Assignment 1 Pre Stressed Concrete Frame

CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR QUANTITY
SURVEYING FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE,

PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA

SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR.
BQS 502
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY III
ASSIGNMENT 1(TASK 1)
TOPIC:
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME
PREPARED FOR:
PUAN NOOR AISYAH ASYIKIN MAHAT
PREPARED BY:
NO STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID
1 NURUL AIN NAA BINTI ROSLAN 2020825114
2 CHE SHAHIRAH NAJWA BINTI CHE ABDUL RONI 2020879206
3 ILLYA AMYRA BINTI NORDIN 2020628636
4 NUR IRDYNA SYAFIQAH BT AHMAD SYUKRY 2020869286
5 NURUL IRKA SYAFIRRA BINTI BAHARUN 2020810538

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
2.0 TYPES AVAILABLE ........................................................................................................ 2
3.0 MAJOR COMPONENTS .................................................................................................. 2
4.0 METHOD OF ERECTION ................................................................................................ 3
5.0 MATERIALS USED ......................................................................................................... 4
6.0 STANDARD GUIDELINE AND PROCEDURES .............................................................. 5
7.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 6
8.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 7
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pre-stressed concrete was firstly introduced by Eugene Freyssinet which is a French

engineer. In 1905, after graduation, Freyssinet designed several concrete arch bridges, each
of which broke its own world record over a period of time. In 1928, he was able to concentrate
on the development of prestressed reinforced concrete. His most significant discovery of pre-
stressed reinforce concrete was that only a high-strength steel at a high stress would achieve
a permanent pre-stress in concrete. One of Freyssinet's most significant contributions was the
invention of the precast segmental building that begun with its Luzancy Bridge structure in the
1940s and it was enables the concrete bridge to remain competitive with steel bridge until
now.
In general, pre-stressed concrete frame is a structural material that enables the pre-
determined engineering stress to be placed in the components to counteract the stress that
arises as they are subject to loading. It combines the high strength of concrete’s compressive
properties with the high tensile strength of steel. According to Izzet, Amer & Abdul hameed,
Ali. (2017), pre-stressed concrete also can be described as the imposition into a system of an
internal stress, which is contrary to that caused by the service or operating loads. Pre-stressed
concrete also be defined as a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension.
In common reinforced concrete, the steel reinforcement is responsible for stresses while pre-
stressed concrete supports the load across the entire structural element, due to induced
stresses. This makes it resistant to shock, vibration, and long thin structures with far smaller
sectional parts that support equivalent loads than regular concrete.
Figure 1: Pre-stressing process
In figure 1, where a row of books has been pressed along with a person’s hands, shows
a traditional form used to explain pre-stressing. As long as the stress of the pressure from
squeezing on the base of the 'beam' is greater than that induced by the weight of the books
and by the superposed loads, the resulting "beam" will bear a decrease load. Such a beam
has no tensile force and thus no moment resistance until it is squeezed or pushed together
(Izzet, Amer & Abdulhameed, Ali, 2017). The pre-stressing technique has many different uses
in civil engineering, often used to hold cables securely when compressed. The most common
application, however, is by far in pre-stressed concrete where the pre-stressing force applies
to the concrete component and that causes an axial compression that counteracts the tensile
stresses generated by the application of loading in the component (Hurst, 2002, pp. 1–3).
For the construction of beams, floors, or bridges longer than standard reinforced
concrete, the pre-stressed concrete method can be used. Pre-stressed concrete is usually not
used in columns and walls but it can be economically used with high bending strains on large
columns and high holding walls. The most common method is to extend steel bars or wires,
tendons and to connect them to the concrete, which resists as they attempt to recover their
initial length, and this position is referred to as a pre-stressed one. The tendons may be
stretched with jacks or by electrical heating and it will permit the steel to be used at larger
stresses than those permitted for reinforcing bars. Tendons are usually in the form of high-
strength wires, strands or bars used singly or made up into cables.
By using pre-stressed concrete technique, it will give it greater strength through the
availability of an internal compression force that counteracts the traction force produced by
the structural element loads. Moreover, the reduction of cracks from all the loading stages is
one of the key advantages of the pressure beams. This absence of cracking means that the
structure is capable of managing loads, effects, vibrations and knocks thus mitigating
corrosion in the steel and thereby improving the durability of the structure. In research from
Hurst (2002b, pp. 1–3) also said, the pre-stressed concrete provides the means to control
deflections. The pre-stressing force, which is eccentric to the centre of a member, induces a
vertical deflection, usually in the opposite direction from the load. The deflections under
applied charge can be minimized or removed completely by appropriate pre-stressing force
selection.
In comparison to the above advantages, some disadvantages of pre-stressed concrete

must be identified. Higher strength concrete and steels are required, so the use of more
complex formworks is necessary and the resulting cost of labours will also be greater (Izzet,
Amer & Abdulhameed, Ali, 2017). Furthermore, in many developing countries the technology
needed for pre-stressing concrete cannot be given and if specified, it can prove to be
unreasonable because all special equipment should be imported and it requires the great deal
of technical knowledge and close supervision. Lastly, further stress conditions in the design,
such as strains, are also should be tested first with the preloading forces and then with high
pressure stresses for different load conditions.
2.0 TYPES AVAILABLE
2.1 PRE-TENSIONED CONCRETE
Pre-tensioned concrete can be defined as the kind of pre-stressing that stresses the tendons
before putting the concrete and transfers pre-stress to the concrete when a sufficient cube
strength is achieved. Pre-tensioned concrete elements are usually manufactured in a factory
and transported to the site that restricts their scale. It is also necessary to ensure that the
members can move freely along the pre-stress bed, since unnecessary traction stresses can
be put in them when the end anchorages are released. This process is especially suitable for
mass production since casting beds can be built over 100 meters long (Izzet, Amer &
Abdulhameed, Ali, 2017), thus the tendons can be used for all lengths of the bed and can be
cast continuously in several beams.
Figure 2: Pre-tensioned concrete
This type of pre-stressing would provide a strong connection which the tendon and the
concrete are well connected, which protects the tendon against corrosion and direct
transmission of stress. From using this method, it is less costly because it does not cover the
expense of sheathing, thus it also more preferred when the structural element is small and
easy to transport. Therefore, since a pre-stressing bed is required for the pre-tensioning
concrete process, there is a waiting period in the pre-stressing bed before enough strength is
reached. There was also need a strong tie over the transmission length between the concrete
and steel tendons.
2.2 POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE
In the past 30 years or so, post-tensioning is one of the technologies that becoming
increasingly popular more and more. Post-tensioning can be described as the pre-stressing
process in which the tendon is pressed after the proper force of concrete has been achieved.
The tendons are instantly anchored after pre-stressing against the hardened concrete thus,
the pre-stress forces would be transmitted to the concrete not by bonds, but by end bearings.
This method is usually applied where stressing is to be carried out on site and also can be
done in factories. Post-tensioning is preferred when the structural element is heavy so it is
affected costlier because of use of sheathing.
Figure 3: Post-tensioned concrete
Post-tensioning, a type of pre-stressing, is many advantages compared to standard

