Total Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

Case 1: Fluid is above the curved surface

L.S.
Concept:
𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 2 = 𝐹ℎ 2 + 𝐹𝑣 2
𝐹𝑣 𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Horizontal Component:
ത
𝐹ℎ = 𝛾𝑓 ℎ𝐴
𝐹ℎ 𝑒
𝐼𝑔
𝑒=
𝐴𝑦ത
Vertical Component:
𝐹𝑣 = 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉
Where,
𝑊 =Weight of the liquid above the curve
𝑉 =Volume of the liquid above the curve
projected to the liquid surface
Case 2: Fluid is below the curved surface
L.S.
Concept:
𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 2 = 𝐹ℎ 2 + 𝐹𝑣 2

Horizontal Component:
ത
𝐹ℎ = 𝛾𝑓 ℎ𝐴
𝐼𝑔
𝑒=
𝐴𝑦ത
𝐹ℎ 𝑒 Vertical Component:

𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉

𝐹𝑣 Where,
𝑊 =Weight of the liquid above the curve
𝑉 =Volume of the liquid above the curve
projected to the liquid surface
Case 3: Fluid is above and below the curved surface
Above the curved surface,
L.S. L.S.

𝐹𝑣,1
Side View

Below the curved surface, Net Vertical Force

L.S. L.S.

Side View Side View

𝐹𝑣,2
𝐹𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑣,2 − 𝐹𝑣,1
𝐹𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Problem 27
The crest gate shown consists of a cylindrical surface of which AB is the base
supported by a structural frame hinged at O. the length of the gate is 10 m.
compute the magnitude and location of the horizontal and vertical components of
the total pressure on AB.

L.S. B 𝐿 = 10𝑚

𝐹ℎ 10𝑚 𝐹ℎ ℎ =?
60° 𝑒
A O 𝑧
Cross
Location, 𝒛 =? 1.44
Section
𝑧 = 4.33 − 𝑒 = 2.89 𝑚
Solution
Horizontal Force 10 8.66
9.81 4.33 𝐼𝑔 𝑏ℎ3
𝑒= ; 𝐼𝑔 = = 541.22 𝑚4
ത
𝐹ℎ = 𝛾𝑓 ℎ𝐴 = 3678.53 𝑘𝑁 𝐴𝑦ത 12
ത
ℎ =?
10 8.66
From the shaded triangle, 𝑦ത = ℎത = 4.33 𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = ℎ/10 ; ℎ = 8.66 𝑚 Substitute 541.22
Thus, 𝐼𝑔
ℎ 𝑒= = 1.44 𝑚
ℎത = = 4.33 𝑚 𝐴𝑦ത
2 10 8.66 4.33
 𝑧2 𝑎 =?
Vertical Force
From the shaded triangle,
𝐹𝑣
L.S.
𝑐𝑜𝑠60 = 𝑥/10
10𝑚 10𝑚 𝑥 =5𝑚
8.66
60° 60°
A O
𝑥
Thus, 5
𝑎 = 10 − 𝑥 = 5 𝑚
𝐹𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉 Substitute,
𝜋
60
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 − 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 5 10 180
1 1 2
Where, 1
𝑉= 𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ − 𝜃𝑟 𝐿
2 2
𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴𝐿 ; 𝐴 = 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ
2 8.66 10 10
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐴𝐿 1
; 𝐴 = 𝜃𝑟 2 𝑉 = 125.90 𝑚3
2
Or, Back to Vertical Force
9.81
1 1 125.90
𝑉= 𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ − 𝜃𝑟 2 𝐿 𝐹𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉 = 1235.08 𝑘𝑁
2 2
Location, 𝒛𝟐 =? 𝑧2
𝐹𝑣

L.S. B

𝐹ℎ 10𝑚
60° 𝑧
A O

↻ +Σ𝑀𝑂 = 0
1235.08
3678.53
𝐹ℎ 𝑧 − 𝐹𝑣 𝑧2 = 0

2.89

𝑧2 = 8.61 𝑚
 Problem 28
Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force per meter length due to water acting
on the radial tainter gate shown in the figure.
L.S. 𝐿 = 1𝑚 ℎത =? ℎ
6𝑚 ℎത =
2
60° 𝐹ℎ ℎ =? From the shaded triangle,

