CHAPTER 1

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

1.1 Introduction

The development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of the society shall be
discussed in this lesson. The target is to articulate ways by which society is transformed by
science and technology.

1.2 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

1. discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the
spark of scientific revolution;
2. analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa.

1.3 Lesson 1 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

How can science be defined if it is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can
exactly identify when and where science began.

1. Science as an idea
 ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the
natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity
 encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This
process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge
 a discipline that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. It
is referred as the school of science.
4. Science as a personal and social activity both knowledge and activities done by human
beings to develop better understanding of the world, a way to improve and survive in life.
The idea of scientific revolution

 Claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe
 It was in Europe probably because of the invention of printing machine, the blooming
intellectual activities done in various places of learning, and the growing number of scholars
in various fields of human interests. All great civilizations of the ancient world had their own
sophisticated traditions and activities related to these disciplines.
 It was the period of enlightenment when the development in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. It
explained the emergence or birth of modern science which enabled the people to reflect,
rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and way of life.
 The golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply
trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation
from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views.
 It led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a
strong foundation for modern science.

1.4 Lesson 2 SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
 a Polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy. He was the
first modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets
revolve around the sun, or the Heliocentric Theory of the universe,1543.
 Copernicus argued that Earth turned daily on its axis and that gradual shifts of
this axis accounted for the changing seasons
 born on February 19, 1473 in Torun, a city in north-central Poland on the
Vistula River.
 By 1514, his reputation as an astronomer was such that he was consulted by
church leaders attempting to reform the Julian calendar.
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/nicolaus-copernicus

CHARLES DARWIN

 Charles Robert Darwin, (born February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England—

died April 19, 1882, Downe, Kent), English naturalist whose scientific
 theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary
studies.

 On the Origin of Species (1859), a book that has deeply influenced modern Western
society and thought.
 Darwin, encouraged to tackle the larger questions of life through a study of
invertebrate zoology, made his own observations on the larval sea mat (Flustra) and
announced his findings at the student societies.
Notable Works

“The Formation of Vegetable Mold, Through the Action of Worms”

“The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication”

“The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals”

“The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species”

“Origin of Species”

“The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex”

“On the Various Contrivances by Which British and Foreign Orchids Are Fertilised by Insects”

“The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom”

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin/The-Beagle-voyage

SIGMUND FREUD
 Subject of study – human sexual activity, primitive culture, personality, moses, dream
 Founder of psychoanalysis
 Psychoanalytic Theory - By encouraging the patient to express any random thoughts
that came associatively to mind, the technique aimed at uncovering hitherto
unarticulated material from the realm of the psyche that Freud, following a long tradition,
called the unconscious.
 To spell out the formative development of the sexual drive, Freud focused on the
progressive replacement of erotogenic zones in the body by others. An originally
polymorphous sexuality first seeks gratification orally through sucking at the mother’s
breast, an object for which other surrogates can later be provided. Initially unable to
 distinguish between self and breast, the infant soon comes to appreciate its mother as
the first external love object. Later Freud would contend that even before that moment,
the child can treat its own body as such an object, going beyond undifferentiated
autoeroticism to a narcissistic love for the self as such. After the oral phase, during the
second year, the child’s erotic focus shifts to its anus, stimulated by the struggle over
toilet training.
 During the anal phase the child’s pleasure in defecation is confronted with the demands
of self-control. The third phase, lasting from about the fourth to the sixth year, he called
the phallic. Because Freud relied on male sexuality as the norm of development, his
analysis of this phase aroused considerable opposition, especially because he claimed
its major concern is castration anxiety.
  Oedipus complex presents the child with a critical problem, for the unrealizable yearning
at its root provokes an imagined response on the part of the father: the threat of
castration.
 The phallic stage can only be successfully surmounted if the Oedipus complex with its
accompanying castration anxiety can be resolved. According to Freud, this resolution
can occur if the boy finally suppresses his sexual desire for the mother, entering a period
of so-called latency, and internalizes the reproachful prohibition of the father, making it
his own with the construction of that part of the psyche Freud called the superego or
the conscience.
 through latency to the mature sexuality he called the genital phase.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud/Last-days

1.5 Lesson 3 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

Mesoamerican Civilization,

The complex of indigenous cultures that developed in parts of Mexico and Central

America prior to Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th century. In the organization of its
kingdoms and empires, the sophistication of its monuments and cities, and the extent and
refinement of its intellectual accomplishments, the Mesoamerican civilization, along with the
comparable Andean civilization farther south, constitutes a New World counterpart to those
of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China.
Who were the Maya and the origin of their name

The Maya are a series of indigenous people in Mexico and Central America. Although often
mistakenly thought to have long died out, their ancestors still inhabit much of the lands we now
refer to as Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico and southward
through Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras.

The term Maya derives from the last Capital City of one the oldest known civilizations, the
Mayan Kingdom (in the Post-Classical Period 900-1519 AD), in Yucatan called Mayapan.
Although we know them as the Maya's surviving descendants, these people prefer to call
themselves the Quiche or Yucatec depending on whether they live in the North or South of the
lands that once comprised the old Mayan Kingdom.

Here are just a few examples of what the Mayans contributed to the world as well as some
major Mayan achievements.

