Internship Report

INTERNSHIP REPORT
By
Muhammad Waqas
2010-ag-3306
At
Pulses Research Institute (PRI)

Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI)
Faisalabad
1
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
It is certified that Muhammad Waqas Regd. No 2010-ag-3306 has worked in the Pulses
Research Institute (PRI), Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad from 17-03-14
to 25-05-14 as a part of internship program. He has performed his work successfully and his
report be processed for evaluation.
Ch.Muhammad Rafiq
Director
P u l s es R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e
Faisalabad
Muhammad Shafiq Muhammad Amin

Pulses botanist Assistant research officer
P u l s e s R e s e a r c h I ns t i t u t e P u l s e s R es e a r c h i n s t i t u t e
Faisalabad Faisalabad
Prof. Dr. Abdus Salam khan

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad
Prof. Dr. Abdus Salam khan

Chairman
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my great appreciation and gratitude to my honorable teachers
Department of Plant breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture,Faisalabad. For their
guidance, valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and kind cooperation before and after the
internship.
Sincere thanks to Ch. Muhammad Rafiq, Director Pulses Research Institute,
Faisalabad for his guidance in research activities at this institute.
I want to express zealous thanks to respected Muhammad Shafiq Pulses Research
Institute,Faisalabad for their cooperation and guidance throughout internship program.
I also obliged to my external supervisor Mr. Muhammad Amin,Assistant research officer
Pulses Research Institute,Faisalabad for his keen interest and efforts for the management of
internship program. I also obliged to my external supervisor Muhammad Naveed,Assistant
research officer,Pulses Research Institute,Faisalabad for his keen interest and efforts for the
management of internship program.
Last but not least, I pray for good health and long life of my father who inspired me for this
internship and face hurdle during my studies.
Muhammad Waqas
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Contents
Chapters Contents Page #

1. Introduction to Internship 05
2. Introduction of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, 06-07
Faisalabad (AARI).
Organizational setup of AARI,FSD 08
3. Introduction to Pulses Research Institute, FSD 09-11
4. Chickpea Desi: 12
 An Introduction to chickpea 13
 Area, production and yield of chickpea in Pakistan 14
 Botany of chickpea 15
 Breeding objectives, chickpea 26
 Breeding Methods 26
 Emasculation and pollination of chickpea 27
 Morphological Traits of Chickpea 29
 Uses 32
 Major Constraints in Chickpea Breeding 32
 Chickpea varieties in Pakistan 34
5. Review of literature 35
6. Material and methods 36
37
 List of characters recorded
38
 Statistical Analysis
7. Results and discussion 53
8. Summary 54
9. References 55
Chapter:1
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNSHIP
4
Internship is a training program and a prerequisite for all the students for the completion of
their B.Sc. (Hons.) degree.
Objectives:
Internship program is designed in order to equip the students with practical knowledge and
expertise which couldn’t be achieved without exposure to field and research organizations.
Benefits:
Internship is a kind of program which strongly enhances the expertise and practical
approach on various aspects of agricultural research. It makes a student more inclined towards
achieving the new horizons in agricultural research. It helps in broadening the vision of students.
Following are some of its major advantages:
 The best thing about this program is that we get practical know how about the
theoretical knowledge which we have gained our degree program.
 It makes a student more ready to face daily problems of agriculture research and
solving these problems more rationally and prudently.
 Internship also helps us in interacting with the agricultural scientists, which helps
us in sharing new ideas and developments in the field of agriculture.
Chapter:2
AYUB AGRICULTURAL RESEAERCH
5
INSTITUTE(AARI), FAISALABAD
 Introduction:
AARI was established in 1962 (after bifurcation of research and education), is a successor
originated from former Punjab Agriculture College and Research Institute, Lyallpur (Established
in 1906).
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad is the premier and prestigious
organization of the country. Its mandate is the development of better varieties of all the field
crops, the technology for food security, generation of exportable surplus, value addition and
conservation of natural resources.
AARI was established in 1962 (after bifurcation of research and education), is a successor
originated from former Punjab Agriculture College and Research Institute, Lyallpur (Established
in 1906).
Ayub Agriculture Research Institute

(AARI) Faisalabad
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AARI has the unique distinction of releasing 373 varieties of different crops and their
production technology resulted in many fold increase in yields of Wheat, Rice, Cotton,
Sugarcane and Potato.
Our population has been increased many folds despite of this, availability of food, feed
and fiber for the public is available in excessive quantities as compared with the late fifties and
early sixties.
Contribution of AARI in developing varieties and technologies in production increase is

quite remarkable. At present not only in Punjab but at Pakistan level more than 90 % cropped
area is under AARI varieties.
However merely 40-50% of the yield potential has been recovered due to a number of
factors i.e. inconsistency in weather, improper marketing, poor infrastructure, untimely supplies
of inputs, absence of insurance cover to crops, poor control on quality of inputs, mismanagement
of irrigation, post-harvest losses, high input cost, knowledge gap, inadequate financial resources
etc.
AARI has the capacity to meet the challenges of the 21st century provided that it receives
same level plays field as other organizations of the country. New crop varieties and their
production technology alone will not lead to agriculture growth. The full and beneficial efforts
of agriculture research and technological advancement will materialize only if government
policies are appropriate and scientists are given the package and status, they deserve.
Objectives:
 Development of production technology
 Control of diseases and insect / pests.
 Introduction of new industrial / food plants.
 Preservation of agricultural products.
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 Post Harvest Technology of fruit and vegetable crops.
Organizational Set Up of AARI
M inis te r for
a gric ulture
Sec re ta ry
A gric ulture
D ire c tor
G e ne ra l A gri
. c (R e se a rc h)
Dire c tora tes (c a mpus ) D ire c tora tes (R e giona l) Se c tion
Whe a t Rice, KalaShah- Kaku Soil che mis try

