the current position in the cell and the cell is said to be in edit mode. Basic navigation and entry of
data in tables is as follows.
Navigation
Moving around the table is done by using the arrow keys, Tab, Return, mouse clicks or the 'Edit |
Go To' (Ctrl+G) menu command.
Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End move the current cell to the first and last cell in the table, respectively.
Page Up and Page Down move the current cell a window-full of records up and down, respectively.
Simply navigating to a cell does not put the cell into edit mode.
Editing
Typing in the cell, to cause the existing data to be replaced by what is typed.
Press F2, to highlight the existing data. Subsequent typing will replace any highlighted data.
Press Home or End, to place the cursor at the beginning or end of the existing data, respectively.
Clicking in the current cell, to place the cursor at the clicked position.
Having edited the contents of a cell the contents of the cell must be registered by doing one of the
following: —
Note that for any of the paste operations, if partial record data is pasted resulting in blank cells, the
blank cells will be set to default values.
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The '=' and '==' commands may be used to copy data from other records in a table. Instead of typing
a value in a cell, the following instructions may be entered:
To select all the cells containing data, use the 'Edit | Select All' (Ctrl+A) menu command or click on
the grey box at the very top left of the table. The selection is highlighted in inverted colours (as with
any block selection)
Select records or fields (rows or columns) of cells by clicking on their headers in the grey area.
Use the 'Edit | Select' menu command, which displays a dialogue box where a set of cells can be
defined in terms of records and fields.
Drag a box around them using the mouse.
Click on the start cell of the proposed block, then click on the final cell while holding down shift.
To cancel a selection, use 'Edit | Select None' menu command or click anywhere in the table.
See also
Editing tables
Find, replace, go to amd modify in tables
Data Entry
The details of the data entered in each table is covered in the Program Data section. This section
covers the basic navigation and use of the data tables by keyboard and mouse, and the Edit menu
functions specific to tables.
Changes made in a table are immediately reflected in other tables and the graphic view.
For many of the tables there is the option of defining the data in a Wizard. The data wizards are
available from the Wizard button in the AdSec toolbar. The use of wizards is necessary for some of
the modules where it is not otherwise possible to select or set up the required data.
The shaded cells across the top of a table contain default values, which can be changed by the user.
These are placed in the current cell when the cell contents are entered as blank.
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For many purposes the preparation of some part of the model or loading, or post-processing of
results will require the use of spreadsheets.
Information can be cut/copied from tables in AdSec and pasted into spreadsheets and vice versa.
Also results can be copied from Output Views and pasted into spreadsheets. Data copied from
AdSec or spreadsheets is held as Tab delimited text.
If the user intends to create data in a spreadsheet, it is recommended that a dummy record be
created in AdSec and copied to form a 'template' in the spreadsheet.
The font that is used in the table can be selected. This gives a standard Font selection dialog.
Find
Use the 'Edit | Find' (Ctrl+F) menu command or the 'Find' button on the Data toolbar to find specified
text or numbers in a Table. The Find Dialog Box appears:
Specify the exact entry you wish to find. This can be made case sensitive by checking the 'Match
case' box.
Choose to search the 'whole' table or a just a 'selection'. Note — if a selection is required, it must
be highlighted before choosing the find command.
Choose to search 'up' or 'down' from the current cell. Once the end of the table is reached, the
search reverts back to the beginning of the table.
Click the 'Find Next' button to find the first matching entry, and again for each subsequent
matching entry. GSA displays a warning message if the specified text is not found.
Go to
To find a specific record, use the 'Edit | Go To' (Ctrl+G) menu command or the 'Go To' button on the
Data toolbar.
Replace
Use the 'Edit | Replace' (Ctrl+H) menu command or the 'Go To' button on the Data toolbar to perform
a search, as for Find, and also replace the specified text or numbers. The 'Replace' dialog appears.
This operates as for Find dialog with additions:
Specify the new entry you wish to replace the existing entry.
Upon finding a matching entry, click the 'replace' button, or you can choose to 'replace all'
matching entries.
Modify
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Use the 'Edit | Modify' (Ctrl+M) menu command or the Modify button on the Data toolbar to modify
numerical cell entries. Cells containing text remain unmodified. The Table View 'Modify' dialog
appears. The modifications specified here are applied to every cell value in the 'selection' or the
'whole' table view. Specify the 'modify by' value to be used in one of the following ways:
absolute – modify the selection to the absolute value (the modify by is ignored in this case).
Strength Analysis
An ultimate capacity moment is found for each selected analysis case, solving for the input values of
axial force, moment orientation and limiting strain. The resulting ultimate moment capacity and
neutral axis position are output. The resulting stresses and strains can also be viewed.
