Module 1 Ge 104
Module 1 Ge 104
Module 1 Ge 104
MODULE 1
THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS
NAME : ______________________________________
To be released on : ____________________________
To be submitted on :____________________________
Good day everyone! I am Nedelyn Q. Gulfan your Mathematics in the Modern World teacher
and I’m so excited to be your teacher this semester. I’m about to put the excitement back into
education despite of the pandemic we’re facing. Stay focus . You can do it. Goodluck !
Activity : Study the figures below. What have you observed with each picture ?
Analysis :
Search or look for things that has a similar patterns with the pictures above. List and name them.
Why did you say that they are similar. Explain.
Abstraction :
Mathematics comes from the Greek word ʺmathema”, which, in the ancient Greek means “that
which is learnt “ or “ lesson “.The study of mathematics and the use of generalized mathematical
theories and proofs are the key differences between Greek mathematics and the preceding
civilizations. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines mathematics as “ the science of structure,
order, and relations that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and
describing the shapes and characteristics of objects.
Characteristics of Mathematics
Patterns can also be seen in fish patterns like spotted trunkfish, spotted puffer, and blue
spotted stingray, spotted moral eel, coral grouper, red lion fish, yellow boxfish and angel fish.
These animals and fish stripes and spots attest to mathematical regularities in biological growth
and form. These evolutionary and functional arguments explain why these animals need their
patterns, but it is not explained how the patterns are formed.
Patterns can also be found in language. Word patterns are used in decoding like
consonant blends(words with group of two or three consonants that each make its own sound)
consonant digraphs ( words that come together to create a single sound) vowel diphthongs
(vowel that glide in the middle) and vowel digraphs (spelling pattern in which two or more
adjoining letters represent a single vowel sound).
Logic Patterns
To construct or solve a pattern, find the rule for the pattern, understand the nature of the
sequence , and analyze the difference between the two successive terms.
Example :
If the word MODERN can be encrypted, how can you decode the word WORLD ?
Number Patterns
Mathematics is very useful in making predictions. Working with number patterns leads directly
to the concept of functions in mathematics, The number pattern helps make a generalization of
how the numbers are arranged in a sequence.
Example :
Millions of patterns can be found in the environment. These patterns occur in various forms and
in different contexts which can be modeled mathematically.
Examples are : symmetries, trees, spirals, waves , tessellations, stripes etc.
Symmetry means that one shape becomes exactly like another shape when you move it in some
way : turn, flip, or slide.
Symmetry is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of balance or an object is invariant
to any various transformations (reflection, rotation or scaling). In other words symmetries are
when different sides of something are alike.
We have two main types of symmetry, bilateral and radial. Bilateral symmetry is a symmetry in
which the left and right sides of the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of
each other along the midline. Symmetry exists in living things such as in insects, animals, plants,
flowers, and others. Animals mainly have bilateral or vertical symmetry, even leaves of plants
and some flowers such as orchids. Radial symmetry (or rotational symmetry) is a type of
symmetry around a fixed point known as the centre and it can be classified as either cyclic or
dihedral. Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as to flowers and some groups of
animals. A five-fold symmetry is found in the echinoderms, the group which includes starfish
(dihedral- D5 symmetry), sea urchins, and sea lilies (dihedral –D5 symmetry). Radial symmetry
suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do not move and jellyfish (dihedral-D4
symmetry). Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of flowers.
Trees in mathematics are undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by
exactly one path.
Tessellation or a tiling is a pattern of shapes that fit perfectly together that have no overlaps
or gaps.
People are familiar with waves : the shape of a wave repeats itself over a consistent period
of time.
Current researches in biology have created a models of patterns as diverse as zebra stripes ,
jaguar spots , shell patterns (geometrical layouts of spots and stripes).Stripes are made by series
of bands or strips, often of the same width and color along the length.
Beehives is another example of pattern in nature that can be modeled mathematically.
Sunflowers boast of radial symmetry and another type of numerical symmetry known in
mathematics as the Fibonacci Sequence.
Lesson 2 :FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa who was better known by his nickname
Fibonacci. Fibonacci observed numbers in nature. His most popular contribution is the number
that is seen in petals of flowers(calla lily has1, trillium has 3, hibiscus has 5, cosmos has 8, corn
marigold has 13 some asters have 21) which represents numbers in the Fibonacci sequence.
Another interesting observation by Fibonacci is the rabbit population beginning from a pair of
the first generation.
The first eight terms of the Fibonacci sequence denoted by Fn are :
Fn =
which means F1=1, F2=1 , F3=2, F4=3,…….