C otton Maize, Yusaf Wala B io c he mis try
Suga rca ne Fodder, Sargodha
Soil
Oils e e ds -B ac te riology
Soil fertility, Lahore
Pulse s Pla nt Pa thology
SSRI, Pindi Bhattian
Ve ge ta ble Pla nt V irology
SAWCRI, Chakwal
Hortic ulture A gri.
Agronomy BARI, Chakwal
Ec onomics
Pla nt
RARI, BahawalPur Sta tis tic s
protec tion
Entomology AZRI, Bhakhar
Pos t ha rves t Orange, Sargodha
B iote c hnology Potato, Sahiwal
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Chapter:3
Pulses Research Institute (PRI), Faisalabad
Pulses Research Institute, Faisalabad is situated at Jhang Road, Faisalabad. It was a part of
‘Cereal Section’ in 1938. It was separated as ‘Pulses Section’ in 1971 and then upgraded as
‘Directorate’ in 1982.
Sub-Stations:
 Gram Breeding Sub-Station, Kallurkot, District Bhakkar.
 Pulses Research Sub-Station, Rakh Uttra, District Bhakkar.
 Pulses Research Sub-Station, Sahowali District Sialkot.
 Pulses Research Sub-Station, Farooqabad, District Sheikhupura.
 Pulses Research Farm, Kotmomin Sialkot.
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Research work on following Rabi and Kharif pulses is going in Pulses Research Institute:
Rabi /Winter:
 Chickpea / gram / chana (Cicer arietinum L.)

a: Desi
b: Kabuli
 Lentil / Masoor (Lens culinaris L.)
 Dry Peas / Mattar (Pisum sativum L.)
Kharif /Summer:
 Mung / Green Gram(Vigna radiate L.)
 Mash /Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)
 Cowpeas / Lobia (Vigna sinensis L.)
 Rice beans (Vigna umbellate L.)
Importance of Pulses Crops:
As Food:
 Protein rich
 Source of
o Essential amino acids
o Vitamins and minerals
 Increase dietary value of cereals
As Field Crops:
 Grow on marginal lands
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 Require less water compared to other crops.
 Suitable for intercropping.
Research Activities
 High yield potential.
 Resistance/tolerance to biotic (weeds, diseases & insects).
 Abiotic (heat, drought, cold & frost) stresses.
 Response to low inputs.
 Resource conservation technologies.

 Promotion of pulses production.
 Production of pre-basic and basic seed of pulse crops.
Functions:
 Collection, maintenance and evaluation of germplasm of pulse crops from local and
exotic sources.
 Improvement of pulses through development of desirable varieties of Gram, Lentil,

Mung, Mash, Cowpeas and Dry Peas possessing high yield potential, resistance/tolerance
to biotic and a-biotic stresses, earliness in maturity and good cooking quality.
 Identification of high yielding and short duration varieties of pigeon pea and beans.
 Establishment of package of production technology.
 Promotion of pulses production.
 Production of Pre-basic and basic seed of pulse crops.
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Chapter:4
Chickpea Desi (Cicer arietinum L.)
Chromosomes no: 2n=2x= 16

Botanical name: Cicer arietinum L.
Family: Leguminosae
Common Names:
 Bengal gram (Indian).
 Chickpea (English).
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 Garbanzo (Latin America).
 Hommes, Hamaz (Arab world).
 Nohud, Lablabi (Turkey).
 Shimbra (Ethiopia).
 Chana, cholay (Pakistan).
An introduction to Chickpea
The edible seed of Legume is known as pulse. Pulse is taken from Latin word ‘Puls’ meaning
a thick soup. Pulses include peas, beans, lentils and chickpeas. Pulses/legumes belong to family
Papilionaceae within the order Fabacea (Leguminosae). Fabaceae include 600 genera’s and
1300 species. Legumes are distinguished by three principal characters:
 A butterfly-shaped flower
 Production of pods that contain seeds.
 An ability to use atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own protein compounds i.e
nodule formation in roots.
Pulses have a hypogeal type of germination. Chickpea is the third most important food
legume after peas and soybean in the world. Water availability during the grain filling period is
critical.
The chickpea was originally cultivated on the lands bordering Mesopotamia and the eastern
Mediterranean and has been grown in India, the Middle East, and parts of Africa for many years.
Chickpeas are estimated to be at least 7,500 years old.
Between 80 and 90 percent of the world’s chickpea supply comes from India, while most
acreage in the U.S. is in California, eastern Washington, Idaho and Montana.
13
Composition:
 It contributes 70-80% to the total pulses area and production in Pakistan.
 Chickpea is the third most important food legume grown globally
 Chickpea is called Chana (Hindi), Gram or Bengal gram (English).
 Whole seed or split seed (dhal) or besan
 Straw as a livestock feed.
 Chickpea is free from various anti-nutritional factors and has high protein (23%), total
carbohydrates (64%) and dietary fibre content (19%).
 Chickpeas are rich in minerals such as 0.2% calcium, and 0.3% phosphorus and vitamin
K.
 Seed also contains 4.8-5.5% oil.
Origin:
 South-eastern Turkey and adjoining Syria.
 Three wild species (C bijugum, C echinospermum, and C reticulatum are found there.
 Wild species C. reticulatum considered as progenitor (Van der Maesen, 1987).
 43 species in Genus Cicer, disteributed in four categories.
 i). Cicer (Monocicer) annual, small flowered, erect to inclined prostrate stems.
 ii). Chamae cicer (annual or perennial) shrubs with thin Creeping branches.
 iii). Polycicer (perennial) large flowered, imparipinnate leaves, rachis ending in tendrils.
 iv).Acanthocicer (perennial) large flowers and persistent, spiny leaf rachis.
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Area, Production and Yield of Chickpea In Pakistan
The lands under chickpea crop in hectares its production in tones and yield in kg in
Pakistan given in Table.
Year Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan Pakistan

