Ijser: Effect of Foaming Agents On Crude Oil System

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 1559
ISSN 2229-5518
EFFECT OF FOAMING AGENTS ON

CRUDE OIL SYSTEM
1
Udeagbara, S.G, 1Fakorede, O. 1Ogiriki, S.O. 1. Afolabi F. S
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola Univetsity Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT: This report entails the study of the effect of foaming agents on the physio-chemical properties of crude oil
system; the report investigated if the addition of such foaming agents can improve production and also determines the
properties of the crude oil with respect to the foaming agents used. The properties investigated are density, Specific
gravity, API gravity, viscosity, Surface tension and Pour point before and after the addition of the foaming agents. The
foaming agents were found to increase the density, viscosity and specific gravity of crude oil and decreases API
gravity, surface tension, pour and cloud point of crude oil.
Statistical and graphical analysis was used to interpret the results of the experiments carried out. The results showed
that foaming agents can alter the physio-chemical properties of the crude oil system, and it was also observed that
such alteration was on a positive side
The study would help petroleum engineers to understand the positive impact of foaming agents in oil production
especially during enhanced oil recovery (EOR).With such understanding and putting it into practice, production will be
maximized.
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Key Words: Foaming Agents, density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, pour point and cloud point.
——————————  ——————————
INTRODUCTION:
Crude Oil System
Crude Oil or Petroleum refers to any naturally-occurring flammable hydrocarbon mixture found
in geologic formations, such as rock strata, formed through the heating and compression of
organic material such as dead zooplankton and algae over a long period of time. Technically, the
term petroleum only refers to crude oil, but sometimes it is applied to describe any solid, liquid
or gaseous hydrocarbons. It is a hydrocarbon mixture having simple to most complex structures
such as resins, asphaltenes etc. Crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such as
gasoline, diesel and various forms of petrochemicals.
Crude oil is also a naturally occurring mixture, consisting of hydrocarbon with other element
such as sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. appearing in the form of organic compounds which in
some cases form complexes with metals. Elemental analysis of crude oil shows that it contains
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mainly carbon and hydrogen in the appropriate ration of six to one by weight. The mixture of
hydrocarbon is highly complex, and the complexity increases with boiling range. Crude oil is
formed by bacterial transformation of Organic matter (carbohydrates/proteins/ animal origin) by
decay in presence and/or absence of air into HC rich sediments by undergoing
biological/physical and chemical alterations In its strictest sense, crude oil, but in common usage
it includes all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature
conditions, lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases,
while pentane and heavier ones are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an
underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface
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conditions and on the phase diagram of the crude mixture.
Properties of crude oil system:
Density
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is most often reported for oils
in units of g/mL or g/cm3, and less often in units of kg/m3. Density is temperature-dependent.
Oil will float on water if the density of the oil is less than that of the water. This will be true of
all fresh crude oils, and most fuel oils, for both salt and fresh water. Bitumen and certain residual
fuel oils may have densities greater than 1.0 g/mL and their buoyancy behaviour will vary
depending on the salinity and temperature of the water. The density of spilled oil will also
increase with time, as the more volatile (and less dense) components are lost. After considerable
evaporation, the density of some crude oils may increase enough for the oils to submerge below
the water surface.
Pour Point
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The pour point of oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil will just flow, under standard test
