Ch8 Entropy For CM

Chapter 8 – Entropy for a control
mass
到目前所討論都只是 cycle(For second law)
How about process?
Thermodynamics: science of energy and entropy
1st law u (internal energy) → process
2nd law s (entropy) → process
機械工程系陳俊勳老師 1
8.1 The Inequality of Clausius
0
Fig. 8.1 (Carnot cycle) (p.252)
= QH－QL ＞ 0
For a reversible cycle
= － =0
For a reversible heat engine cycle
0 (等號成立於當 TH → TL， → 0)
=0
For an irreversible cyclic heat engine
Wirr＜Wrev (efficiency)
QH－(QL)irr＜QH－(QL)rev
(QL)irr＞(QL)rev
= QH－(QL)irr＞0
= －＜0
Keep QH, TH, and TL fixed

(QL)irr → QH 使 cycle 變得更 irreversible
0 (or = 0)
0 [( － )
For an irreversible heat engine cycle
0
For reversible refrigeration cycles (Fig. 8.2) p.253

0
=0
For irreversible refrigeration cycles

0
0 [Wirr Wrev]
綜合上述結果
For reversible cycle：
=0
For irreversible cycle：
For all cycles
( 表 irreversible，= 表 reversible)
Ex：見 Fig. 8.3 (p.255)

8.2 Entropy-A property of system
(p.256)
=0= +
=0= +
=
A and C are any reversible processes between 1 and 2
→ is independent of path
→ is a property (entropy S)
→dS ( )rev. Extensive property
or TdS = δQ (irreversible process)
S2－S1 =
In order to integrate this, we must know

the relation between Q and T
 S 是 property → point function
2 δQ
若已知 S1，則藉由 1 T rev .
→S2
 一旦 S1 和 S2 知道，則狀態 1 和狀態 2 之間任何過程

(可逆或可逆)所得到∆S ( =S2－S1)必須一樣
 由第三定律，對純物質指定絕對溫度為零處之 entropy 為 0
 若組成成分不變(例如水)，則可選定任意參考點之 S 為零
 對系統而言，釋熱過程 entropy 的變化量為負，
吸熱過程則 entropy 的變化量為正
 For reversible process TdS = δQ
8.3 The Entropy of a pure substance
Specific entropy s; unit kJ/kg．K
 In steam table：(p.703)
Assign sf = 0 at saturated water at 0.01℃
(similar to u and h)
 In saturation region
s = sf + xsfg (similar to u and h)
 For compressed liquid
s ≈ sf at same temperature
 Mollier diagram
Properties of a substance are shown on a T-s
diagram and on a h-s diagram (Figs. 8.5 & 8.6)
Fig. E.1 in Appendix E (p. 759)
Fig. 8.7 shows that the compressed liquid and

saturated liquid are almost coincident; see the
heating for P = 40 MPa and for P = 1MPa and
P = 10MPa
8.4 Entropy change in reversible processes
Consider the system to undergo the Carnot cycle (reversible cycle)
(1) Isothermal heat transfer to the working fluid from high-temp reservoir
S2－S1 = = = (+)
(S2－S1)TH = 1Q2 (+)

(2) Adiabatic process (δQ = 0)；2 → 3
(expansion) TH →TL
dS = rev. =0
S3－S2 = 0 →S3 = S2
Isentropic process ← constant-entropy process
reversible adiabatic process

(3) Isothermal heat transfer process (T=TL)；3-4
S4－S3 = = = (－)
(S4－S3)TL = 3Q4 (－)

(4) Adiabatic process (δQ = 0)；4 → 1
(compression) TL →TH
S1－S4 = 0 → S4 = S1
Fig. 8.8 (p.260)
Area 1-2-3-4-1 = QH－QL = W
ηth = =
TH↑ and/or TL↓ ηth↑

TL → 0(K) ηth →100%
If Carnot cycle is reversed, then heat engine → refrigerator or heat pump
Consider an internally reversible heat transfer process
Saturated liquid (water) → saturated vapor at constant pressure
(p.261)
S2－S1 = = =
saturated temp
S2－S1 = Sg－Sf =Sfg
1q2 = hg = hf = hfg (SSSF process)
Sfg=
Ex: Steam at 10 MPa
Tsat = 311.06℃ = 584.06K
hfg = 1317.1 kJ/kg
Sfg = = 2.255 kJ/kg．K (Table; p.708)
If steam is superheated (2-3)
2q 3 = = (T is not constant)
Area 2-3-c-b-2 represents = 2q 3
For reversible process, the area underneath the process

line on T-S diagram represents the quantity of heat transferred
Isentropic process = reversible adiabatic process
δQ = 0 → S = 0
Ex：8.1 (p.262)
8.5 The thermodynamic property relation
8.6 Entropy change of a solid or liquid
(p.265)
8.7 Entropy change of an ideal gas
(p.687)
(p.267)
(p.268)


(p.269)

8.8 The reversible polytropic process for
an ideal gas
Fig. 8.12 (p.270)

Fig. 8.13 (p. 271)
Ex. 8.7 (p. 272)

8.9 Entropy change of a control mass
during an irreversible process
8.10 Entropy generation (system)
(p.223)

(Fig. 8.17, p.277)
增加系統entropy的方法有二；一為系統吸
熱，另一為進行不可逆過程，反之，若降
低系統entropy，只有系統放熱(不可逆過程
只會增加entropy)
對絕熱過程(adiabatic process)而言，由於
δQ = 0，因此要使entropy增加，通常該過
程須為不可逆
由於系統的不可逆性(irreversibility)，會使
在膨脹(expansion)過程中對外界所作的功降
低(lost work)，也會使在壓縮(compression)
過程中所須的功增加
在可逆過程中，在P-V及T-S diagram中，其
過程變化(以實線表之)所構成的面積分別代
表W(work；功)及Q(heat；熱)。若為不可逆
過程，其過程變化以虛線表之，其構成面
積不具任何意義。見圖8.17 (p.277)
8.11 Principle of the increase of entropy
Fig. 8.18, p.278
Ex: Fig. 8.19, p. 279
Ex. 8.8, (p.280)
8.12 Entropy as a rate equation
Exs. 8.9 and 8.10, (p.280)

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Chapter 8 – Entropy for a control

1st law u (internal energy) → process

2nd law s (entropy) → process

Fig. 8.1 (Carnot cycle) (p.252)

For a reversible cycle

For a reversible heat engine cycle

Keep QH, TH, and TL fixed

For reversible refrigeration cycles (Fig. 8.2) p.253

For irreversible refrigeration cycles

For irreversible cycle：

For all cycles

Ex：見 Fig. 8.3 (p.255)

→dS ( )rev. Extensive property

or TdS = δQ (irreversible process)

In order to integrate this, we must know

 一旦 S1 和 S2 知道，則狀態 1 和狀態 2 之間任何過程

Fig. 8.7 shows that the compressed liquid and

(S2－S1)TH = 1Q2 (+)

reversible adiabatic process

(S4－S3)TL = 3Q4 (－)

Area 1-2-3-4-1 = QH－QL = W

TH↑ and/or TL↓ ηth↑

Sfg = = 2.255 kJ/kg．K (Table; p.708)

If steam is superheated (2-3)

Area 2-3-c-b-2 represents = 2q 3

For reversible process, the area underneath the process

Fig. 8.12 (p.270)

Fig. 8.13 (p. 271)

Ex. 8.7 (p. 272)

Fig. 8.18, p.278

Exs. 8.9 and 8.10, (p.280)

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