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    Lab Report #13

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    AMMAD MAHMOOD
    This lab report describes experiments using operational amplifiers in inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower configurations. The document provides details on the objectives, equipment, and explanation of operational amplifiers. It discusses how op-amps can be modeled as ideal voltage-controlled voltage sources and their applications in analog circuits due to properties like high gain, common-mode rejection, and ability to convert differential to single-ended signals.

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    Lab Report #13

    Uploaded by

    AMMAD MAHMOOD
    870 views8 pages
    This lab report describes experiments using operational amplifiers in inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower configurations. The document provides details on the objectives, equipment, and explanation of operational amplifiers. It discusses how op-amps can be modeled as ideal voltage-controlled voltage sources and their applications in analog circuits due to properties like high gain, common-mode rejection, and ability to convert differential to single-ended signals.

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    analog electronics lab manual

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    This lab report describes experiments using operational amplifiers in inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower configurations. The document provides details on the objectives, equipment, and explanation of operational amplifiers. It discusses how op-amps can be modeled as ideal voltage-controlled voltage sources and their applications in analog circuits due to properties like high gain, common-mode rejection, and ability to convert differential to single-ended signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    870 views8 pages

    Lab Report #13

    Uploaded by

    AMMAD MAHMOOD
    This lab report describes experiments using operational amplifiers in inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower configurations. The document provides details on the objectives, equipment, and explanation of operational amplifiers. It discusses how op-amps can be modeled as ideal voltage-controlled voltage sources and their applications in analog circuits due to properties like high gain, common-mode rejection, and ability to convert differential to single-ended signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    NAME:AMMAD MAHMOOD

    CLASS: BEET-3A
    ROLL NO: 191863
    DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    SUBJECT: ANALOG ELECTRONICS LAB
    SUBMITTED TO: SIR MUGHEES AHMED BHATTI
    TITLE:
    LAB REPORT# 02
    (Operational Amplifiers i.e inverting, inverting,
    voltage follower)
    Objectives:
    To introduce and implement operational amplifiers
    such as inverting, non-inverting, voltage follower.
    Equipments:
     Function Generator
     Oscilloscope
     Digital Multimeter
     Power supply
     OP-AMP (LM741)
     Resistors
    Explaination:

     Op-amps have been produced in large


    quantities for decades, and consequently
    engineers have access to a large and diverse
    collection of parts that offer both low cost
    and high performance.
     Operational amplifiers are extremely
    versatile. It is difficult to think of an analog
    circuit that cannot be either implemented
    using an op-amp or improved by the
    addition of an op-amp.
     Designing circuits around op-amps is much
    easier than using discrete transistors. The
    electrical characteristics of operational
    amplifiers lead to simplifying assumptions,
    and in many applications, these assumptions
    do not introduce significant differences
    between the theoretical circuit and the actual
    circuit.
     
    The Op-Amp Circuit Symbol
    The simplified, idealized op-amp is a three-
    terminal device.
     
     

    The two terminals on the left are inputs, and the


    terminal on the right is the output. Note that
    the input terminals have different labels: the
    plus sign indicates the non-inverting input
    terminal, and the minus sign indicates
    the inverting input terminal.
    A real op-amp needs at least five terminals—
    two inputs, one output, and two power-supply
    connections:
     
    A dual-supply op-amp circuit (on the left)
    uses a positive supply voltage and a
    negative supply voltage. In a single-supply
    configuration (on the right), the negative
    supply terminal is connected to ground.

     
    We often omit the power-supply terminals
    when we draw an op-amp because we assume
    that the device is connected to supply voltages
    that enable proper operation within the context
    of a given application. However, it’s important
    to remember that the op-amp’s output-voltage
    range is limited by its supply voltages. 
     

    The Op-Amp Electrical Model


    The idealized input-to-output relationship of a
    typical op-amp is conveyed by the following
    diagram:
     

    Despite the complex circuitry that is present


    within a real operational amplifier, we can
    successfully carry out many op-amp-based
    design tasks by assuming that the op-amp is
    a voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
    The controlling voltage is  (VIN +− VIN − )
    (VIN+−VIN−), and the factor of proportionality
    between the controlling voltage and the voltage
    generated by the VCVS is the op-amp’s gain,
    denoted by A:
     
    V O UT = A (VIN +− VIN − ) VOUT=A(VIN+
    −VIN−)
     An op-amp is a differential amplifier: it
    amplifies the difference between the two input
    voltages.
     It follows from the previous statement that
    op-amps exhibit common-mode rejection.
    The op-amp will reject (i.e., ignore) any
    voltage component, such as noise or a DC
    offset, that is present in both input signals.
     An op-amp has a differential input stage
    and a single-ended output; thus, it can be
    considered a differential-to-single-ended
    converter. However, it turns out that real-life
    op-amp applications are associated much
    more closely with single-ended input signals.
    In fact, we have another name for devices
    that are designed specifically for differential
    input signals: they’re called instrumentation
    amplifiers.
     

    Summary
     Operational amplifiers are used in countless
    analog and mixed-signal circuits.
     These extremely popular ICs are affordable,
    versatile, and easy to use.
     An idealized op-amp has three terminals:
    two inputs and one output.
     Op-amp functionality is similar to that of a
    voltage-controlled voltage source that
    applies an extremely high gain to the
    difference between the voltage at the non-
    inverting input terminal and the voltage at
    the inverting input terminal.

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