Properties of Fluids

Review from M.D.B.

7.) Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
𝑑𝑝 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 (Stress-Strain Diagram)
𝐸𝐵 = − =− Actual Rupture Strength
𝑑𝑉ൗ 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 /𝑉1
𝑉 𝜎
8.) Coefficient of Compressibility
1
𝛽=
𝐸𝐵 Yield Point
Where: Rupture Strength
Ultimate Strength
𝑑𝑝 = Change in pressure Elastic Limit
𝑑𝑉 = Change in volume Proportional Limit
𝐸𝐵 = Bulk modulus of elasticity
𝜖
𝛽 = Coefficient of Compressibility
𝜎
𝜎 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝜖

𝜖 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝐸
By Substitution
𝜎
𝐸= ; 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖 ⟶ Hooke’s Law
𝜖
Relationship between Pressure and Stress
𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑡

Pressure

Exploratory Stress
Section
From Equilibrium Principle
Σ𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 ; 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ; 𝑝=𝜎

Types of Strain (Unit Deformation)

1.) Normal/Axial Strain ⟶ Change of Length
2.) Tangential/Shearing Strain ⟶ Change of Shape
3.) Volumetric Strain ⟶ Change of Volume
Illustration
Δ𝐿

Δ𝐿
Δ𝐻

𝐿 𝐿 𝐻

𝐿
𝑊 Δ𝐿
Δ𝑊
(a) (b) (c)
Δ𝐿 Δ𝐿 Δ𝑉
𝜖= 𝜖= 𝜖= ; Δ𝑉 = Δ𝐿 Δ𝑊 Δ𝐻
𝐿 why? 𝐿 𝑉
Question:
𝑑𝑝 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 Case in Point:
𝐸𝐵 = − =−
𝑑𝑉ൗ 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 Initial Condition 𝑝1 ; 𝑉1
𝑉 𝑉 1
Final Condition 𝑝2 ; 𝑉2
Relationship between Pressure and Volume
1 If
𝑝∝ 𝑝1 > 𝑝2 ⟶ 𝑉1 < 𝑉2
𝑉
If
𝑝1 < 𝑝2 ⟶ 𝑉1 > 𝑉2
Problem 7
A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at a pressure of 1
MPa and a volume of 0.995 liter at a pressure of 2 MPa. The bulk modulus
of elasticity of the liquid is:

Initial Condition Final Condition

𝑝1 = 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑝2 = 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉1 = 1 𝐿 𝑉2 = 0.995 𝐿

Solution 1 2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝐸𝐵 = − = 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 /𝑉1

1 0.995 1
Problem 8
Water in a hydraulic press, initially at 137 kPa absolute, is subjected to a
pressure of 116,280 kPa absolute. Using 𝐸𝐵 =2.5 GPa, determine the percentage
decrease in the volume of water.

Initial Condition Final Condition

𝑝1 = 137 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑝2 = 116,280 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉1 =? 𝑉2 =?

Concept:
𝑏𝑢𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑎
𝐺𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑜, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑖𝑛 % = 𝑥100%
𝑏𝑢𝑜
Solution
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑉
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑥100% = 𝑥100%
𝑉
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Therefore
2.5 1,000,000 137 116,280
𝑑𝑝 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝑑𝑉
𝐸𝐵 = − =− ; = −0.0465
𝑑𝑉ൗ 𝑑𝑉ൗ 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
𝑑𝑉
𝑥100% = 4.65 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉
 Properties of Fluids
7.) Surface Tension Surface Tension:
𝑃𝑔 𝑑 𝑁 Behaves like an elastic sheet
𝜎= ⟶
4 𝑚
8.) Capillarity/capillary Action
a.) rise/attraction
L.S.
b.) depression/repulsion
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ= ⟶𝑚
𝛾𝑓 𝑑

Where:
𝜎 = surface tension in N/m
Capillary Action:
𝑃𝑔 = gage pressure Gradual penetration
ℎ = capillary rise/capillary depression
Soil
𝜃 = angle between L.S. and side of the
conduits
𝜃 = 140° − 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦
𝜃 = 0° − 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 L.S.
𝑑 = diameter of the tube
 Capillary Action/Capillarity in Fluid
Capillary Tube
/Thin Bore Tube
Note:
𝑑 < 9.5𝑚𝑚∅

Surface
Tension

(a) Attraction (b) Repulsion

𝜃

ℎ
ℎ
𝜃
𝑑

(c) Rise (d) Depression

Problem 7
What is the value of the surface tension of a small drop of water 0.3 mm in diameter
which is in contact with air if the pressure within the droplet is 561 Pa?
Solution 0.3
561
1000
𝑃𝑔 𝑑
𝜎= = 0.042 𝑁/𝑚
4

Problem 8
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of diameter 3 mm. Use
𝜎=0.0728 N/m and 𝛾=9810 N/m^3 for water.
Solution 0.0728
0
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ= = 9.89𝑥10−3 𝑚 = 9.9 𝑚𝑚
𝛾𝑓 𝑑
9810
3
1000
 Principles of
Hydrostatics
NOTE:
Hydrostatic
⟶ Behavior of forces in fluid under the condition of equilibrium
Fluid Dynamics
⟶ Behavior of forces in fluid under the condition of acceleration
 Pressure due to fluid
Where:
(A) 𝑃 = pressure
𝐹 𝑁
𝑝 = ⟶ 2 = 𝑃𝑎 𝐹 = force
𝐴 𝑚
𝐴 = cross sectional area
Pascal’s Law
“At any point in a fluid, the pressure is equal and the same in all direction.”
7 8 9 10

Homogeneous
1
3 4 5 6 Liquid

2
NOTE:
Key principle
“if you can move from Pt 1 to Pt 2 by passing thru only one fluid,
the pressure is equal”
Therefore,
𝑝3 = 𝑝4 = 𝑝5 = 𝑝6
𝑝7 = 𝑝8 = 𝑝9 = 𝑝10
Problem 9
In the figure shown, determine the weight W that can be carried by the
1.5 kN force acting on the piston.
𝑊 =?
300𝑚𝑚∅

1.5 𝑘𝑁 1 2
30𝑚𝑚∅ 𝑂𝑖𝑙, 𝐺 = 0.82

(A) (B)

Solution 1.5 𝑊
300
30 𝐹2 𝜋
𝐹1 𝜋
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 ; 𝑝1 = 𝑑1 2 ; 𝑝2 = 𝑑2 2
𝐴1 4 𝐴2 4
Therefore,
1.5 𝑊
𝜋 =𝜋
302 3002
4 4

𝑊 = 150 𝑘𝑁
Problem 10
The hydraulic press shown is filled with oil with sp. gr. 0.82. Neglecting
the weight of the two pistons. What force F on the handle is required to
support the 10 kN weight?
10 𝑘𝑁
Ans; 65.29 N
𝐹
Solution 𝐹2 25𝑚𝑚 400𝑚𝑚
75𝑚𝑚∅
10 𝑝 = 𝑝 𝐴2
1 2 C
𝐹1 𝜋 A
𝑑2 2 B 25𝑚𝑚∅
𝐴1 4 1 2
𝜋 𝑂𝑖𝑙, 𝐺 = 0.82
𝑑1 2 25
4 Using Equilibrium Equation
75 ↷ +Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝐹2 = 1.11 𝑘𝑁 1.11
Isolate the handle 𝐹 425 − 𝐹2 25 = 0
𝐹
25𝑚𝑚 400𝑚𝑚
𝐹 = 0.0653 𝑘𝑁
𝐹 = 65.3 𝑁
C
B
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹2 = 1.11 𝑘𝑁