In general,
F1=F2
F3= F2+ F1
F4=F3+F2
Adding two consecutive terms will result to another Fibonacci sequence.
Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2
Where Fn - Fibonacci number
Fn-1 - the previous term
Fn-2 – the term before Fn-1
Example : Use the Fibonacci number to find the 9th term of the Fibonacci numbers.
Solution :
The first 8 Fibonacci numbers are 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21. Thus,
F9 = F8 + F7
= 21 +13
= 34
When we take any two successive (one after the other) Fibonacci numbers, their ratio close to the
In fact, the bigger the pair of Fibonacci Numbers, the closer the approximation. Let us try a
few:
A B B/A
2 3 1.5
3 5 1.66666666…
5 8 1.6
However, one may calculate the Fibonacci number using the Golden Ratio.
These numbers can be applied to the proportions of a rectangle, called the Golden Rectangle.
This is known as one of the most visually satisfying of all geometric forms. The Golden
rectangle is also related to the Golden spiral, which is created by making adjacent squares
Fibonacci dimensions.
The formula is
where n is the nth term of the sequence
The ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers as n becomes large approaches the golden
ratio, that is 1.6180339887….
Golden Ratio denoted by Greek letter “phi” ( ).
=1+
2
=1.6180339887
Fn=
The answer comes out as a whole number, exactly equal to the addition of the previous two
terms.
Example: X7
√5
When I used a calculator on this (only entering the Golden Ratio to 6 decimal places) , a more
accurate calculation would closer to 13.
Plants have distinct characteristics of Golden Ratio where they establish a Fibonacci
sequence in the number of leaves. Even the eyes of a pineapple follow the golden ratio and
golden spiral. The spiral happens naturally when each new cell is formed after a turn, as plants
grow new cells in spiral format and this pattern is seen on seeds arrangement of the beautiful
sunflower, rose petals, comfrey flowers, fern fiddleheads, flower buds, spiral aloe, and pine
cones. Leaves, branches and petals grow in spiral form in order for the new leaves do not block
the older leaves from the sun ray or maximum amount of rain or dew gets directed down to the
roots. If a plant spirals, the rotation tends to be fraction made with two successive Fibonacci
numbers, for example , 1-2,3-5 or even 5-8 also common that getting closer to the golden ratio.
The Golden Ratio can be used to achieve beauty, balance and harmony in art, architecture and
design. It can be used as a tool in art design to achieve balance in the composition.
3.Mathematical Inquiry
Using mathematics to express ideas or to solve problems involves at least three phases :(1)
representing some aspects of things abstractly (2) manipulating the abstractions by rules of logic
to find new relationships between them (3)seeing whether the new relationships say something
useful about the original things.
4.Abstraction and Symbolic Representation
Mathematical thinking often begins with the process of abstraction- noticing a similarity
between two or more objects or events. Whole numbers are abstractions that represent the size of
set of things and events or the order of things within the set.
5.Manipulating Mathematical statements
After abstractions have been made and symbolic representations of them have been selected,
those symbols can be combined and recombined in various ways according to precisely defined
rules.
6.Application
Mathematical processes can lead to a kind of model of a thing, from which insights can be
gained about the thing itself. Any mathematical relationships arrived by manipulating abstract
statements may or may not convey something truthful about the thing being modeled.
Restaurant Tipping
Netflix film viewing
Calculating bills
Computing Test scores
Tracking Career
Doing exercise
Handling Money
Making countdowns
Baking and Cooking
Surfing Internet
Other applications of mathematics are in forensic science, medicine, engineering, information,
technology, cryptography, archaeology, social sciences, political science and other fields.
In forensic, mathematics is applied specifically the differential and integral calculus to clarity
the blurred image to clear image. Another application of calculus is optimization (maximize or
minimize) surface areas, volumes, profit and cost analysis, projectile motion, etc.
In medical field, much of function of a protein is determined by its shape and how the pieces
move. Many drugs are designed to change the shape or motions of a protein by modeling using
geometry and related areas. Mathematics is also being applied in the development of medicine to
cure diseases.
In fluid dynamics, engineers use numerical analysis in phenomena involving heat, electricity,
and magnetism, relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics, and other theoretical constructs.
In information technology, modern computers are invented thru the help of mathematics. An
important area of applications of mathematics is in the development of formal mathematical
theories related to the development of computer science.
Cryptography is a combination of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated
closely with information theory, computer security and engineering. It is used in applications
present in technologically advanced societies,; examples include the security of ATM cards,
computer passwords and electronic commerce.
In archaeology, archaeologists use a variety of mathematical and statistical techniques to
present the data from archaeological surveys and try to find patterns to shed light on past human
behaviour and in carbon dating artefacts.
