Unit II Set 03

Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes

Acknowledgement and thanks for the resource

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 8th edition

by Yunus A. Çengel and Michael A. Boles

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Conservation of Energy for Control volumes

The conservation of mass and the conservation of energy principles for open systems
or control volumes apply to systems having mass crossing the system boundary or
control surface. In addition to the heat transfer and work crossing the system
boundaries, mass carries energy with it as it crosses the system boundaries. Thus,
the mass and energy content of the open system may change when mass enters or
leaves the control volume.

Thermodynamic processes involving control volumes can be considered in two

groups: steady-flow processes and unsteady-flow processes. During a steady-flow
process, the fluid flows through the control volume steadily, experiencing no change
with time at a fixed position.
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A heat exchanger, the heater core from a 1966 289 V8
Mustang, is another example of an open system. Cooling
water flows into and out of the tubes and air is forced
through the fin sturucture.

Photo by M. A. Boles 3
A hair drier is an example of a one entrance, one exit open
system that receives electrical work input to drive the fan
and power the resistance heater.

Photo by M. A. Boles 4
Let’s review the concepts of mass flow rate and energy transport by mass.
One should study the development of the general conservation of mass presented in
the text. Here we present an overview of the concepts important to successful
problem solving techniques.

Mass Flow Rate

Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the mass flow rate m .
Note the dot over the mass symbol indicates a time rate of change. It is expressed
as


where Vn is the velocity normal to the cross-sectional flow area.

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If the fluid density and velocity are constant over the flow cross-sectional area, the
mass flow rate is 
 Vave A
= m ρ= Vave A
v
where ρ is the density, kg/m3 ( = 1/v), A is the cross-sectional area, m2; and  is the
average fluid velocity normal to the area, m/s. Vave

Example 5-1

Refrigerant-134a at 200 kPa, 40% quality, flows through a 1.1-cm inside diameter, d,
tube with a velocity of 50 m/s. Find the mass flow rate of the refrigerant-134a.

At P = 200 kPa, x = 0.4 we determine the specific volume from

 
Vave A Vave π d 2
=
v v f + xv fg =m =
v v 4
= 0.0007533 + 0.4(0.0999 − 0.0007533)
50 m / s π (0.011 m) 2
m3 = 3
= 0.0404 0.0404 m / kg 4
kg kg
= 0.117
s

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The fluid volume flowing through a cross-section per unit time is called the volume
flow rate V . The volume flow rate is given by integrating the product of the velocity
normal to the flow area and the differential flow area over the flow area. If the
velocity over the flow area is a constant, the volume flow rate is given by (note we are
dropping the “ave” subscript on the velocity)


V = VA ( m 3 / s)
The mass and volume flow rate are related by
V
m = ρV = ( kg / s)
v
Example 5-2

Air at 100 kPa, 50oC, flows through a pipe with a volume flow rate of 40 m3/min. Find
the mass flow rate through the pipe, in kg/s.

Assume air to be an ideal gas, so

RT kJ (50 + 273) K m3 kPa
v= = 0.287
P kg ⋅ K 100kPa kJ
m3
= 0.9270
kg

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 V 40m3 / min 1 min
m = =
v 0.9270m3 / kg 60s
kg
= 0.719
s
Conservation of Mass for General Control Volume

The conservation of mass principle for the open system or control volume is
expressed as

or

∑ m − ∑ m
in out = ∆m system ( kg / s)
Steady-State, Steady-Flow Processes

Most energy conversion devices operate steadily over long periods of time. The
rates of heat transfer and work crossing the control surface are constant with time.
The states of the mass streams crossing the control surface or boundary are constant
with time. Under these conditions the mass and energy content of the control volume
are constant with time.
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 dmCV
=
∆m CV =
0
dt
Steady-state, Steady-Flow Conservation of Mass:

