EN2314 Hydraulics - Module Booklet of Exam Style Questions - Summer Exam 05may20

EN2314 HYDRAULICS & SOIL MECHANICS
HYDRAULICS EXAMPLE QUESTIONS

(SUMMER EXAM – ON-LINE FORMAT)
NOTES:
Fluids in Motion and Pipe Flow were assessed in the Autumn Test; Open Channel Flow,
Hydraulic Structures, Pumps and Turbines, and Hydraulic Modelling are assessed in the
Summer Exam.
These questions are indicative of the type of question you may be expected to attempt in
the test or examination. This booklet does NOT provide an exhaustive list of possible
questions. The Booklet does NOT imply that the examiner is constrained to use the same
format of questions in the future. Using this information as a sole basis for revision is NOT
recommended. Ideally, a student should be familiar with the full set of module notes,
tutorial questions, and support/reference material.
The on-line exam contains questions in multiple choice and short answer format, which will
be text based and calculation based. For the latter, ensure you use the appropriate number
of significant figures and include units.
Answers are given in red.

1. A rectangular river channel has a width of 6.3 m, a slope of 1 in 250 and a Manning’s
n of 0.040 s/m1/3. Calculate the depth of flow that corresponds to a discharge of 3.5
m3/s by considering it as a wide rectangular channel and then by trial and error.
ANSWER: Wide rectangular channel  D = 0.53 m, trial and error  D = 0.57 m
2. A rectangular channel 6 m wide forms part of a dam spillway, where the discharge is
12 m3/s when the depth of flow is 0.25 m. At the foot of the spillway the channel is
almost horizontal, with a hydraulic jump. Calculate the upstream velocity, upstream
Froude number and downstream depth.
ANSWER: V1 = 8.00 m/s, F1 = 5.11, D2 = 1.69 m
3. A hydraulic jump in a 6 m wide rectangular channel with a discharge of 12 m3/s has

an upstream Froude number of 5.11, upstream depth of 0.25 m and downstream
depth of 1.69 m. Calculate the height, length and energy loss of the hydraulic jump
ANSWER: hj = 1.44 m, Lj = 10.1 m, E = 1.75 m
4. A rectangular weir, triangular weir and Sutro weir are located in the same channel
with their crests at the same level. All three weirs have a (maximum) width of 0.60 m
and are 0.60 m deep, all have a head of 0.40 m over their crest, and all have a
coefficient of discharge, CD, of 0.60; the rectangular slot height, a, of the Sutro weir
is 0.05 m. Ignoring the effect of side contractions and approach velocities, calculate
the proportion of the total combined discharge that passes over each weir.
ANSWER: Rectangular = 56.3%, Triangular = 15.0%, Sutro = 28.6%
5. The operating point for a pumped rising main has been determined by matching
pump and system curves, giving a flowrate Q of 84 l/s, head H of 72.9 m and power P
of 108 kW when the pump’s speed N is 1800 rpm. If the same diameter impeller of
280 mm is used for a design flowrate of 81 l/s, employ pump similarity laws to
calculate the pump speed, head and power.
ANSWER: NB = 1740 rpm, HB = 67.8 m, PB = 96.8 kW
6. For the pump design above, determine the pump’s specific speed to indicate the
type of pump.
ANSWER: Ns = 20.9  centrifugal
7. For the pump design above, determine the annual electricity costs assuming pumps
run for 7 hours at night at 12p/kWh and for 5 hours in the day at 15p/kWh.
ANSWER: £56.2k
8. What are the correct ranges of specific speeds for the pumps listed below?
a) Centrifugal: 10 to 70; Mixed flow: 70 to 170; Axial flow: above 110 
b) Axial flow: 10 to 70; Centrifugal: 70 to 170; Mixed flow: above 110
c) Mixed flow: 10 to 70; Axial flow: 70 to 170; Centrifugal: above 110
d) Centrifugal: 12 to 60; Mixed flow: 60 to 500; Axial flow: 280 to 800
e) Axial flow: 12 to 60; Centrifugal: 60 to 500; Mixed flow: 280 to 800
f) Mixed flow: 12 to 60; Axial flow: 60 to 500; Centrifugal: 280 to 800
9. What are the correct ranges of specific speeds for the turbines listed below?
a) Pelton wheel: 12 to 60; Francis: 60 to 500; Kaplan: 280 to 800 
b) Kaplan: 12 to 60; Pelton wheel: 60 to 500; Francis: 280 to 800
c) Francis: 12 to 60; Kaplan: 60 to 500; Pelton wheel: 280 to 800
d) Pelton wheel: 10 to 70; Francis: 70 to 170; Kaplan: above 110
e) Kaplan: 10 to 70; Pelton wheel: 70 to 170; Francis: above 110
f) Francis: 10 to 70; Kaplan: 70 to 170; Pelton wheel: above 110
10. Discuss the issues associated with hydropower in relation to the environment,
politics and engineering.
ANSWER: Discuss points raised in the tutorial following lecture 9
11. Discuss the opportunities available to water companies that could be used to
generate electricity through hydropower.
ANSWER: See for example Millington, J. D. (2014) Powering the Water Industry. In:
Booth, C. and Charlesworth, S., Eds. Water Resources in the Built Environment –
Management Issues and Solutions. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
12. Explain the 5 steps involved in creating a hydraulic model.

ANSWER: Refer to lecture 10
13. Explain the pros and cons of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D modelling for the application of flood
risk mapping.
ANSWER: Refer to lecture 10
14. Figure Q14 shows the results of a hydraulics experiment. A sharp crested weir
(height, p, of 150mm) was secured within a flume (width, b, of 300mm) and the
pump set to its maximum. Once steady state had been achieved, a table-tennis ball
was placed upstream of the weir and the time, t, it took the ball to float a distance,
X, was recorded 3 times; observations of the water depth upstream, HU, and
downstream, HD, of the weir were also made. The flowrate was then reduced in
seven increments with X, t1, t2, t3, HU and HD recorded each time, before the
following calculations were undertaken.
Volume flowrate upstream of the weir was derived from continuity by calculating the
velocity of the table-tennis ball and multiplying it by the cross sectional area of the
flow, i.e.
𝑄𝑈 = 𝐴𝑈 𝑉𝑈
Where:
𝐴𝑈 = 𝐻𝑈 𝑏
𝑋
𝑉𝑈 =
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
3
Volume flowrate at the weir was calculated from the sharp-crested weir equation,
using a coefficient of discharge, CD of 0.62:
2
𝑄𝑊 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑏(2𝑔)1/2 𝐻 3/2
3
Specific Energy was calculated upstream and downstream of the weir:
𝑉2
𝐸=𝐻+
2𝑔
Froude Number was calculated upstream and downstream of the weir:
𝑉
𝐹=
(𝑔𝐻)1/2
Demonstrate your understanding of hydraulics by explaining the three graphs
produced from the results showing flow-rates, Specific Energy and Froude number.
Figure Q14: Results for a sharp-crested weir experiment
ANSWER: None supplied – how well have you understood the material?

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What are the different types of questions covered in the exam?

What are the steps involved in calculating discharge through an open channel?

EN2314 HYDRAULICS & SOIL MECHANICS

HYDRAULICS EXAMPLE QUESTIONS

Answers are given in red.

3. A hydraulic jump in a 6 m wide rectangular channel with a discharge of 12 m3/s has

12. Explain the 5 steps involved in creating a hydraulic model.

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