1. The Mayan's developed the concept of zero independently

"The Indian [or numerical] zero, widely seen as one of the greatest innovations in human
history, is the cornerstone of modern mathematics and physics, plus the spin-off technology,"
said Peter Gobets, secretary of the ZerOrigIndia Foundation, or the Zero Project. 

Whatever the case, the modern concept of 'zero' was well defined by 628 AD by the great
Brahmagupta. It did not arrive in Europe until around the 12th Century.

Amazingly the Mayans were able to develop their own concept of 'zero' at least 100
years earlier than in India, in about 350 AD.

Mayan Numerical system. Source: Immanuel Giel/Wikimedia Commons

 
2. The Mayans were the first to vulcanize rubber and play football and basketball (sort of)
Although it is widely acknowledged that rubber did not become useful until one Charles
Goodyear developed the vulcanization process in around 1840, this might not be entirely true.
3. The Mayans invented Chocolate

Everybody's favorite confectionery, Chocolate, was developed very early on in Mayan culture.

They were able to develop a form of drink that was made from smashed cocoa beans that was
so prized that it was often used as a form of currency.

Source: Pixabay
4. The Mayans developed an advanced language and writing system as well as books
Their glyphs were used much like those of Ancient Egypt, to represent words, sounds, and
syllables through the use of pictures and other symbols. Historians believe that the Mayans
used around 700 glyphs to do this and, incredibly, 80% of their language can still be
understood by their descendants today.

.Source: Bibliothèque Nacionale de France/Wikimedia Commons

5. The Fabled Mayan Calendar: Their most famous invention

Amongst their most famous inventions is the fabled Mayan Calender (the one that was
supposed to predict the end of the world in 2012). It was pretty sophisticated and, like any
decent calendar, records repetitive cycles of time based on the movements of the Sun, Moon,
and Planets. 

Source: aztecandmayan

6. Mayan astronomy was incredibly accurate

As we have seen the Haab year is 365 days but it seems they knew this was a tiny bit off.
According to deciphered records, it appears that they had calculated an Earth tropical year to be
about 365.242 days which is very close to the modern 365.2425 that is used as part of the
Gregorian year.

Mayan astronomers also noticed that 81 lunar months lasted 2392 days expressing a lunar

month as 29.5308 days. Modern-day estimates are 29.53059 days. 

7. Mayan art was both beautiful and ominous

Mayan artists tended to make good use of materials including wood, jade, obsidian,

earthenware production, etched stone landmarks, bone, shells stucco and finely painted wall
paintings and textiles. Although rarely preserved, it would also appear they were very fond of
woodcutting.

Source: Adam and Tess/Flickr

8. Mayan Medicine was surprisingly advanced

For the Mayans, health and ill-health was a matter of balance and imbalance. Balance equaled
health and imbalance sickness. 

 9. Mayan agriculture was highly advanced for the time

Although somewhat limited by their geographical location and local plant species, Mayan
farmers were expert agriculturists. Their main crop staples included Corn (maize) but they also
cultivated beans and squash, which were often grown together with corn to provide mutual
support for each crop.

Adapted from: Pixabay
Via: quora.com, edu.glogster.com, aztecandmayan.weebly.com

https://interestingengineering.com/9-incredible-mayan-inventions-and-achievements-a

INCA, also spelled Inka, South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in
1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the
northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile.

INCA CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. roads paved with stones
2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
3. irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land
4. calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting
season
5. the first suspension bridge
6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and
7. inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inca

AZTECS are best known as a violent people who expanded their empire through ruthless
warfare. They also had a reputation for making human sacrifices in elaborate rituals -- that often
involved the removal of beating hearts -- to appease their many gods. While these practices
were certainly true, the culture also gave birth to elaborate crafts, a highly organized system of
government and a language -- Nahuatl -- that's still spoken by a million people.

Aztecs contributions:
1. mandatory education
2. chocolates
3. antispasmodic medication
4. chinampa
5. Aztec calendar
6. invention of the canoe

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

16 Significant Science and Tech Discoveries Ancient India Gave the World

“We owe a lot to the ancient Indians, teaching us how to count. Without which most modern
scientific discoveries would have been impossible.” – Albert Einstein

Here is a list of 16 contributions, made by ancient Indians to the world of science and
technology, that will make you feel proud to be an Indian.

1. The Idea of Zero

Little needs to be written about the mathematical digit ‘zero’, one of the most important
inventions of all time. Mathematician Aryabhata was the first person to create a symbol for zero
and it was through his efforts that mathematical operations like addition and subtraction started
using the digit, zero. The concept of zero and its integration into the place-value system also
enabled one to write numbers, no matter how large, by using only ten symbols.

2. The Decimal System

India gave the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols – the
decimal system. In this system, each symbol received a value of position as well as an absolute
value. 
3. Numeral Notations

Indians, as early as 500 BCE, had devised a system of different symbols for every number from
one to nine. This notation system was adopted by the Arabs who called it the hind numerals. 

4. Fibbonacci Numbers

The Fibonacci numbers and their sequence first appear in Indian mathematics
as mātrāmeru, mentioned by Pingala in connection with the Sanskrit tradition of prosody. Later
on, the methods for the formation of these numbers were given by mathematicians

5. Binary Numbers

Binary numbers is the basic language in which computer programs are written. Binary basically
refers to a set of two numbers, 1 and 0, the combinations of which are called bits and bytes.