steel reinforcement which the cracks that do form are held tightly together and it can reduce
or prevents shrinkage cracking, so no joints or fewer joints are needed. Moreover, it makes it
possible to thin the slabs and other structural sections and enables it to create labels on broad
or soft soils so it helps us to design longer spans in high members, such as floors or beams.
Using this method is more flexible and effective, which reduces voltage loss as it is bonded in
both directions and it used generally in heavy structures like bridges, portal bases, shell roofs
and reservoirs.
A post-tension "tendon" is a complete package consisting of the bandages, the pre-

tensioning strand or bar, the sheathing or duct and a coating (grease) covering the pre-
stressing steel, which is inhibitory for coating or corrosion. It also consists two types of post-
tensioned which is bonded post-tensioned concrete and unbonded post-tensioned concrete.
Bonded post-tensioned concrete is the system for applying compression after the application
of concrete and the in-situ process of curing. is a. The tubes are frequently constructed from
plastic, aluminium, steel or other metal sheathing when connected. Furthermore, tube or rods
or rubber core cast into concrete may be used, and then removed within a few hours. So
conventional reinforcement demands can be significantly reduced because tendons cannot
degrade in injuries and have no long-term problem with the protection of the integrity of the
end.
Unbonded post-tensioned concrete is different from bonded post-tensioned concrete

which it providing each individual cable permanent freedom of movement relative to the
concrete. If the tendons are to be unbonded, they should be greased to facilitate tensioning
and to protect them from corrosion (Izzet, Amer & Abdulhameed, Ali, 2017). The transfer of
tension to the concrete is achieved by the steel cable acting against steel anchors in the
perimeter of the slab. Lastly, by using the unbonded post-tensioned method the main
disadvantages is the fact that a cable can destress itself and burst out of the slab if it occurs
the damage such as during repair on the slab.
3.0 MAJOR COMPONENTS FOR PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
Pre-stressed concrete is one of the common concretes that are widely used in many
construction projects. Pre-stressed concrete functions as structural members that allow all
forces loading to it as the structural members. This type of concrete has steel wires or known
as reinforcement at the bottom of the concrete to prevent the concrete from cracking when
tension is load onto the structural members by this can add strength to the concrete.
The principle behind pre-stressed concrete is that compressive stresses induced by

high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member before loads are applied will balance the
tensile stresses imposed in the member during service. Next, pre-stressing removes several
design limitations conventional concrete places on span and load and permits the building of
roofs, floors, bridges, and walls with longer unsupported spans. This allows architects and
engineers to design and build lighter and shallower concrete structures without sacrificing
strength (America's cement manufactures, 2019).
Pre-stressed concrete can be divided into 2 categories, there is pre-tensioning

concrete where the tendons are stressed during the cures of the concrete that being cast.
Next, is post-tensioning concrete this concrete is being tensioned when the concrete has
already cast the steel wires are not placed in direct contact with the concrete that has been
cast, and at each of the ends of the wires will be fixed firmly at the anchorage.
The major component in the building structures that are usually used as pre-tensioned
components are lintels, beams, foundation piles, and columns. While, for post-tensioning, the
pre-stressed concrete is usually used to support a heavy structure such as bridges, shell roofs,
slabs, and portal frames.
Usually, for pre-tensioning concrete is used for components that are more to light
structure. As we can see that, the lintels, beams, foundation piles, and columns normally occur
as building components, these pre-tensioning concrete can be carried and transport easily
from the factory to the construction site.
Lastly, for post-tensioned components usually is being cast in the site and being
pre-stressed before the concrete is being cast. The important parts in the post tensioned
components are tendon that are made up from pre-stressed steel and anchors to fixed the
tendon into the concrete cast as the functions to transferred the forced to the concrete (Basak,
2019). As the major components that are usually known used in post-tensioned pre-stressed
concrete are slabs, bridges, portal frames and shell roof.
4.0 METHOD OF ERECTION PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME
The pre-stressed concrete frame can be applied to the structure in two different ways which
are pre-tensioning and post-tensioning methods. Concrete structure known as stronger
structure in the compression but it weak in tension. There are differences having on both pre-
tensioning method and post-tensioning method to overcome the concrete’s natural weakness
in tension.
4.1 PRE-STRESSED METHOD
The pre-tensioning method in the concrete frame structure is form of the tendons or cables is
stretched which is put into tension way across the concrete formwork before the pouring
concrete process was conducted. The pre compression is transferred by bonding from steel
to concrete over the transmission length near the ends (Roy, 2008).
1. Anchoring of tendons against the end abutments

The process erecting pre-tensioning concrete frame started in the first stage as the
tendons and the reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould. The high-strength
steel tendons are pulled between two end abutments prior to the casting concrete.
2. Applying tension to the tendons

The second stage of the process where the tendons are stressed to about 70% of their
ultimate strength as to apply the tension to the tendons.
3. Casting of concrete
The next phase of the process as the concrete is cast into the beam mould and allowed
to cure to the required initial strength.
4. Cutting of the tendons

When the concrete has cured the stressing force is released, and the tendons anchor
themselves in the concrete. Once the concrete attains the desired strength for pre-
stressing, the tendons are cut loose from the abutments. The pre-stressed is transfer
to the concrete from the tendons, due to the bond between them. During the transfer
of pre-stress, the member undergoes elastic shortening.
Figure 4: The Erection Process of Pre-Tensioning Concrete Frame (Engineer, 2012).