Cross
Section 6𝑚 ℎ
60° ℎ =? 2
Solution
𝐹𝑅 2 = 𝐹ℎ 2 + 𝐹𝑣 2
Horizontal Force ℎ/2
𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = ; ℎ =6𝑚
6
9.81 3 1 6
ത
𝐹ℎ = 𝛾𝑓 ℎ𝐴 Therefore
ℎ
ℎത = = 3𝑚
𝐹ℎ = 176.58 𝑘𝑁 2
Vertical Force 𝜋
60 6 1
𝐹𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉 180
1 2 1
𝑉 = 𝜃𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 2 𝐿
L.S. 2 2
6𝑚 60
6
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
60° 𝑉 = 3.26 𝑚3

Therefore 9.81
3.26
𝐹𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝐹𝑣 = 31.98 𝑘𝑁
Where,
1 Resultant force
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐴𝐿 ; 𝐴 = 𝜃𝑟 2 176.58 31.98
2
1
𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝐴𝐿 ; 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 2 𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹ℎ 2 + 𝐹𝑣 2
2
Or,
𝐹𝑅 = 179.45 𝑘𝑁
1 2 1
𝑉= 𝜃𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 2 𝐿
2 2
Problem 29
In the figure shown, the 1.20 m diameter cylinder. 1.20 m long is acted upon by water
on the left and oil having sp. gr. Of 0.80 on the right. Determine the components
of the reaction at B if the cylinder weighs 19.62kN.
Horizontal Force
L=1.2m
0.80 9.81
Water 0.6𝑚 1.2 1.2
ത
𝐹𝑂,ℎ = 𝛾𝑓 ℎ𝐴

Oil 1.2𝑚 0.60

B 𝐹𝑂,ℎ = 6.781 𝑘𝑁
Vertical Force
Solution 𝐹𝑂,𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉
Isolate Right Side 1.2 1.2
𝐿 = 1.2 𝜋 2
4 𝑑 𝐿
𝑉= = 0.679 𝑚3
2
Oil 0.80 9.81
𝐹𝑂,ℎ
𝐹𝑂,𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉 = 5.329 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑂,𝑣 0.679
Isolate Left Side Vertical Force
𝐹𝑤,𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉
1.2 1.2
Water 𝐿 = 1.2 𝜋 2
ℎത = 1.2 𝑑 𝐿
𝑉= 4 = 0.679 𝑚3
2
9.81
𝐹𝑤,ℎ 0.679
𝐹𝑤,𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉 = 6.661 𝑘𝑁

Original Figure
𝐹𝑤,𝑣
Water 𝑊 = 19.62 𝑘𝑁
Horizontal Force
𝐹𝑤,ℎ Oil
9.81 1.2 1.2 𝐹𝑂,ℎ
B
ത
𝐹𝑤,ℎ = 𝛾𝑓 ℎ𝐴
𝑅𝐻
𝐹𝑤,𝑣
1.20 𝐹𝑂,𝑣
Σ𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑅𝑉
𝐹𝑤,ℎ = 16.952 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐻 = 10.171 𝑘𝑁
Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑅𝑉 = 7.63 𝑘𝑁
Problem 30
Determine the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical components of the total
force per meter length acting on the three-quarter cylinder gate shown.

L.S. Horizontal Force 3

9.81
2 1
2𝑚 ത
𝐹1,ℎ = 𝛾𝑓 ℎ𝐴
A
2𝑚 𝐹1,ℎ = 58.86 𝑘𝑁
B
Vertical Force

Solution 𝐹1,𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉 ; 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑐 − 𝑉𝑞𝑢𝑎

1.) Isolate Upper Quarter Circle
Where,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝐴𝐿 ; 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ

1
𝑉𝑞𝑢𝑎 = 𝐴𝐿 ; 𝐴= 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐿 = 1𝑚 ℎത = 3𝑚 4
Or,
2𝑚 𝐹1,ℎ
1
𝑉 = 𝑏ℎ − 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿
4
𝐹1,𝑣
Therefore 9.81 4 2 Vertical Force
1
1 𝐹2,𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉 ; 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖
𝐹1,𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑏ℎ − 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿
4
Where,
2
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝐴𝐿 ; 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐹1,𝑣 = 47.66 𝑘𝑁
1
2.) Isolate Lower Semi Circle 𝑉𝑞𝑢𝑎 = 𝐴𝐿 ; 𝐴= 𝜋𝑟 2
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 Or,
L.S.
1
𝑉 = 𝑏ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿
2
2𝑚
A Therefore 9.81 4 2 1
ℎത = 5𝑚
2𝑚 𝐹2,𝑣 1
B 𝐿 = 1𝑚 𝐹2,𝑣 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑏ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿
2
𝐹2,ℎ,𝐿 𝐹2,ℎ,𝑅 4
𝐹2,𝑣 = 218.60 𝑘𝑁
Cross
Horizontal Force Section
𝐹2,ℎ,𝐿 = 𝐹2,ℎ,𝑅
Thus, 𝐹2,ℎ,𝑁𝑒𝑡 = 0
Computing Net Vertical
218.60
𝐹𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹2,𝑣 − 𝐹1,𝑣

47.66

𝐹𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 170.94 𝑘𝑁 ↓

Computing Net Horizontal

𝐹ℎ,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹1,ℎ = 58.86 𝑘𝑁

 BOUYANCY
Lower Upper
Curve Curve

𝑉1 𝑉2
𝐹2

𝐹1
Lower Curve Note:
𝐹1 = 𝛾1 𝑉1 𝛾1 = 𝛾2 = 𝛾𝑓
Upper Curve Thus,
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝐹2 = 𝛾2 𝑉2
but
Net Vertical Force
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 Therefore,

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝛾1 𝑉1 − 𝛾2 𝑉2 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 ↑

 Archimedes Principle
Any body that is immersed in the Liquid is acted upon by an upward
force known as Bouyant Force which is equivalent to the weight of the displaced
fluid.

Relations Between Bouyant force

and Body Force

𝑊 Using Equilibrium Equation

↑+↓ −Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0

𝑊 = 𝐵𝐹

𝐵𝐹
 Partial Immersion
𝑊
Case 1:
In terms of 𝑊 = 𝐵𝐹
Volume 𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝛾𝑏 𝑉𝑏 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝑑
𝜸𝑩𝒐𝒅𝒚
𝛾𝑏 𝑉𝑏 𝐺𝑏 𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑑 = ; 𝑉𝑑 =
𝛾𝑓 𝛾𝑓 𝐺𝑓
𝐵𝐹
𝑊
Case 2:
In terms of 𝛾𝑏 𝑉𝑏 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝑑
Area 𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑏 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐿 ; 𝑉𝑑 = 𝐴𝑑 𝐿
𝐴𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝛾𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
𝛾𝑏 𝐴𝑔 𝐿 = 𝛾𝑓 𝐴𝑑 𝐿
𝐿
𝛾𝑓 𝛾𝑏 𝐴𝑏 𝐺𝑏 𝐴𝑏
𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝑑 = ; 𝐴 𝑑 =
𝛾𝑓 𝐺𝑓
𝑊
Case 3:
In terms of 𝛾𝑏 𝑉𝑏 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝑑
𝛾𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
length 𝐻 𝑉𝑏 = 𝐴𝐻 ; 𝑉𝑑 = 𝐴𝐷
𝐷
𝛾𝑏 𝐴𝐻 = 𝛾𝑓 𝐴𝐷
𝛾𝑓 𝐵𝐹 𝛾𝑏 𝐻 𝐺𝑏 𝐻
𝐷= ;𝐷 =
𝛾𝑓 𝐺𝑓
Problem 31
An iceberg having specific gravity of 0.92 is floating on salt water of sp.
Gr. 1.03. if the volume of ice above the water surface is 1000 m^3, what is the
total volume of the ice.
Relations Between Draft
Volume and Body Volume
3
𝑉𝑏,𝑢𝑝 = 1000 𝑚 0.92
𝐺𝑏 𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑑 =
𝐺𝑓
𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑏,𝑢𝑝
𝐺𝑏 = 0.92 1.03
𝐺𝑓 = 1.03 𝑉𝑑 1000