6. Chakravala method of Algorithms

The chakravala method is a cyclic algorithm to solve indeterminate quadratic equations,

including the Pell’s equation. This method for obtaining integer solutions was developed
by Brahmagupta, one of the well known mathematicians of the 7th century CE.

7. Ruler Measurements

Excavations at Harappans sites have yielded rulers or linear measures made from ivory and
shell. Marked out in minute subdivisions with amazing accuracy, the calibrations correspond
closely with the hasta increments of 1 3/8 inches, traditionally used in the ancient architecture of
South India

8. A Theory of Atom

One of the notable scientists of the ancient India was Kanad who is said to have devised the
atomic theory centuries before John Dalton was born. He speculated the existence of anu or a
small indestructible particles, much like an atom. He also stated that anu can have two states —
absolute rest and a state of motion. He further held that atoms of same substance combined
with each other in a specific and synchronized manner to produce dvyanuka (diatomic
molecules) and tryanuka (triatomic molecules).

9. The Heliocentric Theory

Mathematicians of ancient India often applied their mathematical knowledge to make accurate
astronomical predictions. The most significant among them was Aryabhatta whose
book, Aryabhatiya, represented the pinnacle of astronomical knowledge at the time.

10. Wootz Steel

A pioneering steel alloy matrix developed in India, Wootz steel is a crucible steel characterized
by a pattern of bands that was known in the ancient world by many different names such
as Ukku, Hindwani and Seric Iron.

11. Smelting of Zinc

India was the first to smelt zinc by the distillation process, an advanced technique derived
from a long experience of ancient alchemy. 

12. Seamless Metal Globe

Considered one of the most remarkable feats in metallurgy, the first seamless celestial globe
was made in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in the reign of the Emperor Akbar..

13. Plastic Surgery

The Sushruta Samhita ’s most well-known contribution to plastic surgery is the reconstruction of

the nose, known also as rhinoplasty.

14. Cataract Surgery

The first cataract surgery is said to have been performed by the ancient Indian physician
Sushruta, way back in 6th century BCE. To remove the cataract from the eyes, he used a
curved needle, Jabamukhi Salaka, to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of
vision. healed completely. Sushruta’s surgical works were later translated to Arabic language
and  through the Arabs, his works were introduced to the West.

15. Ayurveda

Long before the birth of Hippocrates, Charaka authored a foundational text, Charakasamhita, on

the ancient science of Ayurveda

16. Iron-Cased Rockets

The first iron-cased rockets were developed in the 1780s by Tipu Sultan of Mysore who
successfully used these rockets against the larger forces of the British East India Company
during the Anglo-Mysore Wars.

History of science and technology in China

The history of science and technology in China is both long and rich with science and
technological contribution. In antiquity, independent of Greek philosophers and
other civilizations, ancient Chinese philosophers made significant advances in science,
technology, mathematics, and astronomy. The first recorded observations of comets, solar
eclipses, and supernovae were made in China.[1] 

Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and herbal medicine were also practiced.

Among the earliest inventions were the abacus, the "shadow clock," and the first flying
machines such as kites and Kongming lanterns.[2] The four Great Inventions of ancient China:
the compass, gunpowder, paper making, and printing, were among the most important
technological advances, only known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages. The Tang
dynasty (618 - 906 C.E.) in particular was a time of great innovation. [3] A good deal of exchange
occurred between Western and Chinese discoveries up to the Qing Dynasty.

Early scientific and technological achievements

One of the oldest longstanding contributions of the ancient Chinese are in Traditional Chinese
medicine, including acupuncture and herbal medicine, derived from Daoist philosophy.

The practice of acupuncture can be traced as far back as the first millennium B.C.E. 

seismograph was an urn-like instrument, which would drop one of eight balls to indicate when
and in which direction an earthquake had occurred.

 abacus was invented in China sometime between 1000 B.C.E. and 500 B.C.E.[12]

The most ancient of all astronomical instruments, at least in China, was the simple vertical pole.
With this one could measure the length of the sun’s shadow by day to determine the solstices
and the transits of stars by night to observe the revolution of the sidereal year.”[13]
Already under the Shang dynasty (1765-1122 B.C.E.) the Chinese were casting shadows with
the help of a gnomon in relation to divination.

The sundial that was much used during the Han Dynasty is clearly mentioned in the first
century 

The Chinese were able to record observations, documenting the first solar eclipse in
2137 B.C.E., and making the first recording of any planetary grouping in 500 B.C.E.[1] 

The Book of Silk was the first definitive atlas of comets, written c. 400 B.C.E. It listed 29 comets
(referred to as broom stars) that appeared over a period of about 300 years, with renderings of
comets describing an event its appearance corresponded to.[1]

The first bridge recorded in Chinese history is the boat bridge over the river Weishui ordered by
King Wen of the Zhou dynasty 3000 years ago. The first record of a stone bridge goes back to
the Han dynasty. Stone-arch bridges made their appearance around 250 B.C.E. Famous
bridges are the admired Anji bridge built with one arch under the Sui dynasty (581-618), the
Lugou Marco Polo bridge built during the Kin dynasty (1038-1227), the jewel belt bridge, with 53
spans, built a Suzhou during the Tang dynasty. “The beam bridge has the longest history in
bridge engineering whether in China or elsewhere.“ It can be mentioned for example the
Luoyang bridge built during the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127) with a total length of 834
meter and a seven-meter-wide deck for traffic.[15]

The Eastern Han Dynasty scholar and astronomer Zhang Heng (78-139 C.E.) invented the first
water-powered rotating armillary sphere (the first armillary sphere however was invented by
the Greek Eratosthenes), and catalogued 2500 stars and over 100 constellations. In 132, he
invented the first seismological detector, called the "Houfeng Didong Yi" ("Instrument for
inquiring into the wind and the shaking of the earth"). [17] According to the History of Later Han
Dynasty (25-220 C.E.), this seismograph was an urn-like instrument, which would drop one of
eight balls to indicate when and in which direction an earthquake had occurred. On June 13,
2005, Chinese seismologists announced that they had created a replica of the instrument.