4.2 POST-TENSION METHOD
According to Roy (2008), the post-tensioning method, after the hardening of the concrete,
stress or the tension is applied to the tendons which located in a duct. The anchorage system
transmits the pre-compression from steel to concrete ate the end of blocks.
1. Casting of concrete.
The concrete is cast into the beam mould and allowed cure to the required initial
strength. The ducts for the tendons or strands are placed with the reinforcement before
the casting of concrete.
2. Placement of the tendons.

The phases of the process erection post-tension concrete frame started with the cable
ducts and reinforcement are positioned in the ducts after casting the concrete. The
duct is usually raised towards the neutral axis at the ends to reduce the eccentricity of
the stressing force. The ducts prevent contact between concrete and the tendons
during the tensioning operation.
3. Applying tension to the tendons

At stage four, the tendons are threaded through the cable ducts and tensioned to about
70% of their ultimate strength. Unlike the pre-tensioning, the tendons are pulled with
the reaction acting against the hardened concrete.
4. Seating of the wedges.

Next, the wedges are inserted into the end anchorages and the tensioning force on the
tendons is released. Grout is then pumped into the ducts to protect the tendons.
5. Cutting the tendons.

After the grout pumped into the ducts, the tendons are ready to cut from the loose.
Figure 5: The Erection Process of Post-Tensioning Concrete Frame (Engineer, 2012).

5.0 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME MATERIALS
The basic materials used for pre-stressed concrete construction are concrete and steel. In the
pre-stressed concrete structures, high strength concrete and high strength steel are used to
improve the load bearing capacity and crack control. It also makes the pre-stressed concrete
section stiffer than reinforced concrete section (Kumar and Malik, 2015).
5.1 CONCRETE
Firstly, the basic material of pre stressed concrete frame is concrete. Concrete is a
composite material composed of gravels or crushed stones (coarse aggregate), sand (fine
aggregate) and hydrated cement (binder). According to Kathir (2018), IS code recommends a
minimum mix of M40 for pre-tensioned system and M30 for post-tensioned system. These
mixes have high strength and a high value of modulus of elasticity of concrete which results
in less deflection. Other than that, the concrete used in pre-stressed concrete also should be
well compacted. The reason is because use of high strength concrete results in smaller
sections, high strength concrete offers high resistance in tension, shear, bond and bearing
and less loss of pre-stress occurs with high strength concrete. Besides that, Kumar and Malik
(2015) stated that the concrete consist of:
I. Aggregate
The coarse aggregate are granular materials obtained from rocks and crushed stones.
They may be also obtained from synthetic material like slag, shale, fly ash and clay for
use in lightweight concrete. Meanwhile, the sand obtained from river beds or quarries is
used as fine aggregate. The fine aggregate along with the hydrated cement paste fill the
space between the coarse aggregate. In addition, the nominal maximum coarse
aggregate size is limited by the lowest of the following quantities;
a) It should not be greater than one-fourth the minimum thickness of the member
b) It should be 5 mm less than the spacing between the cables, strands or sheathings
provided in the member
c) It should not be more than 40 mm.
II. Cement
Moreover, cement is a mixture of lime stone and clay heated in a kiln at 1400 to 1600ºC.
Any of the following types of cements are permitted to be used in pre-stressed concrete
construction.
a) Ordinary Portland cement,

b) Portland slag cement, but with not more than 50% slag content
c) Rapid hardening Portland cement
d) High strength ordinary Portland cement
III. Water
Then, water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts
of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete and steel. However, the use of sea water in the construction of
pre-stressed concrete members is prohibited. This is because the salts in the sea water
can deteriorate the quality of concrete and may lead to corrosion of reinforcement and
tendons. Both the quality and quantity of water used in a concrete mix are important.
For this purpose, water-cement ratio of the concrete mix as well as other parameters
such as permissible limits of chlorides and sulphates present in mixing water are
specified in the code.
IV. Admixture
The purpose of using admixture is to achieve certain properties in concrete more

effectively than by other means and to maintain the quality of concrete during the stages
of mixing, transporting, placing, and curing in adverse weather conditions. The
admixtures can be broadly divided into two types which is chemical admixtures and
mineral admixtures. The use of chemical admixtures may be made in pre-stressed
concrete construction. But the admixture should not contain chlorides in any form. This
guideline is once again to protect tendons from corrosion as chlorides help the corrosion
of steel inside concrete. Therefore, the general chemical admixtures are as shown
below:
a) Air-entraining admixtures
b) Water reducing admixtures
c) Set retarding admixtures
d) Set accelerating admixtures
e) Water reducing and set retard admixtures
f) Water reducing and set accelerate admixtures.