In social sciences such as economics, sociology, psychology, and linguistics all now make
extensive use of mathematical models, using the tools of calculus, probability, game theory, and
network theory.
In Political science, political analysts study the past election results to see changes in voting
patterns and the influence of various factors on voting behaviour, on switching of votes among
political parties and mathematical models for Conflict Resolution using Game Theory and
Statistics.
In music and arts, the rhythm that we find in all music notes is the result of innumerable
permutations and combinations. Music theorists understand musical structure and communicate
new ways of hearing music by applying set theory, abstract, algebra, and number theory.
Module 1
Introduction :
Hello, How are you doing ? Hope you are ready to start your second lesson.
Activity : Using the given variables, translate the following to mathematical expressions.
1.a+9 _______________________________________
2. b+ 0 = b _______________________________________
3. t/100 _______________________________________
4. 3.1416 _______________________________________
Abstraction :
The language of mathematics makes it easy to express the kinds of symbols,syntax and
rules that mathematician like to do and characterized by the following :
The most common expression types are numbers, sets , and functions .
Example:
Example : The sentence “ 1+2 =3” is true. The sentence “1+2 =4” is false.
The order of operations or BODMAS/PEMDAS is merely a set of rules that prioritize the
sequence of operations starting from the most common important to the last important.
Step 1. Do as much as you can to simplify everything inside the parenthesis first.
Step 3 . Multiply and divide whichever comes first, from left to right
Examples :
1. Evaluate : (11-5) x 2 – 3 + 1
Solution : remove the parenthesis : 6 x 2 -3 + 1
Multiply : 12-3 + 1
Subtract : 9 +1
Add : 10
2. Simplify : 4 – 3
Solution :4–3
4 - 3 [4 - 6 ] ÷ 2
4 - 3 [-2] ÷ 2
4+ 6 ÷2
4+3
1. Set
A set is a collection of well-defined objects that contains no duplicates. The objects in the set
are called the elements of the set. Braces {} are used to describe a set. Capital letters are used
to represent a set.
Examples :
1. The bank accounts in a bank.
2. The set of natural numbers.
N= { 1,2,3,,4,…}
The 3 dots in enumerating the elements of the set are called ellipsis and indicate a
continuing pattern.
A finite set contains elements that can be counted and terminates at certain natural number,
otherwise, it is infinite set.
Specification Of sets
Examples :
1. {1,12,45}
2. {George Washington, Bill Clinton}
3. {a,b, d, m }
2.Rule Method/ Set-Builder Notation – stating the property of its elements.
Example :
3. Recursive Rules – by defining a set of rules which generates or defines its members.
Example :
1. The set E of even numbers greater than 3.
2. If x
Types of Set
Finite set – is a set whose elements are limited or countable and the last element can be
identified.
Equal Sets
Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements.
Examples :
1.
2. {6,7,7,7} ={6,7}
Equivalent Sets
Two sets are equivalent if they contain the same number of elements.
Examples :
Solution : All of the given sets are equivalent because they all have the same number of
elements.
Universal Set
A set that contains all the elements considered in a particular situation and denoted by U.
Example :
Subset
Examples :
A proper subset is a subset that is not equal to the original set, otherwise improper subset.
Example : Given {3,5,7} then the proper subsets are { } ,{3,5},{3,7},{5,7}. The improper
subset is {3,5,7}.
Power Set
Example : Given set A = {x,y}, the power (A) = { },{x},{y},{x,y} or {x/x is a subset of A.
Unit set – is a set with only one element, also called singleton.
Example: J= {x| x is a whole number greater than 2 but not less than 6}
Example: M={x| x is a counting number less than 1} because there is no counting number
less than 1.
Cardinal number of a set – is the number of elements or members cardinality of set A is
denoted by n(A).
Operations on Sets :
Union
- is an operation for sets A and B in which a set is formed that consists of all the elements
included in A or B or both denoted by U as A U B.
Example :
Solution :
A UB = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
A U C ={1,2,3,5,7}
{ AU B} U 8 ={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 }
Intersection
Find :
B∩ 𝐶, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 , {𝐴 ∩ 𝐷} ∩ 𝐷
Solution :
A or { }
{A ∩ 𝐷 }
Complementation
Solution : A ‘ = {a,b}
2.Relation
A relation is a rule that pairs each element in one set, called the domain , with one or more
elements from a second set called the range. It creates a set of ordered pairs.
Example :
1.