Sliding calipers were invented in China almost 2000 years ago. [18] The Chinese civilization was
the first civilization to succeed in exploring with aviation, with the kite and Kongming lantern
(proto Hot air balloon) being the first flying machines.

The Four Great Inventions of ancient China

The "Four Great Inventions of ancient China" (Traditional Chinese: 四 大 發 明 ; Simplified
Chinese: 四 大 发 明 ; pinyin: Sì dà fā míng) are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking,
and printing. Paper and printing were developed first. Printing was recorded in China in
the Tang Dynasty, although the earliest surviving examples of printed cloth patterns date to
before 220.[19] Pinpointing the development of the compass can be difficult: the magnetic
attraction of a needle is attested by the Louen-heng, composed between 20 and 100 C.E.,
[20]
 although the first undisputed magnetized needles in Chinese literature appear in 1086.[21]

Printing, gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face and state of
things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation;
whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems
to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical
discoveries. [26]

For the eleventh century invention of ceramic movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990-1051), it
was enhanced by the wooden movable type of Wang Zhen in 1298 and the bronze metal
movable type of Hua Sui in 1490.

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

In this lesson, you will learn about some of the history and more contemporary contributions
coming out of the Middle East or thanks to Middle Eastern inventors.

Middle East Early Contributions

The Middle East is an area of the world that includes many countries, such as Turkey, Israel,
Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq. Throughout its history, these people have either invented or
contributed to the development of important technologies that have impacted the fields of
astronomy, medicine, and much more.

For example, one of the world's most famous polymaths, someone who was really great at
many different subject areas, was Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi. He
was born in Damascus, now located in Syria, in 1526. His knowledge and observations
contributed much to the field of astronomy, including how to find the coordinates of stars, how
steam can be used to rotate a rudimentary steam turbine, and important properties related to
vision, such as reflection and refraction.
Let's go over some other technological developments that arose in the Middle East or thanks to
people who were born there.

Gas Lasers and CSI

Ali Javan is an Iranian-born physicist who was the co-inventor of the gas laser. Here, an electric
current moves through a gas in order to produce a light. One such type of laser is known as the
carbon dioxide laser. This gas laser is used in everything from industrial cutting and welding to
laser surgery.

Iranian-born medical engineer Tofy Mussivand has invented a device that's able to extract and
analyze DNA from just a single skin cell. How could this be important? Well, for one, it could
greatly enhance a crime scene investigator's ability to identify a possible suspect in a murder-
case, where all they may have to go on is a single skin cell.

Endoscopy, Iron Dome, & ReWalk

In Israel, medical engineers developed capsule endoscopy, which is the visual examination of

the digestive tract via a pill-like device. This has given doctors and patients a much easier way
to detect problems or the causes of problems in the digestive tract, like pain in the abdomen,
bleeding from the abdominal tract, as well as tumors.
1.6 ASSESSMENT

Name_____________________ SN_______ Course/Year/Section_______ Date ____

A. Identify with the correct word or group of words that makes the statement true
complete.

(NOTE: Please provide another sheet of paper as your answer sheet.)

1. It led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a
strong foundation for modern science.

2. He was a polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy.

3. He was an English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection became the
foundation of modern evolutionary studies.

4. He was the founder of psychoanalysis.

5. It seeks gratification through sucking at the mother’s breast, an object for which other
surrogates can later be provided.

6. The child’s pleasure in defecation is confronted with the demands of self-control.

7. It presents the child with a critical problem for the unrealizable yearning at its root provokes
an imagined response on the part of the father.

8. They are a series of indigenous people in Mexico and Central America.

9. He developed the modern concept of zero that was well defined on 628AD.

10. A form of drink that was made from the smashed cocoa beans that was so prized that it was
often used as a form of currency.
11. They were known south American Indians who ruled an empire that extended along the
pacific coast and Andean highlands.

12. They were known as violent people but greatly contributed and gave birth to mandatory
education, chocolates, antispasmodic medication, chinampa, invention of canoe, etc.

13. It refers to the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols, each
symbol received a value of position as well as an absolute value, which originated from India.

14. It refers the basic language in which computer programs are written.

15. This was developed in by medical engineers from Israel, which is the visual examination of
the digestive tract via a pill-like device.

B. Explain your answer.

1. Considering the current state of our society, how did science literacy among people
contributed to the growth of our economy?
 CHAPTER 2

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING

2.1 Introduction

This lesson will discuss the influence of science and technology in the development of the
Philippine society. It identifies government programs, projects, and policies geared toward
boasting the science and technological capacity of the country. This lesson will also include
discussions on Philippine indigenous science and technology.