Loads Analysis
The program finds the state of strain corresponding to the input (factored) force and moments.
Factored material curves are used. The resulting stresses and strains can be viewed.
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The user can superimpose force-moment coordinates on the chart "Graphic | Additional Point" menu
option a shortcut is available on the Graphic toolbar. This is useful for demonstrating that applied
loads are within the capacity envelope.
User input Myy,Mzz coordinates can be plotted on the chart. This is useful for demonstrating that
applied loads are within capacity.
Loads Analysis
The Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Loads analysis can be used to investigate a number of
serviceability issues.
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Stiffness
Cracking
Stress / Strain in section
Staged loading
Strain discontinuities
AdSec offers a choice of material properties for serviceability, allowing accurate modelling of material
non linear behaviour. The choice of material models will depend on the design code selected.
The various material options are discussed in the AdSec Theory Manual section.
Prestress
Single bars and lines of bars can be prestressed with a force or a strain. A negative value of
prestress gives tension in the bar. Specify prestress forces or strain in the reinforcement table.
Template reinforcement cannot be prestressed. Prestress can be factored in the SLS analysis
cases. Factor 0.0 gives behaviour without prestress. Use different prestress factors to compare
prestress levels within the same data file for design and include relaxation.
Note that an AdSec analysis will automatically generate prestress losses due to shortening of the
concrete and creep. So the prestress value, or prestress factor should not allow for these effects.
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For example, consider a situation where you are modelling a reinforced concrete beam that is un-
propped before the slab is cast on top.
1) Create a load for the Beam, say a Section Force applying the bending moment
2) Create a SLS load case that applies that load to the Beam
4) Go to Tools -> Extract Strain Plane… and chose the appropriate strain plane. This will
create a new load that is a Component Strain on the Beam section
6) Create a new Section Force, etc. that represents the additional load
7) Create a SLS or ULS load case that analyses the compound section for the initial loading
(from step 1) plus the extracted strain plane (from step 4) and the new load (from step 6).
This method also works, for example, for strengthening existing in situ beams, columns, and slabs
with steel or carbon fibre plates.
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Part IV
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4 Program Data
This chapter describes the different types of data that can be used to describe the model. The data
is organized in modules and displayed for input and editing in a number of dialogs and tables. All the
tables can be accessed from the Data pull down menu, or from the General or Sections tab in the
Gateway.
The same input data is used for both Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States as the program
generates factored and long-term data as required. Analysis to BS8110:1997 (UK) and BS8110:1985
(Hong Kong), BS5400 and EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode) is available. Code-specific defaults are set by the
program on selection of a code of practice.
Ultimate capacity analysis will give limiting moments based on material factors, load factors and
limiting concrete and steel strains.
Serviceability analysis will give the stiffness, stresses, strains, crack widths and cracking
moments generated using loading and user selected material properties. The material properties
include a choice of compression and tension stiffness options.
Stresses and Strains can be calculated to BS5400 Appendix A A2.2 by selecting Linear Concrete
compression and BS8110-2 tension stiffness. However due to inconsistencies within BS5400 this
curvature analysis will not give a crack width which complies to BS5400.
4.1 Titles
The titles view contains the job details. This data is for information only and has no affect on the rest
of the model. The data in this section can be displayed in the Oasys Columbus document
management system.
The title entries, excluding the Notes and Bitmap, are printed at the top of each page of output. For a
new file, certain entries default to those in the last file that was saved, but can be changed here.
Edit Date – This is supplied automatically and records when the model was last edited.
Job Title, Subtitle, Calc. Heading – These fields give a brief description of the job and the
calculation particulars.
Notes – This gives the user a place to record any notes that should be kept with the model.
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4.2 Specification
The data described below is required to define a new problem for analysis.
See also
General Specification
Units
Design code – In the general specification the user chooses the design code. Where the code has
been updated there may be several variants of the code identified by date. An option allows inclusion
of superseded codes.
Bending axes – The problem is defined as biaxial (bending about the y and z axes) or uniaxial
(bending about the y axis only). The uni-axial option is provided for cases where some external
action on the section constrains it to bend about a single axis.
Slab/wall – the model can be defined as slab or wall. If a wall the section is assumed to represent a
strip and where the sides are part of a continuous material. This will set the bending axes to biaxial
Surface tolerance – this is used when generating circular sections to determine the number of
facets required to represent the circle as a polygon.
4.2.2 Units
The user can select any system of units that is convenient and change units at anytime. Changing
the units does not change the values stored in AdSec, only the values presented to the user. It is
therefore possible to define the problem using SI units and examine the output using k ip and in units.