𝑉𝑏 = 9364.64 𝑚3

Solution

Total Volume of the Body

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏,𝑢𝑝 + 𝑉𝑑
Or
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑏,𝑢𝑝
Problem 32
A block of wood 0.60m x 0.60 m x h meters in dimension was thrown
into the water and floats with 0.18 m projecting above the water surface. The
same block was thrown into a container of a liquid having a specific gravity of
0.90 and it floats with 0.14 m projecting above the surface. Determine the
following; (a.) the value of h (b.) the specific gravity of the block (c.) the weight
of the block

0.60
0.60 𝑊 𝑊 0.14
0.18
ℎ
ℎ − 0.18 ℎ − 0.14 𝐺2 = 0.90
𝐺1 = 1.00
𝐵𝐹 𝐵𝐹

Solution 1.) Water 2.) Unknown Liquid

Water:
Relations Between Draft Depth and Body Depth
ℎ
𝐺𝑏 𝐻
𝐷= ; 𝐺𝑏 ℎ = ℎ − 0.18 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄1
𝐺𝑓
ℎ − 0.18 1.00
Unknown Liquid:
Relations Between Draft Depth and Body Depth
ℎ
𝐺𝑏 𝐻
𝐷= ; 𝐺𝑏 ℎ = 0.90 ℎ − 0.14 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄2
𝐺𝑓
Weight of the Block
ℎ − 0.14 0.90
0.667 9.81
Summary
𝐺𝑏 𝛾𝑤
𝐺𝑏 ℎ = ℎ − 0.18 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄1
𝐺𝑏 ℎ = 0.90 ℎ − 0.14 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄2 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑏 𝑉𝑏
Apply Substitution 0.54
ℎ − 0.18 = 0.90 ℎ − 0.14 𝑏𝑤ℎ
0.60
ℎ = 0.54 𝑚
0.60
Computing 𝐺𝑏 =?
Using 𝐸𝑄1 𝑊 = 1.272 𝑘𝑁
0.54 0.54
𝐺𝑏 ℎ = ℎ − 0.18

𝐺𝑏 = 0.667
Problem 33
The block shown in the figure weighs 35000 Lbs. find the value of h,

12ft x 12ft
LS
LS 𝑊
G=0.80 3ft 3ft
9ft
𝐵𝐹1
G=1.0 h

h
Solution
𝐵𝐹2
0.80 1.0 62.4
Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0 62.4
𝑊 = 𝐵𝐹1 + 𝐵𝐹2 ; 𝐵𝐹1 = 𝐺1 𝛾𝑤 𝑉1 ; 𝐵𝐹2 = 𝐺2 𝛾𝑤 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 12 12 3 𝑉2 = 12 12 ℎ

Substitute 𝑉1 = 432 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑉2 = 144ℎ 𝑓𝑡 3

35000 = 0.80 62.4 432 + 1. 0 62.4 144ℎ

ℎ = 1.495
Problem 34
A wooden beam of sp. gr. 0.64 is 150 mm by 150 mm and is hinged at
A, as shown in the figure. At what angle θ will the beam float in water?

𝑊
𝜃
𝜃 1𝑚 𝜃 1𝑚

𝜃
𝐵𝐹

Solution
↻ +Σ𝑀𝑃 = 0 BF=?
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉𝑑 = 9.81 .15 .15 𝐿
𝐿
𝐵𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2.5 − 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2.5 = 0 = 0.221𝐿 𝑘𝑁
2
𝐿 W=?
𝐵𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2.5 = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2.5
2 𝑊 = 𝐺𝑜 𝛾𝑤 𝑉𝑏 = 0.64 9.81 .15 .15 5
𝐿 = 0.706𝑘𝑁
𝐵𝐹 + 2.5 = 𝑊 2.5
2
Therefore
0.221𝐿 0.706

𝐿
𝐵𝐹 + 2.5 = 𝑊 2.5
2
0.1105𝐿2 + 0.5525𝐿 = 1.765

𝐿 = 2.21 𝑚

𝜃 1𝑚

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ; 𝜃 = 21°
2.79