2.2 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

1. discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine nation-building;

2. evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their

contributions to nation-building;

3. identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their impact
on the development of the Filipino nation.

2.3 LESSON 1 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

The history of science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the
country gained its independence from the American colonizers. The early inhabitants had their
own culture and traditions, belief system, and indigenous knowledge system that keeps them
organized and sustained their lives and communities for many years.

Science in pre-Spanish Philippines

 scientific knowledge is observed in planting crops, taking care of animals, food

production, and medicinal uses of plants
 technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, developing tools that they
can use in everyday life: planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, transportation, for fighting
their enemies, and creating musical instruments
 metal age, through different archeological artifacts, had a significant influence on the
lives of early Filipinos, trading with china, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries
influenced their lives by providing different opportunities for cultural and technological
exchange.

Spanish era
 established schools for boys and girls, beginning of formal science and technology in the
Philippines
 learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the
human body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies
 life became modernized, adapting some western technology and their ways of life
 medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities
established by Catholic orders
 galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines.
 Philippines was considered one of the centers of global trade in Southeast Asia during
that time, allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology, and Western
practices to reach the country.

American Era

 Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the
Philippines compared to the Spaniards.
 Established the public education system, improved the engineering works and the health
conditions of the people
 Established University of the Philippines and created more public hospitals than the
former colonial master
  Mineral resources were explored and exploited
 Transportation and communication systems were improved, though not accessible
throughout the country
 However, world war II has destabilized the development of the country in many ways.
Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses were burned, and many
lives were destroyed.

New Republic

 Development of science and technology of the Philippines is shaped by several factors

and influences; shaped by human and social activities, both internal and external

Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives of the people and in the
development of the Philippine society. However, improving he quality of science education still
remains as a big challenge in the country. School science from basic to graduate education is
improving slowly, and there are only few students enrolling in science and technology courses.

Internal Influences
a) Survival
b) Culture
c) Economic Activities
Development of
Science and
Technology in the
Philippines
External Influences
a) Foreign Colonizers
b) Trades with other countries
c) International Economic Demands

2.4 LESSON 2 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and
policies to boost the area of science and technology. The goal is to prepare the whole country
and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the people
to live in a world driven by science.

The National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) clustered policies, namely:
a) Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance

 Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum

 Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
 Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
 Local food security

b) Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics

 Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities

 Outright grants for peer monitoring
 Review of RA 9184
 Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development

c) Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

 Ensuring compliance of drug manufacturing firms with ASEAN harmonized standards by

full implementation of the Food and Drug Administration
 Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services
and care
 Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence -based research as pool of
information
 Allocating two percent of the GDP to research
 Legislating a law supporting human genome projects

d) Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry

 Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws

 Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
 Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people’s conservation
 Formulation of common food and safety standards

DOST existing programs supported by the Philippine government:

1. Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology, funds basic
and applied researches, from Overseas Development Aid (ODA) from different countries
2. Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of
science and technology.

3. Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training young
Filipinos in the field of science and technology.

4. Creating science and technology parks to encourage academic and industry partnerships.

5. Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientist abroad to come home and work in the
Philippines or conduct research and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based scientists.

6. Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to encourage academe and
industry partnerships.

7. the establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within
the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman. These aimed to develop more science and
technology and engineering manpower resources needed by the country.

The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE, 2008) identified

several capacity-building programs such as:

 Establishment of national centers of excellence

 Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the Engineering and
Science Education Program (ESEP) to produce more PhD graduates in science and
engineering
 Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries that will lead the country
in different research and development areas
 Establishment of science and technology business centers to assist, advise, and
incubate technopreneurship ventures
 Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine Science High
School System

In the field of education, several science-related programs and projects were created to develop
the scientific literacy of the country. Special science classes were organized and special science
elementary schools were established in different regions. The current K to 12 education
program included Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high school program to encourage more
students to enroll in science-related fields in college.

There are many other areas and fields that the country is looking forward to embark various
research and projects, such as:

1. Use of alternative and safe energy

2. Harnessing mineral resources

3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness

4. Climate change and global warming

5. Increasing food production

6. Preservation of natural resources

7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities

8. Infrastructure development

The Philippine congress created laws which vary to different themes such as: conservation,
health-related, technology building, and supporting basic research, among others. Some laws
and policies are in line with international treaties such as

a) United Nations (UN)

b) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

c) Association of southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

d) other international agencies

2.5 LESSON 3 FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

10 Outstanding Filipino Scientists who have made significant contributions in Philippine

science, as follows:
1. RAMON CABANOS BARBA – research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes
2. JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO – works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using
satellite images
3. JOSE BEJAR CRUZ, JR. – known internationally in the field of electrical engineering
4. LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ – research on sea snail venom
5. FABIAN MILLAR DAYRIT – research on herbal medicine
6. RAFAEL DINEROS GUERRERO III – research on tilapia culture
7. ENRIQUE MAPUA OSTREA JR. – inventing the meconium drug testing
8. LILIAN FORMALEJO PATENA – research on plant biotechnology
9. MARI-JO PANGANIBAN RUIZ – outstanding educator and graph theorist
10. GREGORY LIGOT TANGONAN – research in the field of communications technology.

