6 5 Solid Waste Disposal

6.5 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL c.
Mandatory segregation of solid waste

to be conducted primarily at the source
Republic Act No. 9003 such as household, institutional,
industrial, commercial and agricultural
Republic Act No. 9003 or the “Ecological sources;
Solid Waste Management Act” provides
the legal framework for the country’s d. Setting of minimum requirements to
systematic, comprehensive and ensure systematic collection and
ecological solid waste management transport of wastes and the proper
program that shall ensure protection of protection of the health of garbage
public health and the environment. collectors;
It underscores, among other things, the e. Establishment of reclamation

need to create the necessary programs and buy-back centers for
institutional mechanisms and incentives, recyclable and toxic materials;
as well as imposes penalties for acts in
f. Promotion of eco-labeling in local
violation of any of its provisions. The
products and services;
implementing rules and regulations of
R.A. No. 9003 are contained in DENR g. Prohibition on non-environmentally
Administrative Order No. 2001-34. acceptable products and packaging;
What are the salient features of R.A. No. h. Establishment of Materials Recovery
9003? Facility in every barangay or cluster of
barangays;
a. Creation of the National Solid Waste
Management Commission (NSWMC), I. Prohibition against the use of open
the National Ecology Center (NEC) and dumps;
the Solid Waste Management Board in
every province, city and municipality in j. Setting of guidelines/criteria for the
the country. establishment of controlled dumps and
sanitary landfills;
b. Formulation of the National Solid
Waste Management Framework; 10-year k. Provision of rewards, incentives both
solid management plans by local fiscal and non-fiscal, financial assistance,
government units consistent with the grants and the like to encourage LGUs
National Solid Waste Management and the general public to undertake
Framework; effective solid waste management; and
l. Promotion of research on solid waste TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE
management and environmental
education in the formal and non-formal Similar to municipal solid wastes, plus
sectors.
Varied specialized wastes
SOLID WASTE SOURCES

1. Municipal Waste Sources
2. Industrial Waste Sources
3. Agricultural Waste Sources
4. Mineral Extraction Sources

Fig. 1 Composition of Municipal Solid
Waste in 1990 RECYCLING
TYPES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 1. The recovery and reuse of products
that would otherwise be thrown away.
1. Paper wastes
2. Recycling reduces landfilling
2. Yard wastes
Preliminary steps to create recycling
3. Glass wastes program
4. Metal wastes 1. Accurate analysis of sources and
content of the solid waste stream.
5. Plastic wastes
2. Evaluation of existing recycling
6. Food wastes
programs, which must be integrated into
7. Other new or expanded efforts.
3. Identification of public attitudes.

4. Finding markets for the potential Collection vehicles – vary from the trash
recycled materials. compactors used in many residential
areas, to larger trucks that collect and
5. Choosing the best options. haul only one large container from
apartment complexes or commercial

establishments, to vehicles fitted with
Drop-off Centers multiple containers for various
recyclable items.
Residents must separate and collect
their recyclables and then take them to a Routing – there are many factors to
collection location. This form of consider: avoiding rush hours traffic; not
recycling results in lower participation travelling through the same area twice,
than curbside collection. beginning and ending routes near major
streets; travelling downhill, not uphill,
Curbside Collection during collection; and minimizing left
turns across traffic.
Curbside collection frequently involves
special container. SOLID WASTE PROCESSING
Residents must separate their Sorting – can be done at the point of

recyclables and place them at curbside generation, at a transfer station prior to
on collection day. shipment to a landfill, or at the landfill.
These may be color-coded for different Compaction – to reduce the volume of

materials, or all materials may be placed the collected wastes
in a single recycle container, separated
by bagging. Shredding – reduce the size of the
material to be landfilled but not
COMPOSTING necessarily the volume.
The controlled aerobic partial LANDFILLING

degradation of organic wastes.
Landfilling is the placement of wastes
It has the potential to greatly reduce the into the land under controlled
yard waste problem. conditions to minimize their migration
or effect on the surrounding
COLLECTION
environment.
Collection services
Dumping is putting wastes onto or into 2. Provide at least 6 inches of soil cover
the ground illegally or legally in an daily over newly placed waste.
unregulated manner.
3. Control disease vectors such as
Landfill Regulations rodents and insects.
1. Prohibit the placement of a landfill 4. Monitor methane concentrations in

facility near an airport because of the landfill and associated buildings.
dangers from scavenging birds. (Methane is explosive when combined
with oxygen in air)
2. Require the landfill to be located
outside the 100-year floodplain, or that 5.. Eliminate most open burning.
the design protect against the washout
of solid waste during a major or 6. Control public access.
catastrophic flood.
7. Construct run-on and run-off controls
3. Prohibit the placement of a new for water.
landfill or expansion of an existing
8. Meet water quality discharge
landfill into or on a wetland.
requirements for surface water.
4. Prohibit the placement of a landfill
9. Prohibit all liquid wastes except small
within 200 feet of an earthquake of an
quantities of household liquid wastes.
earthquake fault.
10. Maintain records indicating
5. Prohibit the placement of a landfill in compliance.
an area with high probability of a strong
Landfill Types
earthquake.
Trench Method – In this approach, a
6. Prohibit the placement of a landfill in
long trench is initially dug to a depth
an area with unstable soil.
and width sufficient to contain the
7. Require landfills that cannot meet the anticipated volume of wastes for some
airport, flood plain, or unstable-area period, typically moths or year.
requirements above to close within 5
years. The state may grant a maximum
of a 2 year extension.
Operational Requirements
1. Exclude hazardous waste.

Fig 3. Trench Method The newer Clean Air Act requirements
have resulted in these older incinerators
Ravine or Depression Method – This being either closed or improved to meet
approach, which utilizes natural contours the standards. Newer incinerators have
of the land, can also make good use of much better combustion and have air
abandoned surface mines and quarries.\ pollution controls.
The result is a drastic reduction in the

amount of material landfilled. The ash
and air pollution control sludges must
still be landfilled.
Most newer incinerators and many older

ones used the heat from the incineration
process to produce electric power.
Bale Disposal – Rather than disposing of The northeast US incinerates over 50%
loose solid waste from collection or of their solid wastes. Most other regions
transport vehicles, some landfills accept incinerate about 5 to 10%.
baled waste, which is much more dense.
Because we are rapidly running out of
land to use for landfilling, incineration
will become much more desirable in the
future.

INCINERATION

Incineration is the controlled
combustion of materials.
Older incinerators had poor combustion

and no air pollution controls. These
incinerators caused a great deal of
pollution.

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6.5 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL c.

Mandatory segregation of solid waste

It underscores, among other things, the e. Establishment of reclamation

1. Municipal Waste Sources

2. Industrial Waste Sources

3. Agricultural Waste Sources

4. Mineral Extraction Sources

3. Identification of public attitudes.

Residents must separate their Sorting – can be done at the point of

These may be color-coded for different Compaction – to reduce the volume of

The controlled aerobic partial LANDFILLING

1. Prohibit the placement of a landfill 4. Monitor methane concentrations in

1. Exclude hazardous waste.

The result is a drastic reduction in the

Most newer incinerators and many older

Older incinerators had poor combustion

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