Meanwhile, the common mineral admixtures are as shown below:
a) Fly ash
b) Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
c) Silica fumes
d) Rice husk ash
e) Methacholine
5.2 STEEL
Next, the development of pre-stressed concrete was influenced by the invention of high
strength steel. It is contain of an alloy of iron, carbon (1.5%), manganese, silicon (3-
4%), and optional materials. The following material describes the types and properties of pre-
stressing steel can be in the form of wires, strands, tendons, bars and cables (Kumar and
Malik, 2015).
I. Wire
A pre-stressing wire is a single unit ready of steel. The nominal diameters of the wires
are 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 mm. The two different types of wires are plain wire
which is no indentations on the surface and indented wire which is there are circular or
elliptical indentations on the surface.
II. Strands
A strand is made of a bundle of wires spun together in a helical form to form a pre-
stressing strand (Kathir, 2018). The helical form of twisted wires in the strand improves
the bond strength. There are different types of strands as follows:
a) Two-wire strand: Two wires are spun together to form the strand.
b) Three-wire strand: Three wires are spun together to form the strand.
c) Seven-wire strand: Six wires are spun around a central wire. The central wire
is larger than the other wires.
III. Tendon
A group of strands or wires are placed together to form a pre-stressing tendon. The
tendons are used in post-tensioned members.
IV. Bar
A tendon can be made up of a single steel bar. The diameter of a bar is much larger
than that of a wire. Bars are available in the following sizes: 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28
and 32 mm
V. Cable
A group of tendons form a pre-stressing cable. The cables are used in bridges.
6.0 STANDARD GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
In the construction industry, the term 'standards' typically refers to common specifications,
methods and procedures that are to be used. The uses of common standard are to ensure
quality, compatibility and compliance of the particular product, service and the material. The
Building Regulation established to achieve the minimum standard of the building. It comes
with a series of approved documents that provide guidance on how the building regulation can
be satisfied in common building situation. There are several organizations that provide
standards such as The British Standards Institution or commonly found as BS or BSI.
In this assignment, the type of guidelines referred is The Specification for The Design,
Manufacture & Construction of Precast Concrete Structures by Construction Industry
Development Berhad Malaysia (CIDB).
6.1 STRENGTH
Concrete shall be specified according to BS EN 206-1:2000. Concrete - Specification,
performance, production and conformity. The design strength shall be specified in calculations
and on production drawings as the characteristic compressive cube strength. The strength of
concrete at de-moulding, or at de-tensioning shall be specified by the PCE, and approved by
the PCM according to manufacturing and handling techniques, using mean compressive cube
strengths.
6.2 LIFTING METHODS
Pre-stressed units should be lifted using either under-slung lifting chains, lifting clamps, or
lifting hooks or pins.
I. Lifting chains should be positioned not more than 500 mm from the ends of the units, and the
brothers should be adjusted to ensure that the unit is not tilted across its width. The unit should
be level or within a slope of approximately 100 mm per 6 m length, and pro-rata. A small gap
between units is left in order to withdraw the chains.
Figure 6: Lifting chain

II. Lifting clamps should be used according to the manufacturer’s instructions, which will
ensure that the unit is symmetrically balanced and not tilted. Safety chains must be
used, which are removed just before final positioning.
Figure 7: Lifting clamp
III. Lifting hooks and spherical head pins shall be used according to the manufacturer’s
instructions, and be positioned at about 1.2 m from the ends and at the 2nd or 3rd
hollow core in from the edges. The top of the lifting pins should not project above the
top surface of the unit. The lifting clutch should sit down fully and be in contact with the
top of the concrete in front of the pin. Their positions across the units should be
symmetrical - this is particularly necessary in ripped (reduced width) units where
symmetry may be lost leading to tilted units that may be difficult to fit in some situations.
Safety chains must be used, which are removed just before final positioning.
Figure 8: Lifting hooks

6.3 MANUFACTURE
The details of all materials, techniques, concreting methods, quality control, handling and
storage of pre-stressed concrete shall be provided by the Profession Construction
Management (PCM) including tendon extension calculations, jacking requirements,
anchorages, pull-in and relaxation calculations, and de-tensioning methods.
6.3.1 Tendons
According to the guidelines, tendons such as 3-wire, 7-wire helical strand, plain or indented
wire shall be certified by the manufacturer who shall provide rolling certificates of the ultimate
tensile strength fpk and 0.1% proof strength fp0.1. Next, the sample of tendons shall be taken
for testing to be nominated by the manufacturer and the sampling rate shall be agreed by
both parties following the requirement. Test shall be according to BS EN 10138 and followed
the standard guidelines which to include the ultimate tensile strength and the proof strength.
Tendons shall be stored in a clean environment which raised from the ground and sheltered
from rain and dust. The steel wires shall be from rust or otherwise it should be removed by
rubbing it. The cutting process of tendon shall be by an abrasive cutting wheel or flame
cutting. The projection of the tendon from the anchorage to a cut shall be a minimum of 100
mm, and from fraying (if strands) a minimum of 150 mm. The projection of the tendon to the
rear of the jacking head shall be according to the manufacturer’s specification, but not less
than 100 mm. Welding of tendons is not allowed.
6.3.2 Operation of pre-tensioning
The operation of pre-tensioning shall be using a jacking equipment as followed by the

equipment manufacturer’s specification. The equipment shall be calibrated at not more than
4 months intervals or after every 2500 stressing actions whichever is less, at/by a certified
testing laboratory to within an accuracy of ±2.5% of the mean tensioning load from a
minimum of 6 measurements. The tendons shall be free of obstructions prior to tensioning.
6.3.3 Stressing Limits
The rate of tensioning shall not exceed 2% elongation per minute. The elongation shall be
accurate to an over-elongation of +7% and -0%. The calculation shall be submitted to show
the required extension of the tendons according to BS EN 13369.
6.3.4 Slippage and Relaxation Limits
Anchorages and collets & barrels shall be located on the centre of the tendon, and be
secured at the jacking buttress. The jacking pressure shall be released gradually over a
duration of at least 5 seconds. The pull-in of the tendon at the anchorage, and the immediate
relaxation of the tendon, shall be measured, and shall not exceed the over-elongation. Pull-
in of the tendon at the dead end shall be monitored and added to the pull-in at the jacking
end. The force in the tendons shall be measured twice by calibrated tension gauges. The
tendon shall be released and re-tensioned if the tension is less than the mean value.
6.3.5 De-tensioning
De-tensioning shall not take place until the compressive cube strength of 2 samples achieves
the mean de-tensioning strength. If the cube strength is not satisfactory, a 3rd cube shall be
taken after a dwell at the discretion of the manufacturer. De-tensioning shall not take place
in less than 18 hours unless approved accelerated curing has been specified and/or agreed
with the PCE. The rate of de-tensioning shall be not less than 50% of the rate of tensioning
or a duration of 10 seconds, whichever is least. The anchorages shall be removed, and
mould ends moved away from the cast ends without disturbing the concrete around the
tendons. The tendons shall be cut using an abrasive cutting wheel or by flame cutting not
closer than 20 mm (50 mm if flame cut) to 100 mm from the cast face. Slippage of the tendons
at the cast face shall be monitored and measured to within 1 mm accuracy.
7.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, pre-stressed concrete is a material different from other conventional

