Power Quality Event Generation in MATLAB/Simulink Environment

ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 4, Issue 7, July 2015
Power Quality Event Generation in

MATLAB/Simulink Environment
Vinit Kumar1, Manbir Kaur2
PG Student (Power System), Dept. of EIE, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India1
Associate Professor, Dept. of EIE, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India2
ABSTRACT: Power quality(PQ) is a measure issue in power system. This is the measure of system reliability,
equipment security, and power availability in power system to the industry or end user. The power quality
events/problems are caused at generation, transmission and distribution level due to generation to load mismatch, short
circuit faults, equipment failure, etc. A paper introducing the generation of power quality events and classification of
these events using radial basis function neural network. The power quality events are generated by developing an
electric power distribution model using SimPowersystem in MATLAB/Simulink. This creates power quality events
such as sag, swell, interruption, harmonics, transient, noises etc. and these signals are validated by the virtual signals
generated by parametric equations.
KEYWORDS: Power Quality, Power Quality Events, Parametric Equations,

I.INTRODUCTION
Electrical power system is a network of electrical components that supply power to the customer such as industry,
home, etc. Power system generally divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that
carries the power from generating center to load center and the distribution system that supply the power to nearby
industries and homes. Majority of power system rely on alternating current (AC) power and this AC power increase
complexity to move from the point of generation to point of consumption combined with variation in generation, load,
weather and other factors. In order to transferring power from generation to consumption, an interconnection system is
required which used to interconnect transmission line to neighbouring utilities or distribution system which used to
transferring power to the costumer that may be connected through underground or overhead cables with equipments.
Industrial, residential, commercial are the category of power system load which consist large number of sensitive
equipments [1-3]. Power quality (PQ) is a set of electrical limitations that allow a piece of equipment to function in its
proposed manner without significant loss of performances or life expectancy. In recent days PQ is very sensitive issue
and Customers at different level (Industry, end user etc) have become very particular about power quality disturbances.
Because of these disturbances the performances and efficiency of equipment decreases day by day. The use of electrical
devices might be electrical motor, transformer, sensitive electronic equipments, communication equipments or failure
or malfunctioning of power system exposed to one or more PQ disturbances [1-4].
PQ disturbances or PQ events generated in power system are sag, swell, interruption, transient, harmonics, voltage
imbalance etc and they having very wide range of magnitude, time, frequency so to resolve these PQ events or action
taken to mitigate these PQ events, firstly source and cause of disturbance must be specified and this requires
monitoring, identification and classification of disturbances, in fact the most important issue is how to detect and
classify PQ events. PQ signals are generated through various tools like PSCAD/EMTDC, ATP/EMTP and
MATLAB/Simulink. Amongst all tools MATLAB/Simulink is very powerful to generate PQ events. This provide a
real time data for the further analysis of power quality [7].
II.POWER QUALITY EVENTS
Power quality events are generally identify in the system by a set of waveforms, these waveforms either observed,
calculated or generated by test equipment. Power quality events are characterized by extracting information from
various disturbances individually and generally classify according to voltage magnitude variation frequency variation
and transients as shown in Table 1[4].
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI: 10.15662/ijareeie.2015.0407049 6055

ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875


Table 1 Classification of Power Quality Events
Sr. No. category Typical duration Typical

magnitude
1.Short duration magnitude
Sag Instantaneous 0.5- 30 cycle 0.1 – 0.9 pu
Momentary 30cycle-3sec 0.1 – 0.9 pu
Temporary 3sec – 1 min 0.1 – 0.9 pu
Swell Instantaneous 0.5 - 30 cycle 1.1-1.8 pu
Momentary 30cycle-3sec 1.1-1.8 pu
Temporary 3sec-1min 1.1-1.8 pu
Interruption Instantaneous <0.1 pu
0.5-3sec
Momentary <0.1 pu
3sec-1min
2. Long duration magnitude Interruption, sustained
Overvoltage >1min 0.0 pu
Under voltage >1min 0.8-0.9 pu
>1min 1.1-1.2 pu
3. Transients
Oscillatory Transients Low frequency 0.3-50ms 0-4 pu
Medium frequency 20𝜇s 0-8 pu
High frequency 5𝜇s 0-4 pu
Impulsive Transients Nanosecond <50ns
Microsecond 50ns-1ms
Milisecond >1ms
4 Voltage imbalance Steady state 0.5-2%
5. Waveform distortion Harmonics Steady state 0-20%
Notching Steady state
Noise Steady state 0-1%
6. Voltage fluctuation Intermediate 0.1-7%
7. Power frequency variation <10s
A. Sag(dip)
A sag is an event where the line rms voltage to between 0.1 p.u. and 0.9 p.u. for time duration of 0.5cycle to 1 min.
In the power quality community the term sag is describe as a short duration voltage decrease. The IEC definition for
this phenomenon is dip. This is the most common type of power quality event which is generally associated with a
short circuit fault such as single line to ground(SLG),line to line(LL), line to line to ground(LLG),three phase(LLL) and
three phase to ground(LLLG) faults. Increased load demand and transitional events like large motor starting is also
cause of voltage sag [2-3].
B. Swell
A swell is reverse of the sag and it is define as an increase in line rms voltage to between 1.1 p.u. and 1.8 p.u. for
the time duration of 0.5 cycle to 1 min. This is also associated with the short circuit faults but this is much less common
than voltage sag. The swell can caused by SLG faults, this caused in non fault phase. The swell can also be caused by
switching-off a heavy load and switching-on or energizing a heavy capacitor bank[1-3].
C. Interruption
Interruption is defined as reduction in supply voltage, or load current to a level of 0.1 p.u. or complete loss of
supply voltage for a period of time not exceeding 1 min. Interruption can be caused by system faults, control and
protection malfunction or system equipment failure[1][2].
D. Overvoltage and under voltage