conditions. The failure to flow at the pour point is usually attributed to the separation of waxes
from the oil, but can also be due to the effect of viscosity in the case of very viscous oils. Also,
particularly in the case of residual fuel oils, Pour points may be influenced by the thermal history
of the sample, that is, the degree and duration of heating and cooling to which the sample has
been exposed.
Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow; the lower the viscosity of a fluid, the more
easily it flows. Like density, viscosity is affected by temperature. As temperature decreases,
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viscosity increases. Viscosity is a very important property of oils because it affects the rate at
which crude oil will spread, the degree to which it will penetrate shoreline substrates, and the
selection of mechanical spill countermeasures equipment.
Sulphur
The sulphur content of a crude oil is less importance for a number of reasons. Downstream
processes such as catalytic cracking and refining will be adversely affected by high sulphur
contents. Crude oil containing a high amount of the impurity (sulfur) is referred to as sour crude
oil, when the total sulfur level in the oil is more than 0.5% the oil is called "sour”. The impurity
needs to be removed before this lower-quality crude can be refined into petrol, thereby
increasing the cost of processing.
Basic Sediments and Water (BS&W)
Basic sediment and water (BS&W) is a technical specification of certain impurities in crude oil.
When extracted from an oil reservoir, the crude oil contains some amount of water
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and suspended solids from the reservoir. The particulate matter is known as sediment or mud.
The water content can vary greatly from field to field, and may be present in large quantities for
older fields, or if oil extraction is enhanced using water injection technology.
Flash Point
The flash point of crude oil is the temperature above which the oil will spontaneously combust.
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporizes to form
an ignitable mixture in air
Foaming Agents
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A foaming agent is a material that facilitates formation of foam such as a surfactant or a blowing
agent. A surfactant, when present in small amounts of crude oil, reduces surface tension of the
oil (reduces the work needed to create the foam) or increases its colloidal stability by
inhibiting coalescence of bubbles. A blowing agent is a gas that forms the gaseous part of the
foam. Foam on the other hand is a dispersion of gas in liquid, usually with a surface-active agent
present. Foams are not thermo-dynamically stable and ultimately decay into their constituent
phases, but can be mechanically stable.
The ability of foam to reduce gas mobility has led to its application in a number of processes,
including gas flooding, steam flooding, and oil reservoir treatment techniques. It has been
somewhat uncertain whether foam in these cases actually works by gas blockage and flow
diversion, or whether it is better described as a “viscosifying agent” for the gas.
Foams often forms in crude oil by adding foaming agents, it also formed as the crude oil pressure
is reduced in the reservoir, well bore, tubing string or flow line. In short, foam forms essentially
instantaneously after a pressure drop. Many crude oils have the potential of creating foam carry-
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over, even though it is popular to blame a factor such as asphaltenes, paraffin, emulsions, high
crude viscosities, or poorly designed internals around the crude oil.
Materials and Method.
The experiments carried out tailored towards determing the physio-chemical properties of the
crude oil such as Density, Specific Gravity, API gravity , viscosity, Surface tension, Pour point,
pH etc before and after the addition of the foaming agents, and the foaming agents used were
Laureth sulphate (omo) and Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo).
Apparatus:
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The following apparatus were used in this research work: Hydrometer, Rheometer,
Tensionmeter, cloud and pour point equipment, Pycnometer, weighing balance, thermometer etc.
Experimental procedure:
Determination of the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (Omo) and Ammonium