A set of base units (force, length, section dimensions and stress) are defined and other units (e.g.
moment) are derived from these. A number of preset units selections is available but the user may
select any set of units to suit.
In all of these material definition dialogs there is an option to display the stress-strain curves.
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See also
Concrete Properties
Rebar Material Properties
Steel Material Properties
FRP Material Properties
Set properties to – allows a material to be initialized from a standard grade. The standard values
can be overridden as desired.
Strength, density & stiffness – The concrete strength is characterized by the compressive strength
(cube or cylinder strength) and density. The tensile strength is assumed to be a function of the
compressive strength and density but can be overridden. The stiffness is characterized by the elastic
(or Young's) modulus.
Extra data – gives access to extra data to better define the material, but not required for AdSec.
Material models & strain – these are the different material models for compression and tension,
and for serviceability and strength calculations. These are characterized by stain limits.
Partial factors / resistance factors – depending on the design code either partial factors or
resistance factors may be defined. These are normally set to the code specified value for strength
calculations, but can be varied for other cases.
Confined properties – For a Mander confined material or Eurocode confined material extra data is
required to generate the confined material curve from the base curve. For Eurocode this will be the
confining stress from which a confined strength is derived. For the Mander curve the confined
strength is defined directly. In both cases the strain limits are modified.
Set properties to – allows a material to be initialized from a standard grade. The standard values
can be overridden as desired.
Bar type – used to select from steel rebar, prestress tendons or FRP bars
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Material model – defines the material model and stress-strain curves are specified for the rebar.
The same curve is used for both ULS and SLS. The stress-strain curves are described in detail in the
AdSec Theory Manual.
Strength and Stiffness – the rebar strength is characterized by the tensile strength. The stiffness is
characterized by the elastic (or Young's) modulus. A hardening modulus is also use for material
models involving hardening.
Limiting strains – the strains at which characterize the rebar material model is deemed to have
failed.
Ductility – is used in some codes to differentiate between different rebar properties for the same
strength.
Extra data – gives access to extra data to better define the material, but not required for AdSec.
Partial factors / resistance factors – depending on the design code either partial factors or
resistance factors may be defined. These are normally set to the code specified value for strength
calculations, but can be varied for other cases. For some codes there is a factor on both strength
and stiffness.
Set properties to – allows a material to be initialized from a standard grade. The standard values
can be overridden as desired.
Material model – defines the material model and stress-strain curves are specified for the steel.
The same curve is used for both ULS and SLS. The stress-strain curves are described in detail in the
AdSec Theory Manual.
Strength and Stiffness – the steel strength is characterized by the tensile strength. The stiffness is
characterized by the elastic (or Young's) modulus. A hardening modulus is also use for material
models involving hardening.
Limiting strains – the strains at which characterize the steel material model is deemed to have
failed.
Extra data – gives access to extra data to better define the material, but not required for AdSec.
Partial factors / resistance factors – depending on the design code either partial factors or
resistance factors may be defined. These are normally set to the code specified value for strength
calculations, but can be varied for other cases.
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Set properties to – allows a material to be initialized from a standard grade. The standard values
can be overridden as desired.
Strength and Stiffness – the FRP strength is characterized by the tensile strength. The stiffness is
characterized by the elastic (or Young's) modulus. A hardening modulus is also use for material
models involving hardening.
Bond strain limit – the strains at which the bond between FRP and the base material will fail.
Extra data – gives access to extra data to better define the material, but not required for AdSec.
Partial factors / resistance factors – depending on the design code either partial factors or
resistance factors may be defined. These are normally set to the code specified value for strength
calculations, but can be varied for other cases. FRP uses a factor on both strength and stiffness.
4.4 Sections
General Sections
AdSec works with concrete, steel and FRP sections. The concrete sections are the most complex
with a definition consisting of two parts – the basic concrete section and the reinforcement.
More than one section can be included in a model to facilitate the analysis of compound (or
composite) sections, sections belonging to a family with similar geometry or different design options
subjected to similar load.
Compound Sections
In many cases sections are built up from component parts into a final section. This process can be
modelled in AdSec using compound sections. A compound section is composed of a number of
simple sections that are offset relative to one another.
This is accessed from the "Data | New Compound Section" menu command or the AdSec toolbar
shortcut.
See also
Definition
Reinforcement
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4.4.1 Definition
Sections can be defined in two different ways – either as a standard section shape with dimensions
or as a perimeter (with voids).
Material type and grade – the type of section (e.g. concrete) and the material grade (e.g. C40/50).
