SEMINAR/WORKSHOP IN THE

PREPARATION OF DETAILED
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Department of Interior & Local Government
June 19-23, 2017
Presented by:

Virgilio B. Columna, m.eng., F.PICE, Wilfredo S. Lopez, f.asep; f.pice

F.ASEP WSLOPEZ Engineering & Consulting
Civil Structural Engineer Services
Specialist in Structural Engineering, PICE Former Chief, Structural Division,
President, ASEP (2013-2014)
Chairman of the Board/President, BOD, DPWH
V.B. Columna Construction Corporation Past President, ASEP (2008-2009)
Trustee, Iprove Global, Inc. Trustee, IPROVE Global Inc.
Computer-Aided Structural Analysis &
Design of Buildings
Objectives of this Presentation

1. To discuss the basic STAAD commands for

use in modeling simple building structures.
2. To provide an alternative design tool for
structural engineers performing
structural design works.
Outcomes
At the end of this presentation, the participants
are expected to:
1. gain basic knowledge in modeling building
structures with the use of STAAD structural
design software, and
2. perform design and analysis of buildings
with the use of STAAD as an alternative
design tool for structural design works.
Introduction
STAAD-Structural Analysis and Design computer
software is a powerful program for 3D analysis of
buildings. Developed by Bentley Systems, Inc., it is
used for building model development, analysis,
design, visualization and verification. It provides a full
range of analysis including static, P-Delta, pushover,
response spectrum, time history, cable, buckling and
steel, concrete and timber design. The STAAD input
file can be prepared through Text Editor or through
the Graphical User Interface (GUI) modeling facility.
Introduction

STAAD MENU
Types of Structures

A structure can be defined as an assemblage of

elements. STAAD is capable of analyzing and designing
structures consisting of both frame, plate/shell, and
solid elements. The following are the structure types:
Types of Structures

1. SPACE. A 3D framed structure with loads applied

in any plane. This is the most general type.
Types of Structures

2. PLANE. A 2D framed bounded by the global X-Y

coordinate with loads in the same plane
Types of Structures

3. TRUSS. This structure consists of truss members

which can have only axial member forces and no
bending in the members
Types of Structures

4. FLOOR. A 2D or 3D having no horizontal (global X

or Z movement of the structure (FX, FZ, MY are
restrained at every point). The floor framing (in
global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal example
of this type of structure. Columns can also be
modeled with the floor in a FLOOR structure as
long as the structure has no horizontal loading.
If there is any horizontal load, it must be
analysed as a SPACE structure.
Types of Structures

4. FLOOR.
Degrees of Freedom (DOF)
DOF is the number of independent motion and/or
movement (translation and rotation) allowed in
a structure.
1. PLANE:

3DOF per joint

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

2. SPACE

6DOF per joint

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

3. TRUSS
1DOF per joint

4. FLOOR

3DOF per joint

Structure Geometry
Structure Geometry
A structure is an assembly of individual components
such as beams, columns, slabs, plates, etc. In STAAD,
frame elements and plate elements may be used to
model the structural components. Typically, modeling
of the structure geometry consists of two steps:

a: Identification and description of joints or nodes

b. Modeling of members or elements through
specifications of connectivity (INCIDENCES)
between joints
Structure Geometry

In general the term MEMBER-refers to frame

elements and the term ELEMENT will be used to
refer to plate/shell and solid elements. Connectivity
for MEMBERs may be provided through the MEMBER
INCIDENCE command while the connectivity for
ELEMENTs may be provided through the ELEMENT
INCIDENCE command.
Structure Geometry and Coordinate System

GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM. Arbitrary coordinate

system in space which is utilized to specify the overall
geometry and loading pattern of the structure.
i. Conventional Cartesian Coordinate System. This
coordinate system is a rectangular coordinate
system (X, Y, Z) which follows the orthogonal
right hand rule. This coordinate system may be
used to define the joint locations and loading
directions.
Structure Geometry and Coordinate System

i. Conventional Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinate

System

= translational DOF
= rotational DOF
Structure Geometry and Coordinate System

ii. Cylindrical Coordinate

System

In this coordinate system, the X and Y coordinates of

the conventional Cartesian system are replaced by
R (radius) and θ (angle in degrees). The Z coordinate
is identical to the Z coordinate of the Cartesian system
and its positive direction is determined by the right
hand rule.
Structure Geometry and Coordinate System

iii. Reverse Cylindrical Coordinate

System

This is a cylindrical type coordinate system where the

R-θ plane corresponds to the X-Z plane of the
Cartesian system. The right hand rule is followed to
determine the positive direction of the Y-axis.
Structure Geometry and Coordinate System

LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM. Associated with each

member (or element) and is utilized in MEMBER END
FORCE output or local load specification
Structure Geometry and Coordinate System

LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM. Local axis system of

various sections when global Y axis is vertical
Structure Geometry and Coordinate System

LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM. Local axis system of

various sections when global Y axis is vertical
Relationship Between Global and Local Coordinates

Since the input for member loads can be provided in

the local and global coordinate system, it is important
to know the relationship between the, local and the
global coordinate system. This relationship defined by
an angle β is measured in the following:
Relationship Between Global and Local Coordinates

i. When the local x-axis is parallel to the global

Vertical axis, as in the case of a column in a
structure, the beta angle is the angle through
which the local z-axis has been rotated about the
local x-axis from a position of being parallel and in
the same positive direction of the global Z-axis.
Relationship Between Global and Local Coordinates
Relationship Between Global and Local Coordinates

ii. When the local x-axis is not parallel to the global

Vertical axis, the beta angle is the angle through
which the local coordinate system has been
rotated about the local x-axis from a position of
having the local z-axis parallel to the global X-Z
plane and the local y-axis in the same positive
direction of the global Vertical axis.
Relationship Between Global and Local Coordinates
Relationship Between Global and Local Coordinates
Finite Element Information

PLATE AND SHELL ELEMENT. The Plate/Shell is

based on the hybrid element formulation. The
element can be 3-noded (triangular) or 4-noded
(quadrilateral). If all four nodes of a quadrilateral
element do not lie on one plane, it is advisable to
model them as triangular elements. The thickness of
the element may be different from one node to
another
Finite Element Information

“SURFACE STRUCTURES” walls, slabs, plates and

shells may be modeled using finite elements. For
convenience in generation of a finer mesh of
plate/shell elements within a large area, a MESH
GENERATION facility is available. The ELEMENT
PLANE STRESS action can be used to specify
member/in-plane stiffness only
Geometry Modeling Consideration

Nodes of an element must be specified in the

clockwise or counterclockwise pattern. For better
efficiency , similar elements should be numbered
sequentially.
Geometry Modeling Consideration
Element aspect ratio should not be excessive. They
should be in the order of 1:1 and preferably less
than 4:1. Individual element should not be
distorted. Angles between two adjacent element
sides should not be larger than 90 and never
larger than 180.
Member Properties

For rectangular section:

= cross sectional area

= torsional constant
= moment of inertia about y-axis
= moment of inertia about z-axis
Member Properties

For rectangular section:

OR:
= depth of section parallel to
local y-axis
= depth of section parallel to
local z-axis
= effective shear area for shear force parallel
to local y-axis
= effective shear area for shear force parallel
to local z-axis
Member Properties

For T- section:
Member Properties

For trapezoidal section:

Member Properties

Required section properties:

Member Dimensions

Prismatic Circular

Tee Trapezoidal
Member Properties

BUILT-IN STEEL SECTION LIBRARY

STAAD provides standard steel section/shapes

specified in the AISC Steel Tables.
Member/Element Release

STAAD allows releases for members and plate

elements. One or both ends of a member or element
can be released. Members/Elements are assumed to
be rigidly framed into joints in accordance with the
structural type specified. When full rigidity is not
applicable, individual force components at either end
of the member can be set to zero with member
release statements.
Member/Element Release

By specifying release components, individual degrees

of freedom are release from analysis. Member release
should not be applied on a member which is declared
TRUSS, TENSION ONLY or COMPRESSION ONLY.
FIXED

PINNED

PINNED/”ROLLER”
TRUSS and TENSION- or COMPRESSION-ONLY MEMBERS

For analyses which involve members that carry axial

loads only (i.e. truss members) there are two
methods for specifying this condition. When all the
members in the structure are truss members, the type
of structure is declared as TRUSS, whereas, when only
some of the members are truss members (e.g. bracing
of a building), the MEMBER TRUSS command can be
used where those members will be identified
separately. In STAAD, the MEMBER TENSION or
MEMBER COMPRESSION command can be used to
limit the axial load the member may carry.
MEMBER OFFSET

Some members of a structure may not be concurrent

with the incident joints thereby creating offsets. This
offset distance is specified in terms of global or local
coordinate system (i.e. X, Y, Z distance from the
incident joint). Secondary forces induced, due to this
offset connection, are taken into account in analyzing
the structure and also to calculate the individual
member forces. The new offset centroid of the
member can be at the start or end incidences and the
new working point will also be the start or end of the
member.
MEMBER OFFSET

Example
MATERIAL CONSTANTS

The material constant are: modulus of elasticity (E);

weight density (DEN); Poisson’s ratio (POISS);
coefficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA); Composite
Damping Ratio; and beta angle (BETA)