An overvoltage (Long duration swell as defined by IEEE) is a increase in ac rms voltage greater than 1.1 p.u. for a
duration longer than 1 min, typical values are 1,1 p.u. to 1.2 p.u. similarly an under voltage(long duration sag as
defined by IEEE) is a decrease in ac rms voltage less than 0.9 p.u.for a duration longer than 1 min. typical values are

ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875


between 0.8 p.u to 0.9 p.u. Overvoltage caused by the load switching(switching off a heavy load) and under voltage are
the result of events that are the opposite of the events that cause overvoltage [3][4].
E. Transients/surge
A transient is an undesirable and momentary type of events which usually initiated by some type of switching
event such as energizing of capacitor bank or electric motor. Transient are much less than full cycle oftentimes a full
second or less, they come and go intermittently and may or may not impact on equipment.Transient are generally
classified into two catogeries: oscillatory(caused by switching on/off a heavy load, capacitor bank energization) and
impulsive(caused by lightning strokes) [1][2][4].
F. Voltage imbalance
Voltage imbalance or unbalance is defined as the deviation in the magnitude of negative sequence component to
the magnitude of positive sequence component in phase of one or more of the phase or of the three phase supply. This
expressed as percentage, Mathematically, the voltage imbalance is represented by equation 1 [1-2].
𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑔
% 𝐼𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100 (1)
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑠
G. Harmonics
Harmonics are periodic sinusoidal distortion in supply voltage and load current having frequencies that are integral
multiples of the fundamental supply frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) at which system is designed to operate. Harmonics are
mainly caused by power electronics-based equipments such as rectifiers and inverters and static power conversion
equipments in power system [1-3].
III. GENERATION OF PQ EVENTS
Analysis or diagnosis of PQ signals for detection of various events in power system is a major challenge and the first
step towards PQ analysis or diagnosis is generation of PQ events. In this thesis an effort has been made to generate PQ
signals using software controlled scheme and electrical power distribution system models in MATLAB/SIMULINK
environment utilize various type of faults, switching devices and non linear loads [2][5].
SOFTWARE CONTROLLED SCHEME

A software controlled scheme is basically the parametric equation mode which is generated using software
program in order to represent the artificial real time signal accurately. These artificial signals are possible to vary in
wide range and in a controlled manner. The signal generated by controlling the parameters of the parametric equation
as shown in table 2.
Table 2 Parametric equation model
Disturbance Parametric Equation Parameter
Pure sine wave 𝑣(𝑡) = sin⁡(𝜔𝑡) 𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 50 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Sag signal 𝑣 𝑡 = [1 − 𝛼(𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑡1 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑡2 ))]sin⁡
(𝜔𝑡) 0.1 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 0.9, 𝑇 ≤ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ≤
9𝑇
Swell signal 𝑣 𝑡 = [1 + 𝛼(𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑡1 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑡2 ))]sin⁡
(𝜔𝑡) 0.1 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 0.9, 𝑇 ≤ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ≤
9𝑇
Interruption 𝑣 𝑡 = [1 − 𝛼(𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑡1 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑡2 ))]sin⁡
(𝜔𝑡) 0.1 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 0.9, 𝑇 ≤ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ≤
9𝑇
Harmonics 𝑣 𝑡 = (𝛼1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼2 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼3 sin 5𝜔𝑡 𝛼1 =1, 𝛼2 =0.6-0.06, 𝛼3 =0.2-
+ 𝛼4 sin 7𝜔𝑡 ) 0.02, 𝛼4 =0.08-0.008
Transient 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝐴[1 + 𝛼(𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑡1 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑡2 ))]sin⁡
(𝜔𝑡) 𝐴 = 5 − 10,
0.05 𝑇 ≤ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ≤ 0.06𝑇
Noise 𝑣 𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐴(𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑛 size 𝜔𝑡 ) 𝐴=0.1

ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875


REAL TIME ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION MODEL
Real time electrical distribution model is designed in MATLAB/SIMULINK by using simpower toolbox. This
model represent a three phase distribution network which consist 50MVA, 25KV generator with source impedance of
𝑍𝑠 , 𝑍𝑠 = 5+j0.314, connected with 20KM distribution line, a delta/star step down transformer with normal RL load of
1MVA as shown in one line diagram Figure 1. In Figure 1 there are three buses which are connected to get voltage and
current values when different type of loads such as heavy load, non linear load and different type of faults like SLG,
LL, LLG, LLL, LLLG are connected [2][6][7].
Fig 1. One line diagram of the electrical power distribution model
IV.SIMULATION RESULT
For simulation purpose electrical power distribution model is designed and one line diagram of the distribution model
is shown in Figure 1 using SimPowerSystem Simulink model by applying various type of loads and faults like short
circuit fault, heavy load, normal load, non linear load, capacitor bank switching off/on. The electrical power
distribution model consist 25 kV voltage source and 50 Hz fundamental frequency. Each power quality events simulate
for 10 cycles and a sampling frequency of 10 kHz. When single line to ground fault is applied at bus 1 then, voltage sag
and interruption cause on faulty phase and voltage swell caused on healthy phase. Voltage sag swell and interruption
also caused due to switching on a heavy load. When capacitor bank is applied to the Simulink model, an oscillatory
transient is produced in supply voltage due to the operation of a capacitor bank. The frequency of the oscillatory
transient depends upon the size of capacitor bank [6-7].
Fig 2. Sag, swell and interruption events by parametric model Fig 3. Sag, Swell, and interruption by electrical distribution model

ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875


Fig 2 shows the artificial generated signals, which resembles the signal generated by the electrical power distribution
model. There are various advantages of the parametric equation model signals. This is very flexible to modify and
advantageous according to application point of view. Its range of variation is very similar to the actual PQ signals
V. CONCLUSION
PQ events can be created in MATLAB environment with actual electrical power distribution model and using
parametric equation model or mathematical model. The signals produced by both models are quite similar and very
near about the actual PQ signal. These models are very useful to produce PQ events which are further taken in
application for the classification or analysis of PQ signals in industry or power system.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Kusko. and M. T. Thompson, ―Power Quality in Power System‖, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007
[2] E F Fuchs and M A S Masoum, ―Power Quality in Power System and Electrical Machines‖, 2nd Edition: Academic Press, 2008
[3] M.H.J. Bollen, "What is Power Quality", Electric Power Systems Research, vol.66, pp.5-14, July 2003
[4] D. Saxena, K. Verma, and S. Singh, ―Power Quality Event Classification: An Overview and Key Issues‖,Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no.
3, pp. 186–199, 2010
[5] J. Stones, A. Collinson, ―Power Quality,‖ IEE Power Engineering Journal, pp.58-64, April 2001
[6] P. Chand, A. Davari, B. Liu, and K. Sedghisigarchi, ―Feature extraction of Power Quality disturbances using Adaptive Harmonic Wavelet
Transform‖, Thirty-Ninth Southeast. Symp. Syst. Theory, pp. 266–269, 2007
[7] Ravi Saxena , A.K.Swami , and Sanjay Mathur ―A Power Quality Signal Generator in LabVIEW Environment‖, Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on
Advances in Electronics, Electrical and Computer Science Engineering— EEC, pp 978-981, 2012
Vinit Kumar is a student of Masters of Engineering in Electrical and Instrumentation

Engineering Department of Thapar University, Punjab, India. His research interest is in the
area of Power Quality, AI Techniques in Power System.
Ms. Manbir Kaur received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from Punjab University,
Chandigarh , in 1988 and the M.E. degree in computer science engineering from Thapar
Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala (now Thapar University, Patiala), in 1993. She
is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Thapar University,
Patiala. She has been working as associate professor since 2006 in electrical &
instrumentation engineering department of Thapar University. Her research interest includes
the power system optimization, meta heuristic search techniques, power electronics and
machines. Her awards and honors include the membership of IET London, fellow member of
IE Kolkata. She is recipient of Jawahar Lal Nehru merit scholarship, gold medal of Punjab
University, Chandigarh and best student counselor gold medal of IET London.

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ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765

ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Vol. 4, Issue 7, July 2015