NAME: Prathamesh Baburao Gosavi

CLASS: B.Tech ELECTRICAL

PRN No.: 2018BTEEL00012
SUBJECT: PSH
PRACTICAL NAME:
A Comprehensive Modeling and Simulation of Power Quality
Disturbances. (Short duration voltage variations)

PRACTICAL No.: 01

DATE: 02-Sept-2021
 Experiment No. 01

Aim: A Comprehensive Modeling and Simulation of Power Quality Disturbances. (Short

duration voltage variations)

Theory:
The categories and characteristics of power system electromagnetic phenomena in tabular form
as per IEEE 1159 is given as. (Definition, causes, magnitude and duration)
Typical
Typical spectral duration Typical voltage
Categories content magnitude
1.0 Transients
1.1 Impulsive
1.1.1 Nanosecond 5-ns rise <50 ns
1.1.2 Microsecond 1-ms rise 50 ns–1 ms
1.1.3 Millisecond 0.1-ms rise >1 ms
1.2 Oscillatory
1.2.1 Low frequency <5 kHz 0.3–50 ms 0–4 pu
1.2.2 Medium frequency 5–500 kHz 20 ms 0–8 pu
1.2.3 High frequency 0.5–5 MHz 5 ms 0–4 pu
Short-duration
2.0 variations
2.1 Instantaneous
2.1.1 Interruption 0.5–30 cycles <0.1 pu
2.1.2 Sag (dip) 0.5–30 cycles 0.1–0.9 pu
2.1.3 Swell 0.5–30 cycles 1.1–1.8 pu
2.2 Momentary
2.2.1 Interruption 30 cycles–3 s <0.1 pu
2.2.2 Sag (dip) 30 cycles–3 s 0.1–0.9 pu
2.2.3 Swell 30 cycles–3 s 1.1–1.4 pu
2.3 Temporary
2.3.1 Interruption 3 s–1 min <0.1 pu
2.3.2 Sag (dip) 3 s–1 min 0.1–0.9 pu
2.3.3 Swell 3 s–1 min 1.1–1.2 pu
Long-duration
3.0 variations
Interruption,
3.1 sustained >1 min 0.0 pu
3.2 Under voltages >1 min 0.8–0.9 pu
3.3 Over voltages >1 min 1.1–1.2 pu
4.0 Voltage unbalance Steady state 0.5–2%
Waveform
5.0 distortion
5.1 DC offset Steady state 0–0.1%
0–100th
5.2 Harmonics harmonic Steady state 0–20%

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 5.3 Inter harmonics 0–6 kHz Steady state 0–2%
5.4 Notching Steady state
5.5 Noise Broadband Steady state 0–1%
Voltage
6.0 fluctuations <25 Hz Intermittent 0.1–7%
7.0 Power frequency 0.2–2 Pst
variations <10 s

a. Instantaneous: 0.5–30 cycles

b. Momentary: 30 cycles–3 s
c. Temporary: 3 s–1 min

NOTE: s 5 second, ns 5 nanosecond, ms 5 microsecond, ms 5 millisecond, kHz 5 kilohertz,

MHz 5 megahertz, min 5 minute, pu 5 per unit.
Short-Duration Voltage Variations
1. This category encompasses the IEC category of voltage dips and short interruptions.
Each type of variation can be designated as instantaneous, momentary, or temporary,
depending on its duration as defined in Table 2.2.
2. Depending on the fault location and the system conditions, the fault can cause either
1. temporary voltage drops (sags),
2. voltage rises (swells),
3. or a complete loss of voltage (interruptions).
Interruption
1. Definition: An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load current decreases
to less than 0.1 pu for a period of time not exceeding 1 min.
2. Causes: Interruptions can be the result of
1. power system faults,
2. equipment failures,
3. and control malfunctions.
Sags (dips)
1. Definition: A sag is a decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms voltage or current at
the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min.
2. Causes: Voltage sags are usually associated with system faults but can also be caused
by energization of heavy loads or starting of large motors.

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Simulation

1. Line fault model

The line fault model developed in Simulink is show in Figure 1. The line fault model is used
to simulate voltage sag caused by line fault. The line fault model consists of 11 kV, 30 MVA,
50 Hz three-phase source block feeding through 11 kV/0.4 kV, 1 MVA delta/wye transformers
to a 10 kW resistive and 100VAR inductive load. There are instantaneous waveform and RMS
measurement scopes located at 11 kV and 0.4 kV buses. There are two fault blocks located at
the 11 kV bus to simulate line fault and multistage fault. A 0.4 second simulation time is set
and ode23tb solver is selected to run the simulation.

Figure 1.: Line fault Simulink model.