E must be provided or the analysis will not be

performed. DEN is used only when selfweight of the
structure is to be taken into account. POISS is used to
calculate the shear modulus (G) by the formula
MATERIAL CONSTANTS

If POISS is not provided, STAAD will assume a value

based on the value of E. ALPHA is used to calculate
the expansion of the members if temperature loads
are applied. Composite damping ratio is used to
compute the damping ratio for each mode in dynamic
solution. This is only useful if there are several
materials with different damping ratios.
SUPPORTS

Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED or FIXED with

different releases. A pinned support restraints against
all translational movements and none against
rotational movement. In other words a pinned
support will have reactions for all forces but will resist
no moments. A fixed support has restraints against all
direction of movement. The restraint of a fixed
support can also be released in any desired direction
as specified.
LOADS

JOINT LOADS. Any free joint may be applied with both

forces and moments. These loads act in the global
coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act
in the positive coordinate directions. Any number of
loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case
the loads will be additive on that joint.
LOADS

JOINT LOADS:
LOADS

MEMBER LOADS. Three (3) types of member loads

may be applied to a member of a structure. These
loads are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated
loads, and linearly varying loads (including
trapezoidal). Any number of loads may be specified to
act upon a member in any independent loading
condition. Member loads can be specified in the
member coordinate system or the global coordinate
system.
LOADS

MEMBER LOADS.
LOADS

MEMBER LOADS.
LOADS

AREA LOAD, ONE-WAY and FLOOR LOADS. Uniform

pressure/loads applied on the floor systems can be
specified through the use of AREA LOADS, ONEWAY
LOADS or FLOOR LOADS. ARE LOAD and ONEWAY
LOAD are used for one way distribution and the
FLOOR LOAD is used for two way distribution.
LOADS

AREA LOAD, ONE-WAY and FLOOR LOADS.

LOADS

AREA LOAD, ONE-WAY and FLOOR LOADS.

LOADS

AREA LOAD, ONE-WAY and FLOOR LOADS.

LOADS

AREA LOAD, ONE-WAY and FLOOR LOADS.

Two-way distribution
for oneway?
LOADS :DEFINE DEAD LOADS
LOADS :DEFINE DEAD LOADS
LOADS :DEFINE DEAD LOADS
LOADS :DEFINE DEAD LOADS
LOADS :DEFINE DEAD LOADS
LOADS :DEFINE DEAD LOADS
LOADS :DEFINE DEAD LOADS
LOADS :ASSIGNING DEAD LOADS
LOADS

SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR. STAAD seismic load

generator follows the procedure of equivalent lateral
load analysis explained in UBC (consistent with the
NSCP), IBC and several codes. Total lateral seismic
force or base shear is automatically calculated by
STAAD based on the assigned code specifications. For
load generation per the codes, the user is required to
provide seismic zone coefficients, importance factor,
soil characteristics parameters, etc. (see UBC/NSCP).
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR

SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR. After the base shear is

calculated from appropriate equation, it is distributed
among the various levels and roof per UBC/NSCP
specifications. The distributed base shears are
subsequently applied as lateral loads on the structure.
These loads may then be utilized as normal load cases
for analysis and design.
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR

Assigning Seismic Dead Loads

LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD GENERATOR

Assigning Seismic Dead Loads

LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD CASE
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD CASE
LOADS: SEISMIC LOAD CASE
LOADS

WIND LOAD GENERATOR. This is a utility which takes

as input wind pressure and height ranged over which
these pressures act and generates nodal and member
loads. This facility is available for two types of
structures:
1. Panel type or Closed structures
2. Open structures

Calculation of wind load follows the procedure given

in ASCE 7, as specified in the NSCP.
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS: WIND LOAD GENERATOR
LOADS VERIFICATION
LOADS VERIFICATION
LOADS VERIFICATION
LOADS VERIFICATION
ANALYSIS FACILITIES

Various analysis facilities are available in STAAD as

follows: (Note that detailed theoretical treatments of
these various analysis procedures are available in
standard textbooks)
•Stiffness Analysis
•Second Order Analysis (P-Delta)
•Buckling Analysis
•Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
•Dynamic Analysis
•Pushover Analysis
POSITIVE DIRECTIONS OF MEMBER END FORCES
POSITIVE DIRECTIONS OF MEMBER END MOMENTS
DESIGN CAPABILITIES

Concrete Design in STAAD follows the provisions

of the ACI Code. Steel design is based on the
Manual of Steel Design and Construction of the
AISC while timber design is based on the Timber
Construction Manual of the AITC. Provisions of
these American codes were adopted in the
NSCP.
PRINTING FACILITES

All input data and output may be printed in STAAD

using the PRINT commands.
 THANK YOU

WORKSHOP FOLLOWS!!!