Dodecysulate (Vinoz Shampoo) on the Density of Crude Oil:
The Pycnometer was rinsed with distilled water and dries with acetone and weighed. The weight
is called ‘dry weight’ .The Pycnometer bottle was filled with Sample A (50ml mixture of Laureth
sulphate (omo) in water with 250m of crude oil) , inserted the stopper, making sure that the hole
in the stopper is also filled with the mixture and wipe the Pycnometer clean. The Pycnometer
bottle was weighed on a balance and the value was recorded as ‘wet weight’. The wet weight
was subtracted from dry weight and divided by 50ml since Density = Mass/Volume. The
experiment was repeated for different Volume of Sample A at 100ml, 150ml, 200ml, and
250ml.The values were recorded for the corresponding density.
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In the same manner, the effect of Ammonium Dodecysulfate (vinoz shampoo) on the density of
crude oil was determined and recorded.
Determination of the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (Omo) and Ammonium Dodecysulate
(Vinoz Shampoo) on the Specific Gravity of Crude Oil:
50ml mixture of omo in water was mixed with 250ml of crude oil (sample C) and was
transferred into the clean hydrometer cylinder and the hydrometer was lowered gently into the
sample, when it has settled, It was depressed to about two scale divisions into the liquid and then
released; the rest of the stem was kept dry. Sufficient time was allowed for the hydrometer to
become completely stationary and for all air bubbles to come to the surface. It is particularly
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necessary in the case of the more viscous samples.
When the hydrometer has come to rest, floating freely, and the temperature of the sample was
constant, the hydrometer was read to the nearest scale division. The correct reading is that point
on the hydrometer scale at which the surface of the liquid cuts the scale. This point was
determined by placing the eye slightly below the level of the liquid and slowly raising it until the
surface, first seen as a distorted ellipse, appears to become a straight line cutting the hydrometer
scale. The experiment was repeated for different quantities of Sample C at 100ml, 150ml, 200ml,
and 250ml respectively and the values of the corresponding Specific gravities were recorded,
In the same manner, the effect of Ammonium Dodecysulfate (vinoz shampoo) on the specific
gravity of the crude oil was determined and recorded
(Vinoz Shampoo) on the Viscosity of Crude Oil:
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50ml of a mixture of omo and distilled was mixed with 250ml of crude oil (Sample E). Sample E
was poured into a beaker and placed on the adjustable table of the Rheometer, it is adjusted up to
the spindle of the Rheometer. The sample was stirred for seconds at 600rpm and 300rpm and the
dial readings were taken. Apparent Viscosity (AV) was then calculated using AV=600rpm
reading/2, Plastic viscosity (PV) was calculated using PV=600rpm reading - 300rpm reading.
The experiment was repeated for different Volume of Sample E at 100ml, 150ml, 200ml, and
250ml and the values were recorded for the corresponding viscosity (cp).
In the same manner, the effect of Ammonium Dodecysulfate (vinoz shampoo) on the viscosity of
crude oil was determined and recorded.
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Determination of the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (Omo) and Ammonium Dodecysulate (Vinoz
Shampoo) on the Surface Tension of Crude Oil:
50ml of a mixture of omo and distilled water was mixed with 250ml of crude oil (Sample G).
Sample G was poured into a round flat open container. Using the Tensiometer, a thin plate
(usually made of platinum and iridium) was used. It was dipped into sample G whose surface
tension is to be measured, the vessel containing sample G was gradually lowered and the force
measured by the balance at the point of detachment was noted. The experiment was repeated for
different Volumes of Sample G at 100ml, 150ml, 200ml, and 250ml. The values were recorded
for the corresponding Surface tension in dynes/cm.
In the same manner, the effect of Ammonium Dodecysulfate (vinoz shampoo) on the surface
tension of crude oil was determined and recorded.
(Vinoz Shampoo) on Cloud Point and Pour Point of Crude Oil.
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50ml (mixture of omo and distilled water) was mixed with 250ml of crude oil (Sample I).
Sample I was poured into the test jar. The jar was closed tightly by the cork carrying a
thermometer. The position of the cork was adjusted so that the thermometer bulb fixed coaxial
with the test jar and its capillary immersed 3mm below the surface of the oil. The test jar was
then placed in the bath of the cloud and pour point machine and at every1°C, the sample was
taken out and inspected for cloud then quickly replaced. The highest temperature at which
haziness occurs is observed (cloud point) and also the bath surrounding temperature on the
equipment display was observed, the reading of the thermometer on the cork of the test jar is
recorded. The test jar is returned back inside the bath and at every1°C change in temperature, the
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sample was inspected for pour point. The lowest temperature at which the oil ceased to flow is
observed (pour point) and also the bath surrounding temperature on the equipment displayed, the
temperature from the thermometer on the cork of the test jar was recorded.The experiment was
repeated for different Volumes of Sample I at 100ml, 150ml, 200ml, and 250ml. The values were
recorded for the corresponding cloud and pour points.
In the same manner, the effect of Ammonium Dodecysulfate (vinoz shampoo) on the cloud point
and pour point of crude oil was determined and recorded.
Results and Discussions:
Foaming agent [Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo)] was found to increase the density of crude oil
as shown in table 1 below, the higher the volume of omo (foaming agent), the higher the density
of the crude oil as indicated on the table. The graph as shown in figure 1 below is a linear
relationship which supports the relationship of the presence of omo in crude oil. Much omo, may
be as a surfactant in preparing drilling mud or in an enhanced oil recovery does favour crude oil
state as it decreases the surface tension of the crude. Care should be taken while using omo in