construction materials as it is subjected to pre-stresses along with other stresses produced
due to various internal and external factors. Because of this fact, a better material quality
control is generally needed. Pre-stressed concrete precast members consisting of slabs,
beams and columns have been presented as an alternative to the in-situ cast construction.
This is gradually becoming a need due to shortage of construction labour. These precast
systems also allow the construction to be carried out at a rapid rate. Since it is cost effective,
it is widely used in recent days. Hence, pre stressed concrete increases the quality, strength
and span of the structure.
8.0 REFERENCES
(CIDB), C. I. (N.D.). Specification For The Design, Manufacture & Construction Of Precast
Concrete Structure. Malaysia.
America's Cement Manufactures. (2019). Retrieved From Https://Www.Cement.Org/
Basak, S. (2019). Post Tension Slab – Working Principle, Components And Construction.
Retrieved From Civil Engineering Friends:
Https://Civilengineerfriend.Blogspot.Com/2018/12/Post-Tension-Slab-Working-
Principle.Html
Engineer, T. C. (2012, February 21). Prestressing Method In Multi-Stories Buiding Frame.
Retrieved From Constructionduniya/Construction Updates:
Https://Constructionduniya.Blogspot.Com/2012/02/Prestressing-Method-In-Multi-
Storied.Html
Hurst, M. K. (2002). Prestressed Concrete Design, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis.
Izzet, A. &. (2017). Prestressed Concrete: A Fundamental Approach, Aci 318-11 Code
Philosophy & Stresses Limitations.
Kathir. (2018, May 14). Materials Used In Prestressed Concrete. Retrieved From Civil
Snapshot: Https://Civilsnapshot.Com/Materials-Used-In-Presstressed-Concrete/
Kumar, A., & Malik, A. (2015, June). Methodology & Materials For Prestressed Concrete.
Retrieved From Https://Www.Erpublication.Org/Published_Paper/Ijetr032523.Pdf
Roy. (2008, October). Prestressed Concrete In Building: Advantages And Economics.
Retrieved From Nbm&Cw: Https://Www.Nbmcw.Com/Tech-Articles/Concrete/491-
Prestressed-Concrete-In-Building-Advantages-And-Economics.Html
Roy, P. P. (2008, October). Prestressed Concrete In Building: Advantages And Economics.
Retrieved From Nbm&Cw Infra Construction & Equipment Magazine:
Https://Www.Nbmcw.Com/Tech-Articles/Concrete/491-Prestressed-Concrete-In-
Building-Advantages-And-Economics.Html
Types Of Concrete. (2020, 9 24). Retrieved From Designing Building Wiki:
Https://Www.Designingbuildings.Co.Uk/Wiki/Types_Of_Concrete
ASSIGNMENT 1: TASK2 (CASE STUDY)
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR QUANTITY
SURVEYING FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE,
PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA

SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR.
BQS 502
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY III
ASSIGNMENT 1(TASK 2: CASE STUDY)
TOPIC:
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME
PREPARED FOR:
PUAN NOOR AISYAH ASYIKIN MAHAT
PREPARED BY:
NO STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID
1 NURUL AIN NAA BINTI ROSLAN 2020825114
2 CHE SHAHIRAH NAJWA BINTI CHE ABDUL RONI 2020879206
3 ILLYA AMYRA BINTI NORDIN 2020628636
4 NUR IRDYNA SYAFIQAH BT AHMAD SYUKRY 2020869286
5 NURUL IRKA SYAFIRRA BINTI BAHARUN 2020810538

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1
2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND ................................................................................... 3
3.0 TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................4
4.0 MATERALS USED ................................................................................................ 6
5.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ............................................................................... 7
6.0 SAFETY PROCEDURE ........................................................................................ 11
7.0 PROBLEM AND SOLUTION................................................................................. 13
8.0 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ................................................................................... 16
9.0 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 20
10.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 21

1 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In construction, there is various type of concrete that been used in constructing a

building or any infrastructures works such as plain concrete, high-density concrete,
reinforced concrete, precast concrete, pre-stressed concrete, and others. All of these
concretes have different functions and required strength. For this report, the main
explanations will be explained for the usage of pre-stressing concrete in construction
projects. Pre-stressed concrete is a structural component that is connected with the other
parts of the building structures that hold services loads. Next, it can be classified into 2
different types which are pre-tensioned and post-tensioned concrete. Mainly, pre-stressed
concrete is where the tendons or known as the reinforcement in the concrete are been
stressed or provided with an initial that is located at the bottom of the concrete section so
that it can resist most of the tension and save concrete from cracking.
To clarify, pre-stressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined,

engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when
they are subject to loading. It combines the high strength compressive properties of
concrete with the high tensile strength of steel. Another point was that pre-stressed
concrete is commonly used for floor beams, piles, and railways sleepers, as well as
structures such as bridges, water tanks, roofs, and runways. Generally, pre-stressed
concrete is not necessary for columns and walls, however, it can be used economically for
tall columns and high retaining walls with high bending stresses (Prestressed Concrete,
2020).
1
PROJECT: DELHI-MEERUT EXPRESSWAY
PROJECT: PERLA SENTRAL ARA DAMANSARA
2
2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND
As reference to the related topic of pre-stressed concrete, there are 2 different types of
projects that were taken as case study for pre-stressed concrete. Next, both projects used
different type of pre-stressed concrete method that are pre-tensioning concrete and post-
tensioning concrete. The details for each project such as the location, type of project, the
parties involved for the project and others will be clarify in the table below;
Project Background 1 Project Background 2
Name of the Delhi-Meerut Expressway Perla Sentral Ara Damansara