Depending on the code the options are chosen from concrete, steel and FRP.
Section – Standard shapes such as rectangles, circles, etc are defined. The section is then
specified by dimensions such as depth and breadth, diameter, etc. The section can be specified
directly if the syntax is known, so for example a rectangular section 500 mm deep and 300 mm wide
would be STD R 500 300. Alternatively the Section button can be used to open the Section Wizard
to help define the section.
Perimeter sections are defined by a series of coordinates that define the outline of the section. The
perimeter definition can include voids and may be defined in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.
Note: changing the definition will mean that all template reinforcement is lost. Changing the
dimensions will result in the template reinforcement being adjusted to fit the new section dimensions.
4.4.2 Reinforcement
Reinforcement can be defined in two ways – either as template reinforcement for selected standard
section shapes or as individual bars or groups of bars. Template reinforcement cannot be
prestressed.
General reinforcement
Definition type – The type is where either individual bars (single), lines, arcs, circles or perimeters
of bars is specified.
Diameter and Bundle – the bar diameter must always be specified. When the reinforcement is a
line either single bars or bundles of bars can be specified.
Number of bars/bundles – when the reinforcement is a line, arc or circle of bars the number of bars
or bundles must be specified.
First Bar, Last Bar, Point on Arc, Centre – the coordinates of a single bar, or the coordinates at
the start and end of a line or arc. When an arc of bars is to be defined an intermediate point has to
be defined through which the arc passes but this need not be the position of any bar. When a circle
is to be defined the centre of the circle should be specified.
Prestress – can be applied to bars either as a force or as a strain. If force is selected the force per
bar is specified. In all cases the prestress must not exceed the elastic limit of the material. A
negative prestress value will give tension in the steel. When applied loads Exclude prestress
anchorage and curvature forces, AdSec will calculate the additional axial force and bending moments
induced by the prestress in the reinforcement. If the applied loads are set to Include then no
additional loads will be created.
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Template
Template reinforcement is defined for either a column or beam section. Template reinforcement must
always be defined using the wizard.
4.5 Loads
Loads are defined in two parts. Firstly there is the loading which can be either forces and moments
or applied strains and curvatures and secondly there is the reference point – the position at which the
loads act.
Unfactored loading can be defined in the Loading Table and combined and factored to ULS or SLS
when defining the Analysis Cases.
See also
Load Titles
Loading
Reference Point
The Load Titles is a way to associate a name with a particular load case. It plays no part in the
AdSec analysis.
4.5.2 Loading
Loads can be specified as either a force and moment or as a strain plane
Load case – used to group together different load actions. This is primarily of use for composite
sections where different forces and/or strains can be applied to the individual component sections.
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Force and Moment – the loading applied to the section is a combination of axial force (N) and two
moments (Myy and Mzz).
Axial Strain and Curvature – for applied strains the strain is input in the form of a strain plane:
= x + .z' +
y z.y'
An applied strain plane is allowed for each load case. For each line the section strain and curvature
about axes parallel to the user y- and z-axis are input. The strain axes' origin is at the reference
point. The loading is generated along with applied loads at the start of the analysis.
For a whole section strain plane the program translates the section origin to the reference point then
calculates the force and moment from the applied strain plane on the unstrained section using the
chosen material properties. y' and z' are the translated coordinates.
The forces and moments calculated will be affected by load factors, material ultimate factors and
serviceability creep factors. The data is treated the same as an applied load thereafter.
A component strain plane or concrete only strain plane is stored and added to the strain generated
during analysis. This ensures that the difference in strain between zones of a composite section is
modelled correctly. For this reason the program does not calculate an equivalent load from the
applied strain plane for 'component section' strain planes.
When the section is compound the component and concrete only strains allow pre-loading or beams
strains to be applied to a particular component of the compound section.
Geometric centroid – is defined as the centre of the concrete outline alone. This is the default
location.
User specified point – The reference point can be directly specified using (y,z) coordinates.
To perform an SLS analysis it is necessary to define one or more SLS analysis cases.
See also
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a1Lc1 + a2Lc2 + …
where ai is the factor that applies to the load defined in load case c i. E.g. 1.2L1 + 1.4L2
Prestress factor – the prestress is applied to the reinforcement, defined for the section. For analysis
this prestress may be factored as required.
Note: if no ULS analysis cases exist, the program will generate an unfactored analysis case
equivalent to each load record.
Analysis type – types available depend on the design code selected and are one of:
Long term – the Young's modulus and material curves are adjusted depending on the creep factor
to model the behaviour of the section under sustained loading.