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drilling and production operations. The addition of shampoo (foaming agent) to crude oil
exhibits the same behaviour as that of omo as shown on table 1 and the figure 2 below.
Table 2 and figure 3 below show the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) on the Specific
gravity of crude oil. The graph shows an increase in crude oil specific gravity, with initial sharp
increase before gradual increase. The graph is a linear relationship. The plot shows that after
sometimes, no matter the quantity of omo been added to the crude oil, the specific gravity will
remain constant. Too much omo in crude oil does favour the specific gravity of crude oil.
Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo) on the specific gravity of crude oil shows a linear
relationship as that of omo, From the plot (fig.4), at a point further increase in shampoo does not
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affect the specific gravity of crude oil.
Table 3, and figure 5 show the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo as a foaming agant) on
the apparent viscosity of crude oil. The effect was not completely positive either was it negative.
The viscosity increases and decreases as the mass of omo increases, It’s like a sinusoidal
behaviour showing increase and decrease as the volume of omo increases. It should also be noted
that the presence of foaming agent in crude oil decreases the surface tension of the crude, thereby
breaking down the bonds holding the oil molecules together and this results to decrease in the oil
viscosity. The variation in the result may be as a result of some experimental errors. On the
contrary shampoo was observed to increase the apparent viscosity of crude oil. This goes to show
that shampoo as a foaming agent should not be introduced to oil activities as it plays a negative
role, figure 6 below explain this more
Table 4 and Figure 7 show the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) on the surface tension
of crude oil. The graph is a negative one. The Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) and the crude oil
used have a surface tension of 65.19(dynes/cm) and 67.48(dynes/cm) respectively. The results
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show that increase in Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) decreases the Surface tension of crude oil,
thus, foaming agents’ decreases Surface tension of crude oil and this has a positive impact in oil
production. Similar result was obtained on the effect of shampoo on the surface tension of crude
oil. This shows that increase in Sodium Laureth Sulphate (shampoo) as foaming agent decreases
the Surface Tension of crude oil, figure 8, thus, foaming agents decreases the surface tension of
crude oil.
Figure 5 and figure 9 show the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) on crude oil cloud
point. The graph is a negative graph. Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) and the crude oil used have
a cloud point of 12(0c) and 10(0c) respectively. This shows that increase in Sodium Laureth
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Sulphate (omo) decreases the cloud point (0c) of crude oil, thus, foaming agent’s decreases Cloud
point of crude oil. Similar result was obtained with shampoo as shown in figure 10. Figure 10
shows the effect of Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo) on crude oil cloud point. The
graph is a negative graph. The Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo) and the crude oil used
have a cloud point of 2(0c) and 10(0c) respectively. It was observed that increase in Ammonium
Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo) decreases the cloud point of crude oil, thus, foaming agents
decreases the cloud point of crude oil.
Table 6 and Figure 11 show the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) on crude oil Pour
point. Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) and the crude oil used have a Pour point of -1(0c) and -
3(0c) respectively. The graph is a negative linear plot showing a negative relationship between
the dependent and independent variables. This shows that increase in Sodium Laureth Sulphate
(omo) decreases the Pour point (0c) of crude oil, thus, foaming agent’s decreases the Pour point
of crude oil. In the case of shampoo, similar result was observed. Increase in Ammonium
Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo) decreases the Pour point of crude oil, figure 12.
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Figure 1: Plot of Crude oil density vs Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo)
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Figure 2: Plot of Crude oil density vs Volume of Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo)
Figure 3: Plot of Specific Gravity vs Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo)
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Figure 4: Plot of Specific Gravity vs Volume of Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo)
Figure 5: Plot of Apparent Viscosity vs volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo)
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30
25
Apparent Viscosity (cp)
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Volume of Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo)[ml]
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Figure 6: Plot of Apparent Viscosity vs Volume of Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo)
Figure 7: Plot of Surface Tension vs Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo)
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Figure 8: plot of Surface Tension vs Volume of Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo)
Figure 9: Plot of cloud point vs Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo).
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Figure 10: Plot of Cloud point vs Volume of Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo)
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Figure 11: Plot of Pour point vs Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo).
Figure 12: Plot of Pour point vs Volume of Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo)
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Table 1:Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) and shampoo with the corresponding
densities
Density(g/ml) Density (g/ml)