This line fault model is capable of simulating various line faults including single line to ground,
double line to ground, line-to-line, three phase fault, and multistage. Figure 2 shows voltage
sag waveforms caused by a line-to-line fault between phase A and phase B at 11 kV feeder
lines at 0.1 to 0.168 seconds. It can be observed that the 11 kV bus experiences two voltage
sags at phase A and phase B with different sag magnitude. This is due to high fault resistance
of 8 Ω between the two faulted lines. As the voltage sag propagates downstream through the
11 kV/0.4 kV, 1 MVA transformer to the load and the fault type [15] is altered by the delta/wye
configuration of the transformer. The unfaulted phase C at 0.4 kV bus experiences a slight
voltage swell due to the absent of ground point in the line-to-line fault and high fault resistance.

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Figure 2.: Voltage sag and swell caused by line-to-line fault at 11 kV line.

In power quality studies, voltage sag waveform magnitude is commonly presented in RMS
waveform and normalized for better visualization. Figure 3 shows the RMS analysis of line-
to-line fault voltage sag waveforms in Figure 2. The sag magnitudes for each phase can be
clearly visualized. The slight oscillation occurs at the pre- and post-sag and swell is due to the
phase shift during fault.
The line fault model is also capable of simulating multistage line faults. The multistage voltage
sag is typically due to multiple faults protection relay clearing mechanisms that are not
synchronous with each other, thus changing the power system impedance and network
configuration leading to multiple stages of voltage sag before fully recovering to its nominal
level , or the changes of fault or ground impedance during fault. It is sometimes also defined
as multiple faults that occur consecutively within a short interval of time and captured within
one single record as one event. Figure 4 shows multistage voltage sag instantaneous waveforms
caused by double line to ground fault. The fault block is set to simulate fault from 0.1 to 0.168
second with fault impedance of 1 Ω and the multistage fault block is set to simulate fault from
0.168 to 0.3 second with fault impedance of 0.1 Ω. The changes of fault impedance during a
fault create a multistage voltage sag power quality disturbance.

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Figure 3.: Voltage sag and swell in RMS waveform

Figure 4.: Multistage voltage sag waveform caused by double line to ground fault at 11 kV
line.

Figure 5 shows the RMS waveform of multistage voltage sag to better visualize the multistage
voltage sag.

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Figure 5.: Multistage voltage sag in RMS waveform.

2. Induction motor starting model

The induction motor starting model is used to simulate voltage sag caused by starting a high-
power industry induction motor. The induction motor starting model developed in Simulink is
shown in Figure 6. The induction motor starting model can be used to simulate voltage sag
caused by induction motor starting, The model consists of a 11 kV, 30 MVA, 50 Hz three-
phase source feeder block feeding through 11 kV/0.4 kV, 1 MVA delta/wye transformers, a
three-phase breaker as motor starting contactor, a three-phase induction motor, and 10 kW
resistive load. There are instantaneous and RMS waveform scopes located at 11 kV and 0.4 kV
buses for measurement. Similarly, a 0.4 second simulation time is set and ode23tb solver is
selected to run the simulation

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Figure 7 shows a three-phase voltage sag instantaneous waveform caused by a 75 kW (100 hp)
induction motor starting upon closing of motor starting contactor at 0.1 second. The speed of
the induction motor during starting is set at 1 rad/sec using the constant block. The voltage sag
at 0.4 kV bus propagates upstream through the transformer to the 11 kV feeder bus. The voltage
sag can only be noticed at 0.4 kV bus waveform. The voltage sag magnitude reduces as it
propagates upstream toward the 11kV feeder where the voltage sag becomes insignificant and
not noticeable.

Figure 7.: Voltage sag instantaneous waveform caused by the starting of 75 kW (100 hp)
induction motor at 0.4 kV feeder.

Three-phase induction motor starting voltage sag is typically balanced and has a shallow drop
up to 15% from its nominal magnitude. The sag magnitude of the induction motor voltage sag
is dependent on the induction motor power rating. A higher induction motor power rating leads
to a lower sag magnitude. The voltage sag pattern can be visualized clearly in RMS waveform
as shown in Figure 8.

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Figure 8.: Voltage sag RMS waveform caused by the starting of 75 kW (100 hp) induction
motor at 0.4 kV feeder.

Conclusion:

Attachments Required:

Instantaneous and RMS waveforms for both the simulations.

Conclusion

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Figure 1.: Voltage sag and swell caused by line-to-line fault at 11 kV line.

Figure 2.: Voltage sag and swell in RMS waveform

Figure 3.: Multistage voltage sag waveform caused by double line to ground fault at 11 kV line.

Figure 4.: Multistage voltage sag in RMS waveform.

Figure 5.: Voltage sag instantaneous waveform caused by the starting of 75 kW (100 hp)
induction motor at 0.4 kV feeder.

Figure 6.: Voltage sag RMS waveform caused by the starting of 75 kW (100 hp) induction
motor at 0.4 kV feeder.