Short term – the user specified Young's modulus and material curves are used to model the
behaviour of the section under short term loads
Intermediate term – applied to BS5400 related codes only. This uses a Young's modulus and
material curve which is interpolated between the long and short term values depending on the
ration of live load to dead load.
Long+short term – uses the long term properties for a first analysis. The concrete creep is then
calculated and stored as a creep strain plane. A second analysis using the short term properties
looks at the section under the combined long term and additional short term loading.
Load description – a description of the loading. The description syntax is of the form
a1Lc1 + a2Lc2 + …
where ai is the factor that applies to the load defined in load case c i. For long + short load there is an
additional short term load.
Prestress factor – the prestress is applied to the reinforcement, defined for the section. For analysis
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Creep factors – This specifies the creep factors that modify the concrete properties so that for linear
stress-strain curves
Eshort
Elong
(1 )
where is the creep factor. The theory section describes how creep is applied to other concrete
curves.
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See also
Section Wizard
Compound Section Definition
Reinforcement Wizard
See also
Job Number
This is a number used to identify a particular job.
Initials
The initials of the engineer responsible for the model.
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Edit Date
This is supplied automatically and records when the model was last edited.
Notes
This gives the user a place to record any notes that should be kept with the model.
Bending Axes
The problem is defined as bi-axial (bending about the y and z axes) or uni-axial (bending about the y
axis only). The uni-axial option is provided for cases where some external action on the section
constrains it to bend about a single axis.
Slab/wall
A problem can be defined as slab or wall in which case the section is assumed to represent a strip
and where the sides are part of a continuous material.
Units
The units can be modified at any time however it is convenient to be able to define a set of units to
use when creating a new section.
Apply
The apply option is used to apply material to the face (top or bottom) or wrap a section. This option
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is typically used to apply FRP to an existing section. The material thickness is specified and in the
case of a material applied to a face this can either be over the full width or of a specified width. The
section created is typically a rectangle (if applied to a face) or perimeter (if wrapping).
Create rectangle/circle
These options "cast" either a rectangle or circle around a section. While the outer shape is simple
the section must contain a void shaped according to the inner section. No checks are made that the
created section is larger enough to enclose the inner section.
Fill
This option is used to fill the void in a section.
Name
The name is simply a convenient label by which to refer to the section.
concrete
steel
FRP
and a material grade, which defined the strength, stress-strain relationship etc. The material grades
depend on the type of material selected
Section
The section defines the geometrical properties of the general section. The sections can be entered
directly or can be selected from the section wizard. The valid section shapes will depend on the
material type chosen.
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General Reinforcement
General reinforcement allows complete flexibility in position of reinforcement. The Add, Modify, Shift
and Delete options all allow the reinforcement to be specified and adjusted.
Template Reinforcement
Template reinforcement is placed in the section based on rules for typical placement of bars for
different section shapes and for beam or column arrangements. The template option is not available
for all section shapes.
See also
Name
The name is a label used to identify a particular section.
Material
The material will list all the material defined, and fill in with the material number where there are gaps
in the numbering. If the required material has not yet been defined the number of that material can be
entered directly.
Definition method
The definition method specifies how the material is to be defined. This breaks down into three main
options.
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Catalogue
Type
The type is the type of section required e.g. Universal Beam or Equal Angles.
Section
The particular section of the type selected e.g. EA250x250x35. If the section is marked S/S that
particular section has been superseded.
Superseded sections are to be displayed. If the model contains superseded sections this will be
checked on entry.
Section dimensions
Standard sections can be rectangular, circular, I, channel, T or angles. Rectangular and circular
sections can be either solid or hollow. Specify the overall external dimensions of the section and the
thickness of component parts as shown below. Note that top and bottom flanges are always the
same thickness, as are left and right walls of a rectangular hollow section.
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In addition, any number of voids may be defined in the section, again by a series of coordinates
describing an unclosed polyline of non-intersecting segments. Voids may not intersect with each
other or with the outline.
The section displayed in the wizard is as viewed from end 1 of the element towards end 2.
The centroid is calculated for the section and the section is assumed to lie centred at its centroid, —
not at the datum coordinates.
The section can be imported or exported from a DXF file. For the import to work the DXF file should
contain only LWPOLYLINE or POLYLINE entities that described the perimeter and void in the
section. The export option allows the section to be exported as a series of LWPOLYLINE entities.
The bridge beam option is only enabled if the bridge beam database is available. This gives access
to standard bridge beam sections.
Convert to Perimeter
At times it may be useful to convert a section from a catalogue section or a standard shape to a
perimeter (typically where the section may require some adjustment). When this option is selected
the original section can no longer be modified.