Since the mass of the control volume is constant with time during the steady-state,
steady-flow process, the conservation of mass principle becomes

or

∑ m in = ∑ m out ( kg / s)
Special Case: Steady Flow of an Incompressible Fluid

The mass flow rate is related to volume flow rate and fluid density by

m = ρV
For one entrance, one exit steady flow control volume, the mass flow rates are
related by

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 m in = m out (kg/s)
ρinVin = ρ outVout
ρin = ρ out incompressible assumption
Vin = Vout
 
Vin Ain = Vout Aout
Word of caution: This result applies only to incompressible fluids. Most
thermodynamic systems deal with processes involving compressible fluids such as
ideal gases, steam, and the refrigerants for which the above relation will not apply.
Example 5-3 Geometry Effects on Fluid Flow

An incompressible liquid flows through the pipe shown in the figure. The velocity at
location 2 is

1
Incompressible 2
Liquid 2D D

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Solution:
m = ρV
∑ m
Inlets
in = ∑ m
Outlets
out

ρV1 = ρV2
V1 = V2
 
A1V1 = A2V2
 A1  π D12 / 4 
=
V2 = V1 V1
A2 π D2 / 4
2

2
  D1    2 D  2 
=V2 =  V1   V1
 D2   D 
 
V2 = 4V1

Answer: D

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Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid

Energy flows into and from the control volume with the mass. The energy required to
push the mass into or out of the control volume is known as the flow work or flow
energy.

The fluid up steam of the control surface acts as a piston to push a unit of mass into
or out of the control volume. Consider the unit of mass entering the control volume
shown below.

As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control surface, work done on that unit
of mass is A
= F=
W flow L F L= PV
= Pmv
A
W flow
=
w flow = Pv
m 12
The term Pv is called the flow work done on the unit of mass as it crosses the control
surface.

The total energy of flowing fluid

The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control surface is the sum
of the internal energy, flow work, potential energy, and kinetic energy.
2
V
θ = u + Pv + + gz
2
2
V
= h+ + gz
2
Here we have used the definition of enthalpy, h = u + Pv.

Energy transport by mass

Amount of energy transport across a control surface:

2
 V 
Emass = mθ = m  h + + gz  (kJ)
 2 

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Rate of energy transport across a control surface:
2
 V 
E mass = m θ = m  h + + gz  (kW )
 2 
Conservation of Energy for General Control Volume

The conservation of energy principle for the control volume or open system has the
same word definition as the first law for the closed system. Expressing the energy
transfers on a rate basis, the control volume first law is

E in − E out = ∆E system ( kW )

or  
  
Rate of net energy transfer Rate change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies
Considering that energy flows into and from the control volume with the mass, energy
enters because net heat is transferred to the control volume, and energy leaves
because the control volume does net work on its surroundings, the open system, or
control volume, the first law becomes
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where θ is the energy per unit mass flowing into or from the control volume. The
energy per unit mass, θ, flowing across the control surface that defines the control
volume is composed of four terms: the internal energy, the kinetic energy, the
potential energy, and the flow work.

The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control surface is
2
V
θ = u + Pv + + gz
2
2
V
= h+ + gz
2

Where the time rate change of the energy of the control volume has been written
as ∆E CV 15
Steady-State, Steady-Flow Processes

Most energy conversion devices operate steadily over long periods of time. The
rates of heat transfer and work crossing the control surface are constant with time.
The states of the mass streams crossing the control surface or boundary are constant
with time. Under these conditions the mass and energy content of the control volume
are constant with time.
dmCV
= ∆m CV = 0
dt
dECV
= ∆E CV = 0
dt
Steady-state, Steady-Flow Conservation of Mass:

∑ m in = ∑ m out ( kg / s)
Steady-state, steady-flow conservation of energy

Since the energy of the control volume is constant with time during the steady-state,
steady-flow process, the conservation of energy principle becomes

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or
E in − E out = 0 ∆E system ( kW )
 