{ (New Year’s Day, January 1), (Labor Day, May 1),(Independence Day, June 12),(Bonifacio
Day, November 30 ), ( Rizal Day, December 30 }
3. Function
- is a rule that pairs each element in one set called the domain, with exactly one element from
the second set called the range.
Example :
1. Table
Side (S) 1 3 5 7 9
Perimeter 4 12 20 28 36
(P)
2. Ordered Pairs
{(1,4),(3,12),(5,20),(7,28),(9,36)}
3.Mapping
4.Binary Function
A binary operation on a set is a calculation involving two elements of the set to produce
another element of the set.
A binary operation on a finite set is displayed in a table which shows how the operation
is to be performed. A binary operation * is defined on the set {1,2,3,4}.The table below
shows the 16 possible answers using this operation :
* 1 2 3 4
1 4 3 2 1
2 3 1 4 2
3 2 4 1 3
4 1 2 3 4
( To read the table : read the first value from the left hand column and the second
value from the top row. The answer is the intersection point).
Examples : 1. What is 2 * 2 ? answer : 1
2.Is 4 * 3 commutative ? answer : yes, 4*3 = 3 and 3*4 =3
Proposition is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false,but not both.
The truth value of prepositions is the truth and falsity of the preposition.
Simple proposition is a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.
Compound proposition contains two or more simple propositions that are put together using
connective words like and ,or, not, and if…then, but …..
Example :
Rowena is passing in Mathematics but she is failing in Social Science .(compound proposition)
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES:
2.Disjunction – two simple propositions that are connected using the word or.
3.Negation
The negation of a given statement is a statement that is false, whenever the given statement is
true, and true whenever the given statement is false.
4.Conditional –two simple propositions that are connected using the words if …then.
Denoted symbolically by 𝑝 →q, where is the symbol for “if then”,
5.Biconditional
Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and consequent of the first
statement have been switched in the second statement.
p if and only q”; symbolically p q, where is the symbol for “if and only if”.
SYMBOLS
and ∧ conjunction
or disjunction
not ~ negation
If…then → conditional
Example :
3.If you will recite the poem ,then you will pass the oral examination.(conditional)
4.If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angle opposite them are
congruent.(biconditional)
Her aunt’s name is Lucia is the negation of the statement Her aunt’s name is not Lucia.
Closure : You have completed the module. Congratulations ! Proceed to the last task given
below.
MODULE SUMMARY
Mathematics is a science that deals with the logic of shape, quantity and arrangement, it is the
building block for all human endeavors and activities. The most important use of mathematics is
how people apply it in their line of work.
REFERENCES :
Romeo M. Daligdig ,EdD ,2019,Mathematics in the Modern World , Lorimar Publishing Inc.,10-
B Boston St, Brgy. Kaunlaran, Cubao, Quezon City Philippines.
Esmeralda A. Manlulu et.al,2019, Course module for Mathematics in the Modern World, Rex
Book Store, Nicanor Reyes St, C. M. Recto Avenue, Manila Philippines
Recto “Rex” Calingasan et.al, 2018, Mathematics in the Modern World, C and E Publishing,C
and E Publishing Inc. South Triangle , Quezon City
Mary Joy Rodriguez et .al . ,2018 , Mathematics in the Modern World, Nieme Publishing House
Co. LTD ,Brgy. Kaunlaran, Cubao, Quezon City Philippines
SERAPION C. BSALO MEMORIAL COLLGES, INC
MODULE 1
Application :EXERCISES
_________________________l. 3x
_________________________ 2. 2n+ 3 = 7
_________________________3. 3x/3y
_________________________4. X2 = 9
_________________________5.x+ y = 9
B:Direction : Write the elements of the following sets. Perform the indicated operations:
B= ___________________________
C= ___________________________
a. A∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 =
b.A∪ 𝐶 ∩ 𝐵 =
C. Let p represents "Mathematics is difficult " and let q be " PE is easy",and let b "Biology is
interesting " Write each symbolic statement in word.
1.~p v ~ q : _________________________________________________________________
2. p∧~ 𝑏 : __________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ~p→ 𝑞 : _________________________________________________________________________________________
4. p v q → 𝑏 : ______________________________________________________________________________________
5.q↔ 𝑏 : __________________________________________________________________________________________
4. If you have a wooden board that is 0.75 meters wide, how long should you cut it such that the
Golden Ratio is observed ? Use 1.618 as the value of the Golden Ratio. Show your solution.
Module Assessment :
Write an essay about the uses and/or application of mathematics in the world focusing on the
following questions: What new ideas did you learn ? What is it about mathematics that might
have changed your thoughts about it? Is Mathematics useful for human kind? Give one example
of mathematics application in your own life.