project
Project Pilkhuwa, India Ara Damansara, Petaling Jaya
location
Project 910 days 913 days
duration
Completion August 2019 (delayed 2 months 16 april 2019 - 15 october 2021
date from actual date) (whole apartment construction
(Khandelwal, 2019) including the apartment carpark)
Structural Viaducts (bridge consisting of a Slabs (apartment carpark) up to
components series of arches supported by level 5
piers used to carry a road)  Freyssinet Slab System
Tensioning Pre-Tensioning method Post- Tensioning method
method
Parties  Client: National Highway  Client: ADS project Sdn.Bhd
involved Authority of India (NHAI)  Contractor: Grand Dynamic
 SPV (Concessionaire): Builders Sdn Bhd, or known as
APCO-CHETAK Jelita Megah Sdn Bhd
 EPC Contractor: Chetak  Supplier: Freyssinet PSC (M)
Enterprises Ltd. Sdn Bhd Company
 Design Consultant: B&S (Perla Ara Sentral, 2019)
Engineering Consultants
Pvt. Ltd.
 Independent Engineer: Lea
Associate South Asia Pvt.
Ltd. (Sigh, 2020)
3
3.0 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Pre-stressed concrete is possible to describe as the concrete in which reinforcing steel

bars stretched and anchored to compress it and thus increase its stress resistance.
In order to overcome bending resulting from loading, the pre-stressed concrete requires
the application of forces tending to bend and compress a concrete feature. Tensioning or
stretching of the steel part, which typically takes the form of high tensile strands, wire or
bars, is the force applied (Chin, 2020).
The pre-stressed concrete has two primary classifications, namely pre-tensioned and
post-tensioned (Savani, 2015). The structural strengths of steel and concrete were used
for all of those approaches. Under these techniques, the concrete was shown to have a
strong compression strength but poor tension strength.
3.1 PRE-TENSIONING
Pre-tensioning method can be referred as the tension is applied to the tendons before
casting of the concrete. The pre-tensioned is transmitted from steel to concrete through
bond over the transmission length near the ends. This technique established a strong
connection between the tendon and the concrete, which both protects the tendon from
corrosion and enable stress to be transferred directly. The healed concrete adheres and
bonds to the bars, and when stress is released, it is transferred by static friction to the
concrete as compression. However, it needs stout anchoring points to stretch the tendon
between, at the tendons usually forms a straight line.
The infrastructure project located in Pilkhuwa, India which the Delhi-Meerut

Expressway Road used one of the pre-stressed methods which is pre-tensioned method.
The project used of pre-tensioned methods because of absence of large anchorage device.
These can lead to increase in durability performance. The pre-tensioned method is full
section utilised (Khandelwal P. , 2019).
Regarding to the project, the infrastructure developed due to the bonding between the
concrete and steel tendons. The project used pre-tensioned method is cheaper because
the cost sheeting is not involved. Thus, this method used by the infrastructure project as it
is more reliable and easier to transport. Last but not least, the pre tensioning is proper to
be used in precast element.
4
3.2 POST TENSIONING
Post-tensioning method is similar to the pre-tensioning but until after the concrete is
hardened, the steel does not get stretched. In general, ducts are shaped through thin-
walled steel shapes inside the unit. Those same steel tendons are inserted and extended
against the unit after the concrete extends to the proper length. According to Savani (2015),
the post tensioning is the method for strengthening concrete. In the shapes before the
concrete is set, the steel wire to be placed. Afterwards, the cables are pulled close and
anchored against the outer edges of the concrete until the concrete has gained strength.
The post tensioning system referred as the ducts for the tendons are placed along with
the reinforcement before the casting of concrete. The tendons are placed in the ducts after
the casting of concrete. The duct prevents contact between concrete and tendons during
the tensioning operation. Not same as pre-tensioning method, the tendons are pulled with
reaction acting against the hardened concrete. If the ducts are filled with the grout, it is
known as bonded post tensioning but if unbounded post tensioning, the ducts are never
grouted, and the tendon is held in tendon solely by the end anchorages.
The Perla Sentral Ara Damansara project is the residential building that have a basic
component which carparks within the basement. The carpark of the building mainly to be
focused within this study as it is using a post tensioning method. The post tensioning
method is a slab structure for this project thus the systems post tensioning help to place
and fixing, stressing and grouting.
The project used of post tensioning method as this method is decreasing or removes
shrinkage cracking, so no joints or fewer are needed. Forming of the cracks are kept closely
together, which allowing thinner slabs and other structural members to be thinner. The
method also allows to create slabs on expensive or soft soils, enabling to design longer
periods of elevated which if slab. Thus, it lead to have a high durability for used this method.
Post tensioning method for the project also improve seismic performance which an
execution of carpark building structure ability to sustain it due functions such as safety and
serviceability, at and after a particular earthquake. Other than that, this method also helps
to faster in construction cycle. Post tensioning on this project also have long economical
span which shallow structural depth. It also has minimum amount of non-prestressed
bonded reinforcement over supports of continuous post tensioned.
5
4.0 MATERIAL USED
Both of the case study project used a different material. The infrastructure project
which used the pre-tensioned method apply precast concrete girder and pre tensioning of
pier cap and removal of bottom supports. The project has been designed using high-quality
materials that contribute to the expressway’s life and quality which have a high durability
performance. In lieu of the traditional Bentonite powder, polymer has been used, saving
20,000 cubic meters of soil from pile foundations (D'souza, 2020). In addition, the
improvised technique is high-grade RCC, M55 grade with micro silica and mixture, to obtain
an early strength of 45N per square millimetres, within four to five days, needed for de-
stressing of high tensile cables and early de-moulding.
Furthermore, regarding to an addition information, the shree cement have been used
in the project. The steel structure of the infrastructure project used is unknown as the
material steel is authority of India.
The residential building project which focused of carpark used bonded post tensioned
method which used the concrete slab structure. The concrete material used of grade35 as
the concrete is consider as high strength material. The material used in the project is an
inexpensive, quick and durable way to complete the project. Using of this material, the
shape of the slab is designing within the proposed shape and be used reliable.
This material also considers reinforced with steel, and having a high-quality tendon
applied. The repairs are easily done by spraying additional material onto the filling cracking
and divots with new material. The property of concrete to possess high compressive
strength, makes a concrete structure more economical.
6
5.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The construction process from the case study 1 is using the pre-tensioned method
which is applied where stressing is carried out at factories. This method of precast pre-
tensioned girder process consists of firstly by preparing machine for pre-stressing, rebar
installation, tendon stressing, formwork (mould) installation, concreting, cutting, and lastly
removing formwork (mould). This method of pre-stressing in which the tendons are
tensioned before the concrete is placed, and the pre-stress is transferred to the concrete
when a suitable cube strength is reached.
Figure 1 Prestressting Bed and Stressing Work
Firstly, this construction process in Figure 1 shows the process is carried out by
preparing the machine for pre-stressing which is pre-stressing bed to start the pre-
tensioned construction process and high-tensile steel tendon are placed between the two
abutments. After that, the rebar installation is continued by placing all the reinforcement bar
at the pre-stressing bed. At this process, the tendon is been stretched up to 70 to 80 percent
with additional 10 percent of their ultimate strength using the jack types devices.
Figure 2 Mould Installation and Concreting Work
Next, the Figure 2 shows the installation of formwork which is mould is using for
constructed the girder. After stressing the wires (tendons), the side forms of the mould are
positioned and then the concrete is placed around the tensioned wires and allowed the
concrete to cure to the required initial strength.
7
Figure 3 Concreted Cured and Cutting Work
Moreover, in Figure 3 shows after the concrete have been cured and hardened
sufficiently, the tendons are released slowly or cut, then the prestress will transfer from
steel to concrete through the bond. Thus, the bond between the stressed wires and
concrete will prevent the tendons from regaining their original lengths. The bond between
the stressed wires and concrete can also be improved by using crimped or indented wires.
After the stressed process is being secured from the workers and engineer requirements,
lastly as shows in Figure 4 where the formwork (mould) will be removed and ready for
delivered to the site.
Figure 4 Removing Formwork
For case study 2 the construction process is using the post-tensioned method which
is applied where stressing is carried out on site. The method of constructing the post-
tensioning slab in the case study project is conclude of firstly by formwork setup, rebar
installation, tendon installation, placing and fixing, concreting, tendon stressing, grouting
process, and lastly removing formwork. This method of prestressing in which the tendon is
tensioned after the concrete has reached a suitable strength.
Figure 5 Formwork and Rebar Installation
8
Firstly, in Figure 5 shows the process is taken by installed the formwork platform as
the slab formwork and side formwork with 200mm of thickness to support the upper level
of the building. After installation of formwork setup, next process is a reinforcement bar
installation by placing the lower and beam reinforcement based on drawing to control
cracking from occurs in the anchorage zone. Thus, lower and punching shear
reinforcement were also be installed in column to increase the strength to transfer load.
The bar chair also been installed and be determined the position and placement by the
engineers followed to the profile height from the specified construction drawing.
Figure 6 Tendon Installation
Next, in Figure 6 shows the process is followed by installation of tendon by firstly pulling
the strand from the centre out coiled strand that fitted in a bri-pack coil with a minimum
effort. Then, the galvanised ducts are been placed into the required position before the
strands to be inserted and it must be free from any unnecessary particles like mud, sand
or others. The strand is then be cut with a high-speed friction cutter and the strand insertion
was on strand manner until the required number was reached. After the strand have been
cut and inserted, the process of placing and fixing is continued by installed the ducts based
on the construction drawing. It was adequately been sealed with tape on all the joints
between individual duct lengths to prevent ingress of cement grout during concreting and
then tied by bar chair. The grout vent was fixed by drilling the duct and attaching the
universal PSC Plastic Limpet Grout Vent and then the stressing anchorage castings were
also be fixed to the end of panel formwork using bolt and nuts, the strands also are fixed at
a maximum spacing of 35m as well as at each tendon ends before concreting.
Figure 7 Concreting Work
9
Then, the Figure 7 shows the process of concreting is been continued by concreted
the slab with the concrete Grade 35 after the process have been confirmed to be installed
and also be inspected and completed. Slump test is also was be tested by the worker to
confirm that it achieved the range specified design of slump within 75mm and 125mm
before started casting. Thus, the concrete was been compacted using the vibrator and
ensure the concrete was work into the corner of structure member and kept away from the
tendon ducts.
Figure 8 Stressing and Grouting
At this step of post-tensioned process in Figure 8 shows where the tendon is be