Area ‘000’ Hectares
2010-11 964.6 19.7 37.6 31.9 1053.8
Production ‘000’ Tons
2010-11 429.1 20.5 20.0 26.4 496.0
Yield in Kg per Hectares
2010-11 445 1041 532 828 471
Bauru of statistics 2010-11
Botany of Chickpea
Classification of chickpea:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
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Genus: Cicer
Species: Cicer arietinum
Chickpea is a herbaceous annual plant which branches from the base. It is almost a small
bush with diffused, spreading branches. The plant is mostly covered with glandular or non-
glandular hairs but some genotypes do not possess hair.
Based on seed size and color, cultivated chickpeas are of two types
1) Microsperma (Desitype)
The seeds of this type are small and angular in shape. The seed color varies from cream,
black, brown, yellow to green. There are 2-3 ovules per pod but on an average 1-2 seeds per pod
are produced. The plants are short with small leaflets and purplish flowers, and contain
anthocyanin.
2) Macrosperma (Kabuli type)
The seeds of this type are large (100-seed mass >25 g), round or ram head, and cream-colored.
The plant is medium to tall in height, with large leaflets and white flowers, and contains no
anthocyanin.
 Root:
Chickpea plants have a strong taproot system with 3 or 4 rows of lateral roots. The
parenchymatous tissues of the root are rich in starch. All the peripheral tissues disappear at plant
maturity and are substituted by a layer of cork. The roots grow 1.5-2.0 m deep but major portion
up to 60 cm. Chickpea roots bear Rhizobium nodules.
 Stem:
The chickpea stem is branched, erect or spreading, sometimes shrubby much branched,
0.2-1 m tall, hairy, herbaceous, green and solid. There are primary, secondary and tertiary
branches.
Primary branches arise from the ground level as they develop from the plumular shoot as
well as the lateral branches of the seedling. They are thick, strong and woody and may range
from 1-8 in number.
Secondary branches develop at buds located on the primary branches. They are less
vigorous than the primary branches. Their number ranges from 2 – 12.
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Tertiary branches arise from the secondary branches. The primary branches form an
angle with a vertical axis ranging from almost a right angle (prostrate habit) to an acute angle
(erect). Generally stems are incurved at the top forming a spreading canopy.
 Leaves:
Chickpea leaves are petiolate, compound, and uniimparipinnate (pseudoimparipinnate).

Some lines have simple leaves. The rachis is 3-7 cm long with grooves on its upper surface. Each
rachis supports 10-15 leaflets each with a small pedicel. The leaflets do not end at the true
terminal position (the central vein continuing the rachis) but at the subterminal position (the
central vein oblique to the rachis). This indicates the presence of two terminal leaflet buds, one
of them being aborted or transformed into a mucro or foliar shoot which is sometimes quite
large.
The leaflets are 8-17 mm long and 5-14 mm wide, opposite or alternate with a terminal
leaflet. They are serrated, the teeth covering about two-thirds of the foliar blade. The shape of the
leaflets is obovate to elliptical. Leaves are pubescent.
 Stipules:
The stipules are ovate to triangular in shape and serrated (2-6 teeth). They are 3-5 mm
long and 2-4 mm wide.
 Pubescence:
The external surface of the chickpea plant except the corolla is densely covered with
glandular or non-glandular hairs. Some genotypes however do not possess any hair.
 Inflorescence:
The solitary flowers are borne in an axillary raceme. Sometimes there are 2 or 3 flowers on
the same node. Such flowers possess both a peduncle and a pedicel. The racemose peduncle is 6-
30 mm in length. The bracts are 1-5 mm in length.
 Flower:
Chickpea flowers are complete and bisexual, and have papilionaceous corolla. They are
white, pink, purple or blue in color. In colored flowers, the peduncles may be of different colors,
the petals are purplish in colour. The auxilary inflorescence is shorter than the subtending leaf.
17
 Ca
lyx
:
The
calyx is
dorsally
gibbous at
the base
and 7-10
mm long.
There are
five sepals
with deep
lanceolate
teeth. The
teeth are
longer (5-6
mm) than the tube
(3-4 mm) and have prominent midribs. The five sepals are subequal.
18
The two dorsal (vexillar) sepals are closer to each other than they are to the two lateral
ones in the ventral position. The fifth calyx tooth is separate from the others. The peduncles and
the calyx are glabrous. The calyx tube is oblique.
 Corolla:
Chickpea flowers have five petals which are generally celeste and purplish red or light
pink in color. The petals are polypetalous i.e., consisting of standard (vexillum), wings, and keel.
The vexillum is obovate, 8-11 mm long, 7-10 mm wide, and either glabrous or pubescent with no
glandular hair on its external surface.
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The wings
are also obovate with short pedicels (nails). They are 6-9 mm long and about 4 mm wide with an
auriculate base. The auricule is over the pedicel and forms a pocket in the basal upper part,
which is covered by the vexillum. The keel is 6-8 mm long, rhomboid with a pedicel 2-3 mm
long.
Reproductive Organs
 Androecium:
There are 10 stamens in diadelphous (9+1) condition. The filaments of nine of the
stamens are fused, forming an androecial sheath; the tenth stamen is free. The staminal column is
persistent. The fused part of the filament is 4-5 mm long and the free part 2-3 mm upturned, and
dilated at the top. The apex of the sheath is oblique. The stamens facing the petals are a little
longer than the others round. The anthers burst longitudinally. The color of pollen grains is
orange.
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 Gynoecium:
The ovary is sessile, inflated, monocarpellary, unilocular, and superior, with marginal
placentation. It is ovate with a pubescent (glandular hairs predominate) surface. The ovary is 2-3
mm long and 1-15 mm wide. There are 1-3 ovules, rarely 4.
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The style is 3-4 mm long, linear, upturned, and glabrous except at the bottom. The stigma
is globose and capitate. Sometimes it may be of the same size as the style.
 Anthesis:
Anther dehiscence takes place inside the bud one day before the opening of the flower. When
pollen are first liberated, the stigma is still above and quite free from the base of the anthers. The
filament gradually elongates to carry the anthers above the stigma. This process is completed
before the flower opens, thus facilitating self-pollination. Anthesis in chickpea occurs throughout
the day.
 Pod and Seed Development:
Pod formation begins 5-6 days after fertilization. The pod is typically inflated, ending in a
mucro and sometimes looking like a thorn. The number of pods per plant varies between 30 and
150, depending on the environmental conditions and the genotype.
The pod wall is 0.3 mm thick with three layers-exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. The
exocarp is hairy and glandular. Themesocarp has 6-8 layers of parenchyma.
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The endocarp consists of 3-4 cell layers with fibers in its outermost region and 5-6 layers of
parenchyma. Pod size ranges from 15 to 30 mm in length, 7-14 mm in thickness, and 2-15 mm in
width.
Depending on the basal and apical zones as well as the dorsal and ventral regions, pod shape
varies from rhomboid, oblong to ovate. The number of seeds per pod ranges from1-2 with the
maximum being three.
The two cotyledons are separated by a groove in highly wrinkled seeds. The length of the
seed ranges from 4 to 12 mm and its width from 4 to 8 mm.
23
24
The seed mass varies from 0.10 to 0.75 g /seed. The seed color ranges from whitish (even
chalky) and cream to deep black. Many other colors like red, orange, brown, green, and yellow
may be found. The cotyledons are cream, green, or orange colored.
 Seed :
Chickpea seeds have a seed coat, two cotyledons, and an embryo. The seed coat consists
of two layers, the outer
testa and the inner
tegmen, and a hilum.
The hilum is the point of attachment of the seed to the pod. There is a minute opening
above the hilum called the micropyle, and a ridge formed by the funicle called the raphe.
The embryo consists of an axis and two fleshy cotyledons. The pointed end of the axis is
the radicle and the feathery end the plumule.
 Germination:
Chickpea seeds germinate at an optimum temperature (28-33°C) and moisture level in