Sample vol.(ml)
omo shampoo
50 0.8692 0.8702
100 0.9232 0.8728
150 0.9280 0.8746
200 0.9426 0.8981
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250 0.9523 0.9010
Table 2:Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) and shampoo with and the corresponding sp.
Gravity.
Volume of sample (ml) Sp. gr (omo) Sp.gr (sampoo)
50 0.8790 0.8801
100 0.9337 0.8827
150 0.9385 0.8845
200 0.9533 0.9083
250 0.9631 0.9112
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Table 3: Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo) and shampoo with and the corresponding
apparent viscosities
Vol of sample (ml) Apparent Viscosity of Apparent Viscosity of
omo (cp) shampoo(cp)
50 2.00 9.0
100 4.25 13.5
150 2.50 17.5
200 4.50 22.0
250 3.10 27.0
Vol of sample (ml)

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surface tension.
Surface Tension of Shampoo
omo (dynes/cm) (dynes/cm)
50 66.16 61.2
100 65.70 53.7
150 61.20 37.01
200 58.02 35.0
250 52.21 33.00
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cloud points
Vol of sample (ml) Cloud point Cloud point (0c) of
(0c) of omo shampoo
50 5 11
100 4 10
150 3 7
200 -1 5
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250 -3 3
pour points
Vol of sample (ml) pour point (0c) of omo pour point (0c) of shampoo
50 -4 -4
100 -7 -6
150 -9 -8
200 -11 -10
250 -13 -15
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Physio-chemical Sodium Laureth Ammonium Crude Oil
properties Sulphate (omo) Dodecysulate (vinoz
shampoo)
Density(g/ml) 1.1246 1.0100 0.8666
Specific Gravity 1.1373 1.0214 0.8764
API Gravity (0 API) -7.0825 7.0353 30
Apparent 2.5000 112 6
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Viscosity(cp)
Plastic Viscosity(cp) 2.0000 50 6
Surface 65.19 61.2 67.48
Tension(Dynes/cm)
Cloud point 12 2 10
Pour point -1 -4 -3
Table 7: Summary of the properties of the pure components (Foaming Agents and Crude Oil)
Used
Conclusions.
From the analysis carried out, it was obvious that foaming agents alter the physio-chemical
properties of crude oil. The following conclusions could be drawn: Foaming agents increases the
density and specific gravity of crude oil, it decreases cloud point and pour point of crude oil. It
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was also observed that the viscosity of crude oil can increase or decrease depending on the
volume of the foaming agent used. Most of these alterations favour the production of oil to the
surface.
Recommendations.
Based on research work, the following recommendation could be given: it’s recommended that
other foaming agents should be tried on the physio-chemical properties of crude oil, this will
help to ascertain if the results will be similar or otherwise. It will also give the knowledge of the
foaming agents to be used in drilling and production operations.
Acknowledgement.
The support of the laboratory staff of the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola
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University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State is highly appreciated.
References.
1. Abivin P., Henaut I., Chaudemanche C., Argillier J.F., Chinesta F., Moan M. (2009),
“Dispersed systems in heavy”, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
2. Bauget F., Langevin D., Lenormand R., (2001), “Dynamic Surface properties of
asphaltenes and resins at the oil-air Interface”, Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science 239.
3. Binks B.P., Rocher A., Kirkland M., (2011), “Oil foams stabilised solely by
particles”, Soft Matter 7, 1800-1808.
4. Borchardt .B.C (1985) “Surfactants for CO 2 foam flooding”, Spe 14394, New York.
5. Callaghan I.C., McKechnie A.L., Ray J.E., Wainwright J.C., (1985) “Identification of
crude oil components responsible”, Estidio Inc.Ethopia.
6. Dalland M., Hanssen J.E., (1992), “Oil Interaction with foams at static and
flowing”.Lizabella inc. Ethopia.
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7. Fraga A.K., Rezende D.A., Santos R.F., Mansur C.R.E., (2011) “Method to evaluate
foaming in petroleum”, Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas, vol 5,
Pp, 25-33.
8. George D.S., Hayat O., Kovscek A.R. (2005), “A microvisual study of solutions-gas-
drive mechanisms in viscous oils”, America society of testing and materials, New
York.
9. Hanssen, J.E., Dalland, M., (1990), “Proceedings of the SPE/DOE 7th Enhanced oil
Symposium”, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX; paper CIM 8637.
10. Huh D. G., Cochrane T. S., Kovarik F. S., (1988), ”The Effect of Microscopic
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Heterogeneity on CO2/ Foam Mobility”,Part 1- A mechanistic study” SPE 17359
Paper presented at the SPE/ DOE EOR Symposium, Tulsa.
11. Hornbrook J. W., Castanier L. M., Pettit P., ( 1990) , “Visualization of foam/oil”
Brazillian journal of chemical society, Brazil.
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of SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers”, Richardson, TX; SPE/DOE 16375.
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foam Propagation through porus media”, SPE Reservoir Engineering,Pp893-
896.Brazil.
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 1559