Other outstanding Filipino scientists:

 Caesar A. Saloma – internationally renowned physicist
 Edgardo Gomez – famous in marine science
 William Padolina – chemistry and president of National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST) – Philippines
 Angel Alcala – marine science
2.6 ASSESSMENT

NAME ___________________________ STUDENT NO. ______ CRSE/YR/SEC ___

A. Identify the word or group of words that makes the statement true and correct.
Note: USE a separate sheet of paper as your answer sheet.
_____ 1. Outstanding educator and graph theorist
_____ 2. Internationally known in the field of electrical engineering
_____ 3. Known for tissue culture in Philippine mangoes
_____4. Internationally renowned physicist
_____ 5. Known for marine science
_____6. Invented the meconium drug testing
_____7. Known for observing characteristics of Antartica
_____8. Research on sea snail
_____ 9. Research on herbal medicine
_____10. Research in the field of communications technology
_____11. Plant biotechnology
_____12. Famous on marine science

B. Discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine nation-building.

 CHAPTER 3
Science Education in the Philippines

3.1 Introduction

The Philippines is trying its best to improve the state of science education in the country.
This lesson will discuss the concept of science education and will identify some strategies to
promote science education in the country. One of the strategies is to establish science schools
that will encourage students to pursue their career in science and technology and to nurture
their gifted potentials in science.

3.2 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the concept of science education; and
2. Identify science schools established to promote science education in the Philippines.

3.3 Lesson 1 The Concept of Science Education

Science education focuses on teaching, learning and understanding science.

Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively teach science. This
means exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts
and processes effectively.

Learning Science includes both pedagogy and the most interesting aspect, which is
helping students understand and love science.

Understanding Science implies developing and applying science – process skills and
using science literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday life.
 Getting deeper into the discourse of science education,

• John Dewey (2001) stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to
teach students.

• Marx (1994) science is going to be one of the most important school subject in the
future.

• Knight (1986) science education provides skills and knowledge that are necessary for a
person to live.

• Tilghman (2005) science education describes as the age of science and to develop a
citizenry that will meet the goals of science in the society.

3.4 Lesson 2 Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Educations

Science education helps students learn important concepts and facts that are related to
everyday Science (Carale & Campo, 2003; Meador 2005; Worth & Grollman, 2003).
Including important skills that are needed in coping up with daily activities (Chaille & Britain,
2002). Science education develops positive attitude (Lind, 1997).

In tertiary education, science education deals with developing students’ understanding

and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works.

3.5 Lesson 3 Science Schools in the Philippines

Philippine Science High School (PSHSS)

A government program for gifted students in the Philippines.

 A service institute of the DOST

whose mandate is to offer free
scholarships basis for secondary
course with special emphasis on
subject pertaining to the sciences
with the end view of preparing its
students for a science career (R.A
3661).

dormitory
The school maintains a
for students.
  Pursue its vision to developfilipino science scholars with scientific minds and
passion for excellence.

 Their students brought honor to the Philippines through their exemplary

achievements in various international competitions and research circles. When
the students graduates from the school, they are expected to pursue degrees
in science and technology at various colleges and universities locally and
abroad.
Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project

 It started in June 2007 with 57

identified elementary schools that
participated or identified as science
elementary school in the country.
Since its inception, the number have
grown to more than 60 schools
nationwide.

 The school aims to develop

Filipino children equipped with
scientific sand technological
knowlege, skills, and values.

 SSPES mission: (1) to provide a learning environment to science related-

inclined children through a special curriculum that recognizes the multiple
intelligences of the learners; (2) to promote the development of lifelong learning
skills; and (3) to foster the holistic development of the learners.

needsUtilizes different instructional approaches that address the learning styles and
of the learners like the use of investigatory projects.

Quezon City Reqional Science High School

 It was established on September 17,

1967. Originally, it was named Quezon City
Science High School and turned into a
regional science high school for the National
Capital Region in 1999.
  A product of a dream to establish a
special science school for talented students in
science and mathematics.

and technology.
The focus of the curriculum is on science

 They teach courses prescribed by the Department of Education for secondary

education.

 The school envisions to serve as a venue in providing maximum

opportunities for science-gifted students to develop spirit of inquiry and creativity.

Teachers
It is well supported by the local government unit and by the Parents and
Associations (PTA) and is under the DepEd

Manila Science High School

 It was established on October 1, 1963.

The first science high school in the

Philippines.

 The organization and the

curriculum of the school puts more
emphasis on science and mathematics
with humanities courses and other
electives. Also, the school aims to
produce scientists with souls.

 The school administers an

entrance exam called Manila Science
High School Admission Test (MSAT) for
students who wish to enroll. The test is
composed of five parts: aptitude in
science, aptitude test in math, problem-
solving test in science, problem solving in
mathematics, and proficiency in English.
 MSHS produced outstanding alumni and won in various national competitions.
Central Visayan Institute Foundation

 The home and pioneer of the

prominent school-based innovation known
 as Dynamic Learning Program (DLP),
which is a synthesis of classical and
modern pedagogical theories adapted to
foster the highest level of learning, creativity
and productivity.

 The school takes pride in its

Research Center for Theoretical Physics
(1992), that organizes small international
workshops to foster the informal but intense
exchange of ideas perspectives on
outstanding problems in physics and
mathematics.

Philippine Science High School Eastern

Visayas Campus

 It is one of the campuses of the

Philippine Science High School System
located at Pawing, Palo, Leyte and was
established on July 4,1994.

 A public specialized high school in

the Philippines under the Department of
Science and Technology.