about 5-6 days. Germination begins with absorption of moisture and swelling of the seed. The
radicle emerges first followed by the plumule.
25
Germination stages
The portion of the axis above the cotyledon called the epicotyl, elongates and pushes the
plumule upward. The growth of the plumule produces an erect shoot and leaves, and the radicle
grows to produce the roots. The first true leaf has 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets plus a terminal one. The
plumular shoot and lateral branches grow continuously to develop into a plant.
 Developmental stages of bud and flower:
There are five stages of development of the bud and flower in chickpea.
1. Closed bud. At this stage, the stigma is immature and the anthers are still at the base of the
bud.
2. Hooded bud. The corolla has elongated and the anthers are about half of the height of the
style. The stigma is receptive. Emasculation is done at this stage.
3. Half-open flower. At this stage the anthers attain the same height as the stigma and the pollen
mature just before the dehiscence of the anthers. Self-pollination takes place at this stage while
26
the keel petal remains closed, preventing the entry of foreign pollen. For crossing, pollen is
collected at this stage.
4. Fully open flower. The anthers become shrivelled, while the standard and wing petals are
fully expanded. Fertilization takes place 24 hours after pollination.
5. Fading flower. This is the post-fertilization stage during which the ovary begins to elongate.
Selfing is not required in chickpea being highly self pollinated crop.
 Selection:
Selection, as a breeding procedure, involves identification and propagation of individual

genotypes or group of genotypes from mixed population, or from segregating population from
hybridization.
In selection procedure desirable plants are chosen on the basis of their phenotypic
appearance, Disease resistance yield and other characteristics like plant height, no of
branches/plant, no of pods/plant, and seed yield etc.
Sometimes segregation is not prominent in the segregating populations, in such cases whole
entries are selected following bulk method. If segregation is clear then single plant selection was
done and single plant is harvested from selected plants following selected bulk method and in
advanced generation selections of good lines/genotypes are selected and there seed is increased
for preliminary yield testing trials.
 Harvesting:
Chickpeas mature in 150-180days and the leaves turn brown/yellow during maturity. For dry
seeds, the plants are harvested at maturity or slightly earlier by cutting them close to the ground
or uprooting. The plants are stacked in the field for a few days to dry and later the crop is
threshed by trampling or beating with wooden flails.
27
The chaff is separated from the grain by winnowing. Tall cultivars are suitable for
mechanized harvesting in such case combines can be used.
Chickpeas are usually stored in bags, but are more subject to insect damage than when stored
in bulk.
Proper cleaning, drying, and aeration are necessary to control seed beetles. A thin coating
with vegetable oil can reduce storage damage. Sometimes baskets, made from twisted rice straw,
are used as storage containers.
Threshing.
At the threshing floors, the plants were beaten with sticks to separate the grains from the pods.
This was followed by winnowing to separate the grains from the straw. The grain yield was
recorded in grams and later on converted into kg/ha according to the plot size.
Breeding Objectives
 Collection and evaluation of variability.
 Breeding for increased variation.
 Breeding for shattering Resistance.
 Breeding for high yield.
 Breeding for new or unexploited cultural regime.
 Breeding for tolerance to Iron Chlorosis.
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 Breeding for tolerance to drought.
 Breeding for Photoperiod and Thermo-sensitivity.
 Breeding for shattering Resistance.
Breeding Methods
 Selection
 Hybridization
 Pedigree method
 Bulk method
 Mutation breeding
EMASCULATION AND POLLINATION OF CHICKPEA.

 Material required:
Forceps, alcohol to sterilize the forceps, colored nylon threads, lens, pencil, and record book.
 Selection of buds for emasculation:
Buds that are likely to be in anthesis after one or two days are selected for emasculation. In
such a bud (hooded bud), the anthers are not yellow.
29
Method of emasculation:
The bud to be emasculated should be held gently at the base with the thumb and fore finger. Snip
off the frontal sepal. Push the keel petal downwards by slitting it with a fine-pointed forceps to
expose the anthers. Remove the anthers and count them, and also check with the help of a lens to
ensure that no anther is left in the flower.
30
.
The pedicel, style, and stigma are fragile. Therefore, care must be taken not to damage these
parts during emasculation. A colored cotton thread is tied loosely around the pedicel of the
emasculated flower for identification.
 Pollination
Pollination is accomplished in the following ways:
Singh & Auckland (1975) recommended simultaneous emasculation and pollination.

They also reported that at ICRISAT Asia Center, Patancheru, India pollination can be done at
any time between 07:00 and 11:00am and this practice gives an almost similar pod set.
However, Pundir and Reddy (1984) found no difference in pod-setting and purity of
crosses whether pollination was done simultaneously or a day after emasculation.
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Dahiya (1974) said that if a cross is to be made involving parents of contrasting flower
color and other morphological characters then pollination can be done without emasculation The
natural rate of pod-setting in chickpea lies between 18 and 59%.
Singh and Auckland (1975) reported 24% pod-setting when artificial pollination was
done on the same day as emasculation and 15% pod-setting when it was done one day after
emasculation. Low seed-setting in chickpea is mainly due to high humidity and cloudy weather.
Morphological Traits of Chickpea

 Days to 50% flowering:
Number of days from the date of sowing (irrigation) to the date on which at least 50% of
the plants have at least one flower.
 Plant density:
It is important to know the number of plants contributing to the yield at harvest.
 Growth habit:
The angles of primary branches are recorded. The plant shows erect, semi erect and
spreading types of growth.
 Plant height (cm):
Height is measured after flowering or at maturity from the base of the plant to the top of
the main shoot. Average of 5-10 plants .
 Primary branches:
Basal primary branches emerge directly from the main shoot.
 Secondary branches:
The secondary branches are emerged from primary branches.
 Days to maturity:
Number of days from the sowing date to the date on which 80% of the plants have mature
pods.
32
 Number of pods / plant:
Pods of 5-10 plants selected randomly from the net plot are counted and the average
number of pods / plant is calculated.
 Yield (kg/ha):
The harvested plants in the net plot (excluding the border rows) are threshed, dried/ and
cleaned to record the yield. The net plot yield is converted to kg / ha rounding it off to the
nearest 10 kg. For example, a yield of 1986 kg / ha should be recorded as 1990 kg / ha
and a yield of 1982 kg / ha as 1980 kg / ha.
 100-seed weight (g):
A random sample of 100 seeds is drawn from the dried bulk harvest (8% moisture) and
weighed on a precision balance to record its mass to the nearest gram.
 Seed shape:
This is for identification of individual genotypes. The scoring is done as given below.
1. Angular, ram's head (mostly Desi cultivars).
2. Owl's head shaped (mostly Kabuli cultivars).
3. Pea-shaped, smooth, and round (can be either Desi or Kabuli type).
 Seed color:
The variation observed in chickpea seed color is white, black, brown, light brown, dark
brown, reddish brown, grayish brown, salmon brown, orange brown, gray (grayed green),
brown beige, yellow, orange, yellow beige (orange-white), ivory white, green, light
green, variegated, black-brown mosaic, brownish red, and light orange.
 Canopy temperature (CT):
Infrared thermometer is used to record canopy temperature. This thermometer actually

record transpiration rate over the plant i.e. moisture level.
Canopy temperature is recorded on clear sunny day because on cloudy or windy day its
reading is not accurate because of vapors movement due to air.
33
Infrared thermometer is moved over the plant line at same height as at start and kept it
direction in such a way that sunlight fall on it. IRM first take the reading of bare ground
and
note
the
reading
then move it
over line.
34
Uses
 Chickpea is valued for its nutritive seeds with high protein content, 25.3-28.9 %, after
dehulling.
 Chickpea seeds are eaten fresh as green vegetables, parched, fried, roasted, and
boiled; as snack food, sweet and condiments.
 Seeds are ground and the flour can be used as soup, dhal, and to make bread; prepared
with pepper, salt and lemon it is served as a side dish.
 Dhal is the split chickpea without its seed coat, dried and cooked into a thick soup or
ground into flour for snacks and sweetmeats.
 Sprouted seeds are eaten as a vegetable or added to salads.
 Young plants and green pods are eaten like spinach.
 A small proportion of canned chickpea is also used in Turkey and Latin America, and
to produce fermented food.
 Animal feed is another use of chickpea in many developing countries.
 An adhesive may also be prepared; although not water-resistant, it is suitable for

plywood.
 Gram husks, and green or dried stems and leaves are used for stock feed; whole seeds
may be milled directly for feed. Leaves are said to yield an indigo like dye.
 Acid exudates from the leaves can be applied medicinally or used as vinegar.
 In Chile, a cooked chickpea-milk (4:1) mixture was good for feeding infants,
effectively controlling diarrhea.
35
 Chickpeas yield 21% starch suitable for textile sizing, giving a light finish to silk,
wool, and cotton cloth.
 Seeds are considered antibilious.
 Medicinal applications include use for aphrodisiac, bronchitis, catarrh, cutamenia,

cholera, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, snakebite, sunstroke, and warts.
Major Constraints in Chickpea Breeding

The major constraints limiting chickpea production globally include various
abiotic and biotic stresses. Drought is the most important constraint to yield in chickpea,
accounting for about 50% yield reduction globally.
It generally occurs at the terminal stage as the crop is mostly raised on conserved soil
moisture under rain-fed conditions. In addition to terminal drought, heat stress at the
reproductive stage has become a major constraint to chickpea production because of
(1) A large shift in chickpea area from cooler long-season environments to warmer short-
season environments,
(2) Increased area under late sown conditions, due to increased cropping intensity, and
(3) An expected overall increase in temperatures due to climate change.
Soil salinity is another important abiotic constraint in some chickpea growing areas of the
world.
 Biotic Factors:
The main fungi that affect chickpea are Fusarium oxysporum causing the plant to wilt and
Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei. Ascochyta blight is the most serious disease in
North India, Pakistan, the U.S. and the Middle East (sometimes causing l00% losses).
36
Some of these fungi may become of economic importance. Viruses isolated from chickpea
include alfalfa mosaic, pea enation mosaic, pea leaf roll, pea streak, bean yellow mosaic, and
cucumber mosaic Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), the most important pest, and feeds on
leaves.
Abiotic Factors:
Among the abiotic factors, drought stands to be the number one problem in major chickpea
growing regions because the crop is grown on residual moisture and the crop is eventually
exposed to terminal drought (Johansen et al., 1994).
In west Asia and North African countries, low temperature causing freezing injury or death
or delayed onset of poding reduces yield tremendously (Singh, 1987). Heat and salinity
problems are relatively important following drought and cold stresses (Singh et al., 1994).
Varieties of Chickpea Desi in Pakistan:
Variety Year Institution Yield Potential

of (kg/hec)
release
37
CM-72 1983 NIAB Faisalabad 1500-1600
C-44 1983 PRI,AARI Faisalabad 1500-1600
NIFA-88 1990 NIFA, Peshawar 1500-1600
DG-89 1991 RRI, Dokri 1500-1600
PUNJAB-91 1991 PRI,AARI Faisalabad 1500-1600
P A ID A R - 9 1 1991 PRI,AARI Faisalabad 1700-1800
KARK-2 1992 ARS, Kark 1500-1800
NIFA-95 1996 NIFA, Peshawar 1500-1600
KC-1 1998 ARS, Kark 1700-1800
Bittal-98 1998 PRI,AARI Faisalabad 1500-1600
Punjab-2000 2000 PRI,AARI Faisalabad 1700-1800
Wanhar-2000 2000 BARI,AARI 1600-1800
Faisalabad
Sheenghar 2000 2000 ARS. Kark 1600-1700
Balkasar-2000 2000 BARI,AARI 1500-1600