stressed after the concrete have been poured. The cube test which stressing process was
commenced upon a minimum transfer cube strength of 25N/mm² was attained and all the
strand were stress by using mono strand jack to an initial jacking pressure of 1000psi. Then,
after the completion of stressing, the grouting process is been continued by the excessive
strands is be cut off with high-speed grinder to an approximate 20mm length. The
anchorage blocks also had been patched back with sand or cement mortar to seal for
subsequent tendon grouting work to prevent it from grouting leakage during grouting work.
After that, the grouting been pumped in through the grout vents at one end and continuous
the proceed until the consistent grout flows out from the other end. Lastly, the construction
process is complete by removed all the formwork and scaffolds.
10
6.0 SAFETY PROCEDURE

Safety requirement was very important thing need to take it serious in construction
projects especially for the workers safety and the other staff and visitors such as
contractors, quantity surveyors, or even client and residents in the area around the
construction project was carried out. The pre-stressed process operations can be
dangerous if the required safety care is not been taken seriously when the stressed process
operation is ongoing. So, when setting up a production site, consideration should be given
to the method process of stressing that will take place and whether single or multi stressing
is appropriate for manufacture of the product (British Precast, 2014).
Figure 9 Wire Restraint
The safety instalments that provided during the pre-stressing construction process in
these case studies first are included of placing the safety restraints (Figure 9). The wire
restraint was used for minimise the wire/strand movement when failure occurs and the
tension is released. It is also recommended that the stressing bed be equipped with
restraints along its length at approximately equal centres. Links, straps, bars, and bulk
heads can be used in restraints and should be at centres determined by risk assessment,
but usually not more than 10 m apart. All the wire restraints should remain in place
throughout the production process until casting occurs and only being removed when the
process ends.
Figure 10 Guarding
11
Figure 10 was shown a guarding system that also required for safety procedures to
ensure protection of the stressing operator during stressing and of all personnel after
stressing is complete. The independent checks on the load can be carried out after
stressing is complete for more secured for the pre-stressed concrete to be used. A paint
line also can be applied to avoid any lifting guards to check for slippage after stressing is
complete at close to the abutment before stressing that will allow slippage to be identified.
Figure 11 Signage
Lastly, a warning system is been produces for safety instalment to ensure awareness
for operating personnel and visitors when stressing is taking place suitable warning
systems should be installed; these could include lights, sirens, notices and signage. The
example of warning systems in Figure 11 shows that been used in this case studies project
is lights, sirens, and notices. The construction warning systems is delivery an important bit
of information to letting the workers, staff, and visitors to know about the hazards to watch
out for or requirements that must obey especially at site where it is an open construction
site.
12
7.0 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION ARISE DURING THE CONSTRUCTION
Every construction will face problems whether before the construction starter or during
the construction period or after the construction process. The problems that arise will be
one of the challenges yet an experience especially for the consultant, engineer, architect,
quantity surveyor, contractor and all other parties that involved in that project. These are
the problem that arise during the construction process and the solutions to its problem of
both projects.
7.1 DELHI-MEERUT EXPRESSWAY, PHASE 3: DASNA TO HAPUR