 The students must take the

admission test called National
Competetive examination before enrolling
in this school.

3.6 Assessment

Direction: Explain Comprehensively.

Note: Use a separate sheet of paper as your answer sheet.

 1. What do you think are the other government projects and programs are available for
science education in the Philippines?
2. Identify science and technology policies that could be adapted or implemented in the
Philippines.

CHAPTER 4

Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

4.1 Introduction

This lesson focuses on indigenous science and technology in the Philippines. Filipinos,
especially during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday life. They
also developed alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world
around them. This system of knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation
of indigenous science.

4.2 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the concept of indigenous science; and
2. Discuss the contribution of indigenous science in the development of science
technology in the Philippines.

4.3 Indigenous Knowledge System

 Embedded in the daily life experience of young children as they grow up. They live and grow
in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge.
Their parents and older folks served as their first teachers and their methods of teaching are
very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. The lessons they learned are
intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment.

Examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous
people are the following:

1. Predicting Weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’

behavior and celestial bodies;
2. Using herbal medicine;
3. Preserving foods;
4. Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties;
5. Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting ;
6. Using indigenous technology in daily lives;
7. Building local irrigation system;
8. Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties;
9. Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and
10. Keeping the custom of growing plans and vegetables in the yard.

4.4 Indigenous Science

Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups
of people and early civilizations (Gribbin, 2001; Mkapa, 2004; Sibisi 2004). It includes complex
arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in
their enumerable interactions with the natural milieu: agriculture, medicine, naming and
explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing environments (Pawilen,
2005). Ogawa (1995) claimed that it is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a
given culture.

According to Cajete (2004), indigenous science includes everything, from metaphysics to

philosophy and various practical technologies practiced by indigenous peoples both past and
present. Iaccarino (2003) elaborated this idea by explaining that science is a part of culture, and
how science is done largely depends on the cultural practices of the people.
 Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent to scientific
attitudes as identified by Johnston (2000), namely (1) motivating attitudes; (2) cooperating
attitudes; (3) practical attitudes and (4) reflective attitudes. These cultural beliefs therefore can
be good foundation for developing positive values toward learning and doing science and in
bringing science in a personal level.

Pawilen (2005) explained that indigenous science knowledge has developed diverse
structures and contents through the interplay between the society and the environment.
According to Kuhn (1962), development stages of most sciences are characterized by continual
competition between a number of distinct views of nature, each partially derived from, and all
roughly compatible with the dictates of scientific observation and method. Sibisi (2004) also
pointed out that indigenous science provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food
technology, or metallurgy, which were derived from traditional knowledge and practices.

Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding indigenous science.

Accordingly, indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge that uses science
process skills and guided by community values and culture.

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

uses Guided by Composed of

Figure 6. The Concept of Indigenous Science
Science Process Skills Community Culture and Values Traditional knowledge
1. Indigenous science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring,
problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting.
2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following:
a. The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator.
b. The earth is revered as “Mother Earth”. It is the origin of their identity as people.
c. All living and non-living things are interconnected and interdependent with each
other.
d. Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources.
They have the responsibility to preserve it.
e. Nature is a friend to human beings – it needs respect and proper care
 3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by
people and communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming
methods, and folk astronomy.

Indigenous science is important in the development of science and technology in the

Philippines. Like the ancient civilizations, indigenous science gave birth to the development of
science and technology as a field and as a discipline. Indigenous science helped the people in
understanding the natural environment and in coping with everyday life. UNESCO’s Declaration
on Science and the Use of Scientific knowledge (199) recognized indigenous science as a
historical and valuable contribution to science and technology.

4.5 Assessment

Direction: Explain Comprehensively.

Note: Use a separate sheet of paper as your answer sheet.

1. What is your understanding of indigenous science?

2. Give at least 3 examples of indigenous science practices?
3. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and technology?
 CHAPTER 5

HUMAN FLORISHING

5.1 Introduction

Everyone wants happiness. Nobody wants suffering. Every human wants to be in this
light. In the same way the lovers of wisdom, the philosophers from ancient Greece tried to seek
out the highest human good and a way to embody it. The genius from ancient times that were in
love with Sophia called it eudaimonia: the happiness that stems from human flourishing.

5.2 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

1. identify different conceptions of human flourishing;
2. discuss those things that bring about happiness; and
3. recognize the traits that will help you cultivate and flourish as a person

5.3 Lesson 1

Everyone wants happiness. Nobody wants suffering.

Every human wants to be in this light. In the same way the lovers of wisdom, the
philosophers from ancient Greece, tried to seek out the highest human good and a way to
embody it. The genius from ancient times that were in love with Sophia called it eudaimonia: the
happiness that stems from human flourishing.
What is eudaimonia?
Eudaimonia is often translated as happiness or genuine happiness. A somewhat better
translation would be human flourishing, the way to reach the perfect life in so far as perfection is
attainable by humanity. Something not to be found in outer means but, according to Plotinus,
something found within the human spirit, itself.

Socrates thought all human beings wanted eudaimonia more than anything else and that
virtue was both the seed and the fruit. Virtues such as self-control, courage, justice, piety and
wisdom guaranteed a good and happy life. He contrasted eudaimonia with the life that seeks
after honour (modern fame) and pleasure (modern hedonism) because that does nothing for the
state of one’s soul and thus can never lead to the ‘incomparably more important’ eudaimonia.