Faisalabad
Dusht-98 2003 N A R C ,P A R C , 1500-1600
Islamabad
Kark-3 2003 ARS. Kark 1500-1700
Parbat-98 2003 NARC, PARC, 1500-1600
Islamabad
Thal-2005 2006 AZRI, Bhakkar 2500
Punjab-2008 2008 PRI, Faisalabad 3500
Bhakkar 2011 2011 AZRI, Bhakkar 3500
Chapter:5
Review of literature
Ahmad et al. (2012) stated that exploration of genetically variable accessions is the key source
of germplasm conservation and potential breeding material for the future. The more diverse
38
group of cultivars provides an ample opportunity to breeders for releasing new and superior
varieties.
Kanouni et al.(2012) concluded that positive significant (P < 0.05) relationships were found
between seed yield per plant and traits pods per plant, 100-seed weight and plant height. Therefore,
this research suggests that drought tolerance score and pod per plant can be good selection criteria for
improving seed yield per plant in chickpea for drought stress environments.
Pouresmaeil et al.(2012) stated that for all stress treatments, significant variation was observed
for seed yield and yield components, and harvest index. The coefficient of variation for these
traits increased with the severity of drought stress.
Baksh et al.(2011) conducted an experiment 16 chickpea genotypes were grown at different

locations for two years and result shows that BRC-4, BRC-62 and BRC-231 were more stable for
grain yield as they had lesser interaction with environments as compared to other genotypes.
Ali et al.(2011) Conducted an experiment correlation studies showed that number of days
taken to flowering, number of days taken to maturity, primary branches per plant,
secondary branches per plant were positively correlated with the grain yield per plant at
genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height was negative and non-significantly correlated
with grain yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels.
Akhtar et al. (2011) suggested that the grain yield could be improved by using the 100-seed
weight and number of pods per plant as selection criterion in chickpea.
Gan et al.(2002) was stated that the pod infertility increased with increasing plant population
density in both large-and small-seeded kabuli chickpea, but in desi chickpea it was consistently
low across different population densities. The yield potential of desi and small-seeded kabuli
chickpea can be increased by increasing plant population density, whereas the seed yield of
large-seeded kabuli can be improved by reducing the proportion of infertile pods.
Chapter:6
Material and methods
 PRELIMINARY YIELD TRIAL OF CHICKPEA (DESI)

SET-I RABI 2013-14
39
ENTRIES 12
CHECK(S) 2(Punjab 2008, Bhakkar 2011)
PLOT SIZE 4.0 X 1.2 M
ROW SPACING 0.30 M
PLANT SPACING 0.15 M
REPLICATIONS 3
DESIGN RCB
DATE OF SOWING LAST WEEK OF OCTOBER 2013
 PRELIMINARY YIELD TRIAL OF CHICKPEA (DESI)
SET-II RABI 2013-14

ENTRIES 12
CHECK(S) 2 (Punjab 2008, Bhakkar 2011)
ROW SPACING 0.30M
PLANT SPACING 0.15
REPLICATIONS 3
DESIGN RCB
DATE OF SOWING LAST WEEK OF O C T O B E R 2013
 ADVANCE YIELD TRIAL OF CHICKPEA (DESI)
RABI 2013-14
ENTRIES 14
ROW SPACING 0.30M
PLANT SPACING 0.15
REPLICATIONS 3
DESIGN RCB
 MICRO YIELD TRIAL OF CHICKPEA (DESI)
RABI 2013-14
ENTRIES 14
40
ROW SPACING 0.30 M
REPLICATIONS 3
DESIGN RCB
 COOPERATIVE YIELD TRIAL OF CHICKPEA (DESI)
RABI 2013-14
ENTRIES 18
ROW SPACING .30 M
REPLICATIONS 3
DESIGN RCB
List of characters recorded
 Plant height
 Number of primary branches
 Number of pods/plant
 100 grain weight (g)
 Total seed yield.(kg)
 Canopy temperature
 Days to maturity
 Days to 50% flowering
41
Statistical Analysis
Preliminary Yield Trial Set-1
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number Of Primary Branches / Plant
SOV DF SS MS F P
Replications 2 2.889 1.44444
Genotypes 11 86.556 7.86869 2.53 0.0308
Error 22 68.444 3.11111
Total 35 157.889
CV 19.72
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Days to 50% Flowering
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 20.7500 1.88636 1.3E+29 0.0000
Error 22 3.100E-28 1.409E-

29
Total 35 44.7500
Grand Mean 106.08
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Plant height (cm.)
42
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 626.97 56.9975 1.95 0.0880
Error 22 643.28 29.2399
Total 35 1357.64
CV 12.24
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Days to Maturity
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 17.0000 1.54545 7.6E+28 0.0000
Error 22 4.485E-28 2.039E-29
Total 35 41.0000
Grand Mean 159.83
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number of pods/plant
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 2085.56 189.596 1.42 0.2325
Error 22 2937.78 133.535
Total 35 5797.56
CV 23.53
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for 100- Seed weight(g)
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 242.000 22.0000 1.9E+31 0.0000
Error 22 2.537E-29 1.153E-30
43
Total 35 266.000
Grand Mean 25.333
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Total Seed Yield(kg / hac)
SOV DF SS MS F P
Replications 2 4344808 2172404
Genotypes 11 2551527 231957 1.11 0.3959
Error 22 4578814 208128