Problem 1: Site Limitation
Based on the study, the main challenges to complete this project is the site limitation.
This happen because the site area is located at the urban areas where the sides of the
sites around by the residential area. The project is required to construct 24.65m wide deck
in a limited available row of 33m, to allow uninterrupted movement of traffic during
construction and to complete the work within stipulated time frame of 910 days.
Solution 1: Use of Precast Element
As the solution to this problem, the management parties have been discussed on the
construction methodology. They have come out with a plan to use massive of precast
element for this project. This is a great solution as it can maximize off-site and minimize
on-site activities. This idea has made the project complete within available space, time
frame and the most important part is minimized hindrance to traffic.
Problem 2: Transportation and Erection
Besides, this project also has faced transportation problem to transport the material
from the factory to the site and erection of wide segment problems during the construction
process. As mentioned, the site is located at very congested area so it is difficult for to
transport the materials and to erect them due to moving traffic and also restricted space
availability.
Solution 2: Use of Conventional Pre-tensioned Girders
To resolve the problems of transportation and erection of material, they have decided
to use conventional pre-tensioned girders for the viaduct. Use of precast pre-tensioned
girders has increased many folds in the last two decades. There are many benefits of
precast pre-tensioned girders, especially in long elevated road projects. The weight of a
pre-tensioned girder is significantly less as compared to a post- tensioned girder due to
reduced web thickness
13
Problem 3: Preparation of Precast Girders
Next, preparation of huge numbers of precast girders is one of the challenges for this
project as they did not have enough time to construction this long highways. There were a
total of 1107 numbers of precast girders for the entire project have to be prepared for which
a total of 12,000 sqm precast casting yard was prepared with 12 beds and 3 girder casting
facility on one bed. It is quite a lot to be completed and the clock is chasing them.
Solution 3: Early Setting Admixture
As they have not enough time to wait for it, they have decided to setting admixture
earlier and adopt steam curing. It is one of the best methods as they have reduced the time
cycle of girder casting from 10 days to 7 days. With that solution, they have successfully
produced 180 girders in a month. As the results, the yard was having a staking capacity of
220 nos. of precast girders and construction activities were planned accordingly. A steel
cutting bending and binding automatic yard of size 50m x 18m was commissioned to
accelerate the progress of project. Launching of such a huge number of precast girders
was a major task and was done with the help of two gantries instead of crane. Tracks for
gantry were placed 30m centre to centre near outer edge of ROW. Use of gantry reduced
the time involved in erection of girders substantially. Practically it took only 15 to 20 minutes
to erect a girder after lifting it from trailer, thereby reducing the stoppage time for traffic
drastically. With gantry, maximum of 14 girders were erected in a day, however average
erection of girders was 4 numbers per day.
7.2 PERLA SENTRAL ARA DAMANSARA

Problem 1: Safety issues
As this project is still under construction, there are still many problems that did not yet
discovered. One of the main problems for this project is safety issues. This happened due
to lack of training, poor supervision, poor planning process and poor supervision. It is quite
worrying and very dangerous as well for the workers that close to stressing process area.
It is because of the stressing machine has a very high pressure.
Solution 1: Warning Signage
As the solution to this problem, Department of Safety and Health have come out with
warning signage to the red zone area to avoid unwanted accident from happening. This
solution is very effective to make sure that area is safe especially during process of
stressing and grouting.
14
Problem 2: Lack of Communication
Communication is one of the important things to create quality building as well as

health work environment. In construction site, communication is one of the main problems
between the person in charge and the workers. This lack communication happened
because of different language and majority of them are from other country and cannot
understand Malay language. Majority of site construction have faced the same thing and
not only in Perla Project.
Solution 2: Fix the Communication
Good communication is one of the best ways to increase quality and can make the
problems solve directly with doing a meeting in site office to discuss about the problems
detected and solve it effectively. In site at Perla, the best solution of the problem is hired a
worker that can understand different language like Malay and the worker’s language from
their country. This solution can make the workers understand different language so that
they can do the job correctly.
Problem 3: Shortage of Labours
Manpower is very important in the project as the more the manpower the fastest the
work can be finished. The shortage of labours may cause delay in project and cannot make
the work smoother. As for Perla Project, they are having lack of manpower as they involve
in a lot of works especially during pre-stressing steps.
Solution 3: Hired More Labours
A very high attention should be given to project supervision by regulators in the

construction industry in Malaysia since poor supervision of work was found to be the major
problem of the lack of manpower. The supervisory team of construction firms, the local
authorities and works should increase their supervisory activities on labours of construction
sites to increase the quantity of manpower.
15
8.0 COMPARATIVE STUDIES
Here is the comparison between two projects that use different method of pre-stressed
concrete which is project Delhi-Meerut Expressway that use pre-tensioned and Perla
Sentral Ara Damansara project that use post-tensioned.
Project Delhi-Meerut Project Perla Sentral

Expressway Ara Damansara
IMAGE
Project Pilkhuwa, India Ara Damansara, Petaling Jaya

location
Project 910 days 913 days
duration
Structural Viaducts (bridge consisting of a Slabs (apartment carpark) up to level
components series of arches supported by 5
use piers used to carry a road)  Freyssinet Slab System
Parties  Client: National Highway  Client: