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    Lecture 29: Curl, Divergence and Flux

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    Ken Limo
    1. The curl of a vector field F = [P, Q, R] is represented by curl(F) = [Ry - Qz, Pz - Rx, Qx - Py] and measures the rotation of F. Fields with zero curl are called irrotational. 2. The divergence of F measures the expansion of the field and is represented by div(F) = Px + Qy + Rz for F = [P, Q, R]. Fields with zero divergence are incompressible. 3. Important vector calculus identities include div(curl(F)) = 0, curl(grad(f)) = 0, and ∆f = div(grad(f

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    Lecture 29: Curl, Divergence and Flux

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    Ken Limo
    209 views2 pages
    1. The curl of a vector field F = [P, Q, R] is represented by curl(F) = [Ry - Qz, Pz - Rx, Qx - Py] and measures the rotation of F. Fields with zero curl are called irrotational. 2. The divergence of F measures the expansion of the field and is represented by div(F) = Px + Qy + Rz for F = [P, Q, R]. Fields with zero divergence are incompressible. 3. Important vector calculus identities include div(curl(F)) = 0, curl(grad(f)) = 0, and ∆f = div(grad(f

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    1. The curl of a vector field F = [P, Q, R] is represented by curl(F) = [Ry - Qz, Pz - Rx, Qx - Py] and measures the rotation of F. Fields with zero curl are called irrotational. 2. The divergence of F measures the expansion of the field and is represented by div(F) = Px + Qy + Rz for F = [P, Q, R]. Fields with zero divergence are incompressible. 3. Important vector calculus identities include div(curl(F)) = 0, curl(grad(f)) = 0, and ∆f = div(grad(f

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    209 views2 pages

    Lecture 29: Curl, Divergence and Flux

    Uploaded by

    Ken Limo
    1. The curl of a vector field F = [P, Q, R] is represented by curl(F) = [Ry - Qz, Pz - Rx, Qx - Py] and measures the rotation of F. Fields with zero curl are called irrotational. 2. The divergence of F measures the expansion of the field and is represented by div(F) = Px + Qy + Rz for F = [P, Q, R]. Fields with zero divergence are incompressible. 3. Important vector calculus identities include div(curl(F)) = 0, curl(grad(f)) = 0, and ∆f = div(grad(f

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    Math 21a: Multivariable calculus Oliver Knill, Fall 2019

    Lecture 29: Curl, Divergence and Flux

    The curl of F~ = [P, Q] is Qx − Py , a scalar field. The curl of F~ = [P, Q, R] is

    curl(P, Q, R) = [Ry − Qz , Pz − Rx , Qx − Py ] .

    We can write curl(F~ ) = ∇ × F~ . Fields of zero curl are called irrotational.

    1 The curl of the vector field [x2 + y 5 , z 2 , x2 + z 2 ] is [−2z, −2x, −5y 4 ].

    If you place a “paddle wheel” pointing into the direction


    v, its rotation speed F~ · ~v . The direction in which the
    wheel turns fastest, is the direction of curl(F~ ). The
    angular velocity is the magnitude of the curl.

    The divergence of F~ = [P, Q, R] is div([P, Q, R]) = ∇ · F~ = Px + Qy + Rz . The


    divergence of F~ = [P, Q] is div(P, Q) = ∇ · F~ = Px + Qy .

    The divergence measures the “expansion” of a field. Fields of zero divergence are incompressible.
    With ∇ = [∂x , ∂y , ∂z ], we can write curl(F~ ) = ∇ × F~ and div(F~ ) = ∇ · F~ .

    ∆f = div(grad(f )) = fxx + fyy + fzz .


    is the Laplacian of f . One also writes ∆f = ∇2 f because ∇ · (∇f ) = div(grad(f ).

    From ∇ · ∇ × F~ = 0 and ∇ × ∇F~ = ~0, we get

    div(curl(F~ )) = 0, curl(grad(f )) = ~0.

    2 ~ such that F~ = [x + y, z, y 2 ] = curl(G)?


    Question: Is there a vector field G ~
    Answer: No, because div(F~ ) = 1 is incompatible with div(curl(G)) ~ = 0.

    3 Show that in simply connected region, every irrotational and incompressible field can be
    written as a vector field F~ = grad(f ) with ∆f = 0. Proof. Since F~ is irrotational, there exists
    a function f satisfying F = grad(f ). Now, div(F ) = 0 implies divgrad(f ) = ∆f = 0.
    4 Find an example of a field which is both incompressible and irrotational. Solution. Find
    f which satisfies the Laplace equation ∆f = 0, like f (x, y) = x3 − 3xy 2 , then look at its
    gradient field F~ = ∇f . In that case, this gives

    F~ (x, y) = [3x2 − 3y 2 , −6xy] .

    We have now all the derivatives together. In dimension d, there are d fundamental derivatives.

    1
    grad
    1 −→ 1
    grad curl
    1 −→ 2 −→ 1
    grad curl div
    1 −→ 3 −→ 3 −→ 1

    If a surface S is parametrized as ~r(u, v) = [x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)] over a domain R
    in the uv-plane and F~ is a vector field, then the flux integral of F~ through S is
    Z Z
    F~ (~r(u, v)) · (~ru × ~rv ) dudv .
    F

    1 Compute the flux of F~ (x, y, z) = [0, 1, z 2 ] through the upper half sphere S parametrized by

    ~r(u, v) = [cos(u) sin(v), sin(u) sin(v), cos(v)] .

    Solution. We have ~ru × ~rv = − sin(v)~r and F~ (~r(u, v)) = [0, 1, cos2 (v)] so that
    Z 2π Z π
    −[0, 1, cos2 (v)] · [cos(u) sin2 (v), sin(u) sin2 (v), cos(v) sin(v)] dudv .
    0 0
    R 2π R π Rπ
    The flux integral is 0 π/2
    − sin2 (v) sin(u)−cos3 (v) sin(v) dudv which is − π/2
    cos3 v sin(v) dv =
    π/2
    cos4 (v)/4|0 = −1/4.

    2 Calculate the flux of F~ (x, y, z) = [1, 2, 4z] through the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 lying
    above the region x2 + y 2 ≤ 1. Solution: We can parametrize the surface as ~r(r, θ) =
    [r cos(θ),R r sin(θ), r2 ]Rwhere ~rr × ~rθ = [−2r2 cos(θ), −2r2 sin(θ), r] and F~ (~r(u, v)) = [1, 2, 4r2 ].
    We get S F~ · dS ~ = 2π 1 (−2r2 cos(v) − 4r2 sin(v) + 4r3 ) drdθ = 2π.
    R
    0 0

    3 ~ for F~ (x, y, z) = [xy, yz, zx], where S is the part


    RR
    Evaluate the flux integral S curl(F ) · dS
    2 2
    of the paraboloid z = 4 − x − y that lies above the square [0, 1] × [0, 1] and has an
    upward orientation. Solution: curl(F ) = [−y, −z, −x]. The parametrization ~r(u, v) =
    [u, v, 4 − u2 − vR2 ] gives ru × rv = [2u, 2v, 1] and curl(F )(~r(u, v)) = [−v, u2 + v 2 − 4, −u]. The
    1R1
    flux integral is 0 0 [−2uv+2v(u2 +v 2 −4)−u] dvdu = −1/2+1/3+1/2−4−1/2 = −25/6.

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