  
Rate of net energy transfer Rate change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies

or

Considering that energy flows into and from the control volume with the mass, energy
enters because heat is transferred to the control volume, and energy leaves because
the control volume does work on its surroundings, the steady-state, steady-flow first
law becomes

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Often this result is written as

Q net = ∑ Q in − ∑ Q out
where
Wnet = ∑ Wout − ∑ Win
Steady-state, steady-flow for one entrance and one exit

A number of thermodynamic devices such as pumps, fans, compressors, turbines,

nozzles, diffusers, and heaters operate with one entrance and one exit. The steady-
state, steady-flow conservation of mass and first law of thermodynamics for these
systems reduce to

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  is the
where the entrance to the control volume is state 1 and the exit is state 2 and m
mass flow rate through the device.

When can we neglect the kinetic and potential energy terms in the first law?

Consider the kinetic and potential energies per unit mass.

2
V
ke =
2
 m (45m / s) 2 1kJ / kg kJ
For V = 45 ke = = 1
s 2 1000m2 / s 2 kg
 m (140m / s) 2 1kJ / kg kJ
V = 140 ke = = 10
s 2 1000m2 / s 2 kg
pe = gz
m 1kJ / kg kJ
For z = 100m pe = 9.8 100m = 0.98
s2 1000m2 / s2 kg
m 1kJ / kg kJ
z = 1000m pe = 9.8 2 1000m = 9.8
s 1000m2 / s2 kg

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When compared to the enthalpy of steam (h ≅ 2000 to 3000 kJ/kg) and the enthalpy
of air (h ≅ 200 to 6000 kJ/kg), the kinetic and potential energies are often neglected.

When the kinetic and potential energies can be neglected, the conservation of energy
equation becomes
Q − W = m (h2 − h1 ) ( kW )

We often write this last result per unit mass flow as

q − w = (h2 − h1 ) ( kJ / kg )
Q W
where q = and w = .
m m
Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices

Below are some engineering devices that operate essentially as steady-state, steady-
flow control volumes.

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We may be familiar with nozzles, diffusers, turbines,
compressors, compressors, heat exchangers, and mixing
devices. However, the throttle valve may be a new device to
many of us. The Throttle may be a simple as the expansion
tube used in automobile air conditioning systems to cause
the refrigerant pressure drop between the exit of the
condenser and the inlet to the evaporator.

Photo by M. A. Boles 21
Nozzles and Diffusers
  
V1 V2 >> V1

  
V1 V2 << V1

For flow through nozzles, the heat transfer, work, and potential energy are normally
neglected, and nozzles have one entrance and one exit. The conservation of energy
becomes

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 
Solving for V2
 2
V2 = 2(h1 − h2 ) + V1

Example 5-4

Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300oC, enters an adiabatic nozzle with a low velocity and leaves
at 0.2 MPa with a quality of 90%. Find the exit velocity, in m/s.

Control Volume: The nozzle

Property Relation: Steam tables

Process: Assume adiabatic, steady-flow

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:

For one entrance, one exit, the conservation of mass becomes

∑ m in = ∑ m out
m 1 = m 2 = m 23
 Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control surface, but no
work or heat transfer crosses the control surface. Neglecting the potential energies,
we have

Neglecting the inlet kinetic energy, the exit velocity is


V2 = 2(h1 − h2 )
Now, we need to find the enthalpies from the steam tables.

Superheated  Saturated Mix.

 kJ 
= =
T1 300 o
C  h1 3067.1= P2 0.2 MPa  h2
 kg 
=
P1 0.4 MPa  x2 0.90 
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 At 0.2 MPa hf = 504.7 kJ/kg and hfg = 2201.6 kJ/kg.

h2 = h f + x2 h fg
kJ
= 504.7 + (0.90)(2201.6) = 2486.1
kg
 kJ 1000 m 2 / s 2
=V2 2(3067.1 − 2486.1)
kg kJ / kg
m
= 1078.0
s

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