Total 35 1.147E+07
CV 34.00
Preliminary Yield Trial Set-2
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number of Primary branches/plant
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 27.6667 2.51515 0.95 0.5141
Error 22 58.1667 2.64394
Total 35 87.0000
CV 17.74
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Days To 50% Flowering
SOV DF SS MS F P
44
Genotypes 11 20.7500 1.88636 1.3E+29 0.0000
Error 22 3.100E28 1.409E-29
Total 35 44.7500
Grand Mean 106.08
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Plant height (cm)
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 149.639 13.6035 0.92 0.5397
Error 22 325.611 14.8005
Total 35 478.972
CV 9.39
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number Of Pods / Plant
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 1206.89 109.717 0.72 0.7125
Error 22 3375.28 153.422
Total 35 5174.22
CV 20.57
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 3328490 302590 1.93 0.0909
Error 22 3445683 156622
45
Total 35 8092459
CV 23.48
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Days To Maturity
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 17.0000 1.54545 7.6E+28 0.0000
Error 22 4.485E-28 2.039E-29
Total 35 41.0000
Grand Mean 159.83
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for 100 Seed Weight(g)
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 11 185.222 16.8384 151.55 0.0000
Error 22 2.444 0.1111
Total 35 207.889
CV 1.28
46
Advance Yield Trial
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number Of Primary Branches/Plant
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 35.833 2.7564 0.90 0.5673
Error 26 79.952 3.0751
Total 41 191.833
CV 17.83
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Days To 50 % Flowering
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 8.7857 0.67582 0.66 0.7837
47
Error 26 26.7143 1.02747
Total 41 46.7857
CV 0.96
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Plant Height(Cm)
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 220.50 16.9615 0.57 0.8567
Error 26 775.86 29.8407
Total 41 1023.83
CV 13.27
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 7.8333 0.60256 0.54 0.8748
Error 26 28.8095 1.10806
Total 41 43.8333
CV 0.66
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number .Of Pods/Plant .
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 2604.40 200.339 1.32 0.2623
Error 26 3937.95 151.460
Total 41 7795.07
48
CV 27.48
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for 100 seed weight(g).
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 164.952 12.6886 113.57 0.0000
Error 26 2.905 0.1117
Total 41 190.286
CV 1.37
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 3375643 259665 0.85 0.6102
Error 26 7954113 305927
Total 41 1.736E+07
CV 31.11
49
Micro Yield Trial
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number Of Primary Branches/plant
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 29.0714 2.23626 1.19 0.3393

Error 26 48.8571 1.87912
Total 41 92.4048
CV 16.22
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 24.6667 1.8974 9.50 0.0000

Error 26 5.1905 0.1996
Total 41 56.0000
CV 0.42
50
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Plant height (cm)
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 287.64 22.126 0.87 0.5944
Error 26 664.14 25.544
Total 41 1166.98
CV 12.32
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 21.8095 1.67766 5.83 0.0001
Error 26 7.4762 0.28755
Total 41 49.1429
CV 0.3
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number Of Pods/Plant
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 3684.1 283.394 0.77 0.6812
Error 26 9551.7 367.372
Total 41 13610.1
CV 46.45
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for 100- seed weight(g)
SOV DF SS MS F P
51
Genotypes 13 103.643 7.97253 40.31 0.0000
Error 26 5.143 0.19780
Total 41 119.643
CV 1.67
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 13 8380204 492953 3.17 0.0020
Error 26 5281242 155331
Total 41 2.228E+07
CV 49.22
52
Cooperative yield trial
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number Of Primary Branches/Plant
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 17 51.333 3.01961 1.14 0.3619
Error 34 90.222 2.65359
Total 53 143.333
CV 18.33
SOV DF SS MS F P

Genotypes 17 35.0370 2.0610 7.54 0.0000
Error 34 9.2963 0.2734

Total 53 65.7037
CV 0.49
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Plant Height(cm)
SOV DF SS MS F P

Genotypes 17 798.83 46.990 1.72 0.0877
53
Error 34 929.56 27.340
Total 53 1964.83
CV 12.63
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 17 33.8704 1.9924 5.32 0.0000
Error 34 12.7407 0.3747
Total 53 69.8704
CV 0.38
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Number Of Pods/Plant.
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 17 7668.8 451.11 2.04 0.0376
Error 34 7514.4 221.01
Total 53 22763.5
CV 31.98
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for100 -Seed weight (g)
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 17 442.000 26.0000 294.67 0.0000

Error 34 3.000 0.0882
54
Total 53 475.333
CV 1.32
 Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Canopy temperature
SOV DF SS MS F P

Genotypes 17 62.222 3.66010 1.48 0.1632
Error 34 84.319 2.47997
Total 53 164.328
CV 6.70
SOV DF SS MS F P
Genotypes 17 1930799 113576 3.17 0.0020
Error 34 1216798 35788
Total 53 5134054
CV 29.95
55
Chapter:7
Results and Discussion
C.V for plant height (cm) is 12.24 %. Indicating the amount of variation present for this trait
among the entries studied. Analysis of variance for this trait exhibited significant differences
among the genotypes studied.
C.V for primary branches is 19.72 %, indicating the amount of variation present for this trait.
Analysis of variance for this trait exhibited significant differences among the genotypes studied.
C.V for pods per plant is 23.53% indicating the presence of variation among the genotypes
for this trait and further yield improvement could be achieved by exploiting the variation present
for this trait. Analysis of variance for this trait exhibited significant differences among the
genotypes studied.
In preliminary yield trail set-1 for 100 -seed weight C.V is 25.33% indicating the amount of
variation present for this trait while all other trials shows C.V 1.4% indicating highly
significance.
C.V for days to 50% flowering and days to maturity is less than 1% indicating that these
traits are highly significant and shows no variation.
Total seed yield (kg/hac) C.V is 33.2% that shows the presence of variation among the
genotypes for this trait and further yield improvement could be achieved by exploiting the
variation present for this trait. Analysis of variance for this trait exhibited significant differences
among the genotypes studied.
56
Chapter:8
Summary
In Pakistan, Agriculture bears great economic import. It plays fundamental role in
strengthening national economy of a country. Agriculture has been the single largest sector
playing in implausible role in earning remarkable foreign exchange. This role can be extended by
improving the existing farming system.
It is through the strenuous and unceasing efforts of agriculture scientists that AARI, since its
inception, has introduced a number of new high yielding, best quality and disease resistant
varieties of major cash crops simultaneously augmented our yield potential and improved the
national economy as well as economic status of the farming community.
AARI is the sole institute in the country conducting research on Agriculture, so according to
research activities, Pulse Research Institute, AARI playing a major role for improving and
developing new varieties of pulses especially chickpea (most recent; Pb-2008, Noor-2009 and
Noor-2013), lentil (Pb Masoor-2009), mung and mash (Arooj).
My internship was at Pulses Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, and commenced from 17 th
March 2014 to 25th May, 2014. I worked on chickpea desi for hybridizations, selection and data
recording of various morphological traits of various genotypes like plant height, primary
branches, secondary branches, pods/plant, seeds/pod, and yield.
After data recording, different statistical parameters were calculated and presented. It was
found that coefficient of variation for various traits studied was 18-71 %, indicating that further
improvement could be achieved by exploiting the variation present among the genotypes for
various traits.
57
Chapter:9
REFERENCES
Akhtar,H.L., Pervez,M.A. and Nasim,M.(2011) Genetic divergence and inter-relationship