EFFECT OF FOAMING AGENTS ON

Crude Oil System

or gaseous hydrocarbons. It is a hydrocarbon mixture having simple to most complex structures

gasoline, diesel and various forms of petrochemicals.

formed by bacterial transformation of Organic matter (carbohydrates/proteins/ animal origin) by

decay in presence and/or absence of air into HC rich sediments by undergoing

Properties of crude oil system:

the water surface.

easily it flows. Like density, viscosity is affected by temperature. As temperature decreases,

selection of mechanical spill countermeasures equipment.

increasing the cost of processing.

Basic Sediments and Water (BS&W)

older fields, or if oil extraction is enhanced using water injection technology.

an ignitable mixture in air

phases, but can be mechanically stable.

diversion, or whether it is better described as a “viscosifying agent” for the gas.

crude viscosities, or poorly designed internals around the crude oil.

Materials and Method.

Laureth sulphate (omo) and Ammonium Dodecysulate (vinoz shampoo).

Determination of the effect of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (Omo) and Ammonium

250ml.The values were recorded for the corresponding density.

crude oil was determined and recorded.

(Vinoz Shampoo) on the Specific Gravity of Crude Oil:

gravity of the crude oil was determined and recorded

(Vinoz Shampoo) on the Viscosity of Crude Oil:

crude oil was determined and recorded.

Shampoo) on the Surface Tension of Crude Oil:

for the corresponding Surface tension in dynes/cm.

tension of crude oil was determined and recorded.

(Vinoz Shampoo) on Cloud Point and Pour Point of Crude Oil.

recorded for the corresponding cloud and pour points.

and pour point of crude oil was determined and recorded.

Results and Discussions:

role, figure 6 below explain this more

decreases the cloud point of crude oil.

Figure 3: Plot of Specific Gravity vs Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo)

Figure 5: Plot of Apparent Viscosity vs volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo)

Figure 7: Plot of Surface Tension vs Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo)

Figure 9: Plot of cloud point vs Volume of Sodium Laureth Sulphate (omo).

Density(g/ml) Density (g/ml)

100 0.9232 0.8728

150 0.9280 0.8746

200 0.9426 0.8981

100 0.9337 0.8827

150 0.9385 0.8845

200 0.9533 0.9083

250 0.9631 0.9112

omo (cp) shampoo(cp)

100 4.25 13.5

150 2.50 17.5

200 4.50 22.0

250 3.10 27.0

Vol of sample (ml)

omo (dynes/cm) (dynes/cm)

100 65.70 53.7

150 61.20 37.01

200 58.02 35.0

250 52.21 33.00