Export
The export option allows the section shape to be exported to a DXF file. The section is exported as a
series of LWPOLYLINE entities.
Properties
This shows the values of the elastic section properties for the concrete outline for reference.
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For EC2 sections this also allows the minimum value of to be modified. is used in EC2 equation
7.18 to simulate cracking from a previous load event where a value of zero mean no previous
cracking.
The reference point is defined with reference to the current section. In the case of a compound
section the "geometric centroid" used is the geometric centroid of the primary section (A).
See also
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The beam option allows reinforcement to be specified in terms of top, bottom and side bars.
For the column option the specification of the reinforcement depend on the shape of the section.
For rectangular sections a standard bar pattern is chosen and bar sizes and covers specified. For
circular sections a pattern of rings is assumed and the user gives details of the bars in the rings.
Cover to Links
Cover to the links can be uniform – the same on all sides or variable in which case covers are
specified for top/bottom and left/right sides of the section.
Links
The diameter of the bars and the type of steel is specified. The steel can refer to a standard or user
defined steel material.
Top
This specifies the reinforcement at the top of the section.
This specifies the number of bars in each row, the number of rows of bars and the distance between
the rows. Either single bars or pairs of bars can be placed. Where pairs of bars are used the spacing
of the bars must also be specified. When the section can be classified as having a rib and flange the
option is offered to place the bars within the rib width or across the flange width. The diameter of the
bars and the type of steel is also specified. The steel can refer to a standard or user defined steel
material.
Bottom
This defines the reinforcement at the bottom of the section. The data to define this is the same as for
the top reinforcement.
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Side Bars
The diameter of the bars and the type of steel is specified. The steel can refer to a standard or user
defined steel material.
Column Bars
The bars can all be assigned the same diameter or diameters can be specified for each of the
reinforcement regions. If the variable diameter option is chosen the corner, top, bottom left and right
bar diameters are specified individually.
The diameter of the bars and the type of steel is specified. The steel can refer to a standard or user
defined steel material.
Circular/Elliptical Arrangement
The reinforcement is defined in terms of a number of bars per ring of reinforcement and the number of
rings. Where the arrangement has more than one ring of bars the distance between the rings must
also be specified.
Bars
The diameter of the bars and the type of steel is specified. The steel can refer to a standard or user
defined steel material.
Type
The type is where either individual bars, lines of bars or arcs of bars is specified.
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Rebar
The rebar material to be used for the reinforcement This can be either a standard rebar material or a
user defined rebar material.
Prestress
Prestress can be applied to bars either as a force or as a strain. If force is selected the force per bar
is specified. In all cases the prestress must not exceed the elastic limit of the material.
5.7 Analysis
For both ULS and SLS analysis the analysis cases must be selected. Only the cases relevant to the
particular analysis type and section will be offered.
In the case of a ULS analysis there is a choice of Strength or Loads analysis. A ULS Strength
analysis determines the moment capacity of the section under the given axial load and moment
angle. A ULS Loads or SLS analysis analyses the section under the specified loading – the main
difference being in the stress-strain curves used in the analysis.
The Analysis Control option gives scope to adjust the parameters which control the analysis
For certain codes further parameters may need to be adjusted. These are detailed below:
BS5400 and related codes: Nominal cover, Crack width equation, Mq/Mg ratio
For BS5400 analysis some extra parameters are required. The crack width equation to be used must
be specified: this can be either BS5400: Equation 24 or Equation 26. The Mq/Mg ratio is used in the
crack width formula and to calculate the properties for a intermediate term analysis. The nominal
cover is used to generate a perimeter for crack width calculations.
Eurocode and related codes: Distance from bar for crack width calc., Crack width
equation, Duration factor
For Eurocode analysis some extra parameters are required. For UK variants the crack with can be
reduced from the surface value based on a distance from the bar. The crack width equation to be
used must be specified: this can be either EN1992 Equation 7.9 or Equation 7.18, of if PD6687 is
used it will be PD6687:2006 2.17. codes the calculations BS5400 the nominal cover is used to
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generate a perimeter for crack width calculations. As well as a creep factor there is a duration factor
in Eurocode: this can be either Normal or Instantaneous
Iteration Control
As the AdSec solution is iterative it can be difficult at times to converge on a solution. The maximum
number of iterations will allow the solution to terminate if the solution is not converging. Applying
limits to each step may help the solution to converge where the stress-strain curves have significant
slope discontinuities which can have an adverse effect on quasi-Newton solution methods. The
perturbation factor allows a small perturbation to be introduced into the solution which can prevent
the solution fromgetting "stuck".