Epicurus went even further down this road and said hedonism was the most ethical way
of life since pleasure was intrinsically good and pain intrinsically bad. This is different from the
way we currently think about hedonism because he thought virtue would bring the most
pleasure and so, naturally, everyone would try to be the most virtuous, while nowadays virtue is
often viewed as weak or archaic.

These views are also present in Buddhism where wisdom and compassion are the two
highest virtues, both of which are achieved by walking the eightfold path. Right view and right
intention will lead to wisdom, or, in other words, seeing reality as it is and act accordingly. Right
speech, right action and right livelihood leads to compassion where self and other overlap. And
these dispositions will greatly be enhanced by mental development of right effort, right
mindfulness and right concentration.

So, if you aren’t happy now, try asking yourself the following question: Are you sure it
comes from a desire not yet fulfilled or is it because you are just a fragmented unsatisfiable
kind? If it stems from the latter, it won’t matter what you gain in life.
How do we normally think about happiness?
This is a large and vague topic and so I will make it brief. Normally we think about
happiness as states of mind, contentment, joy, pleasure, love, that are caused by external
factors. We also think money, education and the weather have great influence on our happiness
while in actuality, they don’t. The main problem with these hedonistic utilitarian perspectives is
that at the moment you take away the stimulus the happiness will disappear with it.

Daniel Kahneman found out that most researchers complicates happiness research
because people respond to the ‘Are you happy?’ question in two different ways. The question
could either mean ‘Are you happy right now in this moment?’ or ‘Are you happy about your life?’
In other words, which self answers the question? Is it the experiencing self (ES) that checks
whether he feels happy right now, or is it the remembering self (RS) that looks at a picture
constructed by peak and valley experiences from the past and assesses if it matches your
personal idea of happiness.

Those interpreting the question as being about their life as a whole choose between
memories of experiences, not experiences themselves. They end up thinking about the future,
not as experiences they are going to have but as anticipated memories.

What do we know about happiness?

One of the assumptions we have is that we are healthy if we don’t suffer from any
mental diseases. Buddhism takes a radically different approach and says we are all sick.
Normal well-being just sucks. We are still prone to frustration, anger, irritation, disappointment,
depression, insomnia, crankiness, grumpiness, and self-centeredness. Since we lost the idea of
eudaimonia during the enlightenment, we lost the idea of exceptional states of well-being with it.
We humans are endowed with reason; we can use this reason to condition ourselves to
eliminate all conflicting and harming state of minds and cultivate positive ones. For animals
without reason, normal will stay normal. For us humans, normal can lead to exceptional.

Now, what is really true if that our remembering self (RS) alters the experiencing self
(ES), that which we are experiencing in each moment, as far as you allow it to. The more you
identify, grab hold, contract or let certain concepts persist in your experience, the more they
filter the direct experience you are having right now.

In other words, RS filling more ES space. And most of the time the dominance of the RS
is for the worse. Because the RS is never satisfied until it gets another peak experience, and
even then it is only satisfied for a moment until you are accustomed to it. The ES might enjoy an
iPod for years but the remembering self already starts fantasizing about the new release, thus
influencing the experiencing by making it actually unhappy, of course until the new release is
purchased, starting the whole samsaric cycle all over again.

To get off the hedonistic treadmill and find a way to walk that really gets you somewhere
you can try to cultivate one or more traits from this list:
1. Realize: This is the most important thing in this list. Live as much in the now as possible,
come back to the ES as much as you can. Don’t let the RS control you because then you need
to create another RS to control that one. And another and another. If you just don’t give it
attention, it will shut up and you will realize that all memories are based on experience anyways.
2. Physical strength: There is no such thing as a healthy person in a sick body. Yoga is great
for this. So is running barefoot.
3. Charity: Find a cause in which you believe and offer any help you can give.
4. Justice: Be just, you don’t want your soul be at war with itself, now do you?
5. Honest: The more conscious you get the more you will notice that lying actually hurts
yourself in the long run, not protecting it like we usually think. This is why walking this path is
sometimes called the razor’s edge, one small lie and you cut yourself.
6. Moderation: Too much of anything can be harmful. Everything in moderation (one of my
favorite adages that I learned from my favorite teacher in high school).
7. Simplicity: Trees don’t make things complicated, nor do oceans, dogs or butterflies. It’s one
of the many lessons nature gives us for free.
8. Self-discipline: To learn something, you have practice and keep with it. Self-discipline is key.
9. Self-acceptance: If you can’t even accept yourself, how can you accept others and
eventually, reality as a whole?
10. Autonomy: As long as you rely on others you are missing a crucial part yourself.
11. Personal growth: Grow your passion!
12. Environmental mastery: Clean up your place, make it conducive to well-being and
attaining your goals.
13. Positive relation with others: This is where a huge part of well-being lies!
14. Compassion: The world needs more compassionate (and happy!) people.
15. Purpose: Find some purpose in life, this will make you more grounded and less prone to
depression.
16. Fortitude: This will keep you on the path.
17. Courage: There are many things of which one can be afraid. Don’t be afraid of fear, be
courageous!
18. Patience: Not everything will come in the speed you want it. Have patience.
19. Meditation: The foundation for all your actions if you devote some time to it. It will change
all aspects of your life for the better.
20. Educate yourself: Start here!