studies in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) . J. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 48(1):35-39.
Ali,Q., Tahir,M.H., Sadaqat,H.A., Arshad,S., Farooq,J.,Ahsan,M.,Waseem,M.and Iqbal,A.

(2011) Genetic variability and correlation analysis for quantitative traits in chickpea genotypes
(Cicer arietinum L.) J. Bacteriology Research ., 3(1):6-92.
Ahmad,Z., Mumtaz,A.S., Nisar,M. and Khan,N.(2012) Diversity analysis of chickpea (Cicer

arietinum L.) germplasm and its implications for conservation and crop breeding .J.
Agricultural Sciences., 3(5): 723-731.
Bakhsh,A., Akhtar,H.L., Malik,S.R., Masood,A., Iqbal,M. and Qureshi,R.( 2011)Grain yield

stability in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) across environments.J. Pak. J. Bot., 43(5): 2947-
2951.
Cubero, J.I. 1987. Morphology of chickpea. p. 35-66. In: M.C. Saxena and K.B. Singh (eds.),
The Chickpea. CAB. International, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8DE, UK.
Kanouni, H., Shahab, M. R., Imtiaz, M. and Khalili,M.( 2012). Genetic variation in drought
tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. J.Crop Breeding., 2(2): 133-138.
Pouresmaeil, M., R. Khavari-Nejad, J. Mozafari, F. Najafi, F. Moradi, and M. Akbari. (2012).

Identification of drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) landraces .J. Crop
Breeding 2(2): 101-110.
58
Singh, K.B. 1987. Chickpea breeding. p.127-162. In: M.C. Saxena and K.B. Singh (eds.), The
Chickpea. CAB International, UK.
S y e d , M . , A . Is l a m , M . , R . H os s a i n M . , S . A l a m , M . , M , a n d A m i n , M . , N .
(2012).
Genetic Divergence In Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)Bangladesh J. Agril. 37(1): 129-
136.
59

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INTERNSHIP REPORT

Pulses Research Institute (PRI)

Muhammad Shafiq Muhammad Amin

Prof. Dr. Abdus Salam khan

Prof. Dr. Abdus Salam khan

Chapters Contents Page #

7. Results and discussion 53

Following are some of its major advantages:

Ayub Agriculture Research Institute

Contribution of AARI in developing varieties and technologies in production increase is

 Development of production technology

 Control of diseases and insect / pests.

 Introduction of new industrial / food plants.

 Preservation of agricultural products.

Organizational Set Up of AARI

Whe a t Rice, KalaShah- Kaku Soil che mis try

Pos t ha rves t Orange, Sargodha

B iote c hnology Potato, Sahiwal

 Gram Breeding Sub-Station, Kallurkot, District Bhakkar.

 Pulses Research Sub-Station, Rakh Uttra, District Bhakkar.

 Pulses Research Sub-Station, Sahowali District Sialkot.

 Pulses Research Sub-Station, Farooqabad, District Sheikhupura.

 Pulses Research Farm, Kotmomin Sialkot.

 Chickpea / gram / chana (Cicer arietinum L.)

 Lentil / Masoor (Lens culinaris L.)

 Dry Peas / Mattar (Pisum sativum L.)

 Mung / Green Gram(Vigna radiate L.)

 Mash /Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

 Cowpeas / Lobia (Vigna sinensis L.)

 Rice beans (Vigna umbellate L.)

Importance of Pulses Crops:

 Increase dietary value of cereals

 Grow on marginal lands

 Suitable for intercropping.

 High yield potential.

 Resistance/tolerance to biotic (weeds, diseases & insects).

 Abiotic (heat, drought, cold & frost) stresses.

 Response to low inputs.

 Resource conservation technologies.

 Improvement of pulses through development of desirable varieties of Gram, Lentil,

 Establishment of package of production technology.

 Promotion of pulses production.

 Production of Pre-basic and basic seed of pulse crops.

Chromosomes no: 2n=2x= 16

 Bengal gram (Indian).

 Hommes, Hamaz (Arab world).

 Nohud, Lablabi (Turkey).

 Chana, cholay (Pakistan).

 Production of pods that contain seeds.

 It contributes 70-80% to the total pulses area and production in Pakistan.

 Chickpea is the third most important food legume grown globally

 Chickpea is called Chana (Hindi), Gram or Bengal gram (English).

 Whole seed or split seed (dhal) or besan

 Straw as a livestock feed.

 Seed also contains 4.8-5.5% oil.

 South-eastern Turkey and adjoining Syria.

 Wild species C. reticulatum considered as progenitor (Van der Maesen, 1987).

 43 species in Genus Cicer, disteributed in four categories.

 iv).Acanthocicer (perennial) large flowers and persistent, spiny leaf rachis.

Year Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan Pakistan