Result Control
The default is to report strain and stress at the section nodes (vertices). It can be convenient to get
the stresses and strains in more details,so a stress/strain perimeter interval can be specified and
stress and strain values will be calculated and reported at these points. For some codes cracks are
calculates around the perimeter. The distance between crack calculations should be specified.
Interrupt Solution
This option allows the solution to be monitored (and adjusted) during the solution. This should only
be used in extreme cases.
See also
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Name
The name is used as an identifier on the chart.
Moment Angle
The section is analysed for an applied axial load combined with a moment at a particular moment
angle, typically 0° for bending of a beam about its major axis.
Included strains
Applied creep and shrinkage strains can be included in the generation of the N/M chart by specifying
the load case which describes them.
Analysis control
The analysis control option allows control of items such as the maximum number of iterations, the
solution perturbation factor and the option to interrupt the solution.
Name
The name is used as an identifier on the chart.
Axial Loads
A number of curves can be generated on a single graph for different values of axial load. These can
be added singly or for a range of axial load values using the from, to step options.
Included strains
Applied creep and shrinkage strains can be included in the generation of the Myy/Mzz chart by
specifying the load case which describes them.
Analysis control
The analysis control option allows control of items such as the maximum number of iterations, the
solution perturbation factor and the option to interrupt the solution.
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Name
The name is used as an identifier on the chart.
Axial Loads
A number of curves can be generated on a single graph for different values of axial load. These can
be added singly or for a range of axial load values using the from, to step options.
Included strains
Applied creep and shrinkage strains can be included in the generation of the M/Curvature chart by
specifying the load case which describes them.
Analysis control
The analysis control option allows control of items such as the maximum number of iterations, the
solution perturbation factor and the option to interrupt the solution.
See also
Stress-strain Chart
Expand Section
Label and Display Options
Chart Style
Additional Points on N/M and Myy/Mzz Charts
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The template reinforcement can be expanded into general reinforcement without converting the
section to a perimeter but not vice versa.
Display Options
The display options allow the sections and bars to be coloured in various different ways. The
sections can be coloured:
By Type/Prestress – where the bars are drawn in different colours if general or template
reinforcement and if prestressed on not
None – where the bars are drawn in black
Labels
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Print Scaling
The print scaling allows the printed output of the section to be scaled to a particular scale rather than
autoscaled. This value is not saved from one session to the next.
Curve Settings
The curve settings allows control over the display of graphs. Individual curves can be selected and
the colours, line styles and symbols adjusted.
Graph Settings
This related to the 'Label and Display Options' but gives some control over the layout — legend,
graph style (border, grid lines and axes) and notes.
The additional point option allows the user to superimpose force/moment (N/M) or moment (Myy/Mzz)
coordinates on the charts. The label option is used to identify particular points.
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See also
Preferences
5.11 Preferences
Preferences are settings that are stored for the user. These do not affect the data, only the way it is
presented.
Miscellaneous
Graphics – adjusting of aspects of the graphics – useful in adjusting for a particular graphics card.
Code Options
Allows setting of a default design code, and default units
Advanced
Data – allows long + short analysis to be switched off (for codes that permit it)
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some of the less frequently used options to be hidden from the user.
Output
Numeric format – which control the way numbers are output. The options are
Page Setup – default setup of pages for text and graphic output
Eurocode 2
Loading coefficient – the loading coefficient use to determine the distribution coefficient ζ
Crack calculation – option to calculate crack widths based on surface or bar strains
BS5400
Cover options – maximum cover zone
AS3600
Strength reduction factor – basic for strength reduction calculation
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6 Output Options
Output from AdSec can be presented both graphically and in tabular form.
More
Graphical Output
Tabular Output
a graphical representation of the section showing the location of bars and some basic results.
a graphical plot of moment/force, moment/moment or stress/strain relationships
Section View
The section view displays the current section – both concrete and reinforcing bars. Post analysis the
view displays
Graph Views
Graph views are used where these provide the most convenient way of displaying data or results.
Graphs of the stress-stress curves for both concrete and reinforcement are available.
For N/M, Myy/Mzz, M/curvature and M/EI chart analysis the results are most easily understood as
diagrams showing the interaction of these effects. The charts also allow for easier identification of
additional information such as the no tension point, balanced yield point, tension and compression
plateau points on N/M charts.
All input data is available as tabular output. In addition to the basic input data expanded section
properties and bar locations are available.
Results
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Input Data
Cases Analysed
Analysis Summary
Total Loads
Strain Planes
Material Strains/
Stresses
Bar Strains/Stresses
Moment Summary
N/M Chart
Coordinates
Myy/Mzz Chart
coordinates
M/Kappa Chart
coordinates
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7 Command File
The command file allows access to certain (basic) AdSec operations by specifying these in a text
file called a command file, identified by a ".adcmd" or ".cmd" extension. The only difference in how
these command file types are handled is how the program displays the splash screen. If running a
".cmd" command file, the splash screen will show when AdSec is running whereas it will be hidden
when running a ".adcmd" command file.
The command file can then be run from the Windows “Run” command by typing
adsec <filename>
The double quotes are necessary when the path includes spaces.
The command file consists of a series of records, each record consisting of a command followed
by any required arguments in parenthesis and separated by commas.
There may only be one command per line and only one line per command.
The commands are not case sensitive.
Text following a comment marker, //, is ignored.
Commands can optionally finish with a semi-colon character.
White spaces are ignored except within quoted strings.
Blank lines (no space or tab characters) are acceptable.
Where command arguments are strings these should be enclosed in double quotes (e.g.
"test.ads")
open(filename)
filename – the file to be opened including the file path and extension
analyse(option,cases)
Carry out analysis for the specified option - if no option and cases are specified the current analysis
task is assumed
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analyse_nm(name,angle,strain,phi)
strain – include creep and shrinkage (concrete-only) strains for load case (0 for none)
phi – strength reduction factor (for ACI and AS codes) set to 0 for code specified factors and
1 for nominal strength
analyse_mymz(name,points,loads,strain,phi)
strain – include creep and shrinkage (concrete-only) strains for load case (0 for none)
phi – strength reduction factor (for ACI and AS codes) set to 0 for code specified factors and
1 for nominal strength
analyse_mkappa(name,points,loads,angle,max,term,creep)
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creep – creep factors for load term case (0 for non-concrete sections)
analyse_mei(name,points,loads,angle,max,term,creep)
creep – creep factors for load term case (0 for non-concrete sections)
param(iter,limit,perturb)
save()
saveas(filename)
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filename – the file to be saved including the file path and extension
export_text(filename,options)
filename – the file for the export including the file path and extension
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export_graphics(filename,option)
filename – the file for the export including the file path and extension
– section view
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close()
exit()
Exit AdSec
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Specification 34
Index BS8110 8, 34
Hong Kong
Specification
34
34
BS8666 35
-A- Build
Compound Section 51
About 8
ACI 9 -C-
Additional points
Charts 59 Cases 16
AdSec 8 Analysis 16, 19
Advanced preferences 60 Load 16
Analysis 26, 29, 40, 41, 54, 55, 57 Cast
Cases 16 General Section Wizard 45
Control 55 Chart
Intermediate term 40, 41 Stress-strain curve 58
Long and short term 40, 41 Charts 26, 29
Long term 40, 41 Additional points 59
M/curvature chart 57 M/Curvature 29
M/Curvature Charts 29 M/EI 29
M/EI chart 57 Myy/Mzz 26
M/EI Charts 29 N/M 26
Myy/Mzz chart 26, 56 Style 59
N/M chart 26, 56 Code
Serviceability Limit State 29, 40, 41 Design 9
Short term 40, 41 Colour 58
Staged analysis 31 By material 58
Stress interval 55 By section 58
Ultimate Limit State 26, 40, 41 By type/prestress 58
Analysis cases 16, 19, 40, 41 Column Reinforcement 52
Analysis Dialogs 55 Command File 66
AS 9 Commands 66
Axial strain 39 Component
Strain 39
-B- Compound
Section 51
Beam reinforcement 52 Compound Section 15, 19, 37
Bend Radius 35 Definition 51
Bending Axes 34, 45 Concrete 35
Biaxial 34, 45 Limiting strain 35
Bottom reinforcement 52 Concrete Only Strain 39
BS 9 Concrete Properties 35
BS5400 8 Control
Crack width equation 40, 41 Analysis 55
Mq/Mg Ratio 40, 41 Convert to perimeter 58
Nominal Cover 40, 41 Country 34, 45
-P- Definition
Dimensions
50
38
Expand 58
Partial safety factors General 37
Concrete 35 General Section Wizard 46
FRP 37 Material 38, 51
Rebar 35 Perimeter 50
Steel 36 Simple 14
Preferences 60 Standard shapes 48
Prestress 40, 41, 53 Type 47
View 63
Graph 63
Section 63
-W-
Welcome to AdSec 14
Whole Section Strain 39
Wizards 44, 47
Working with 19, 23
Gateway 21
Section view 22
Using AdSec 19
Wrap/Cast
General Section Wizard 45
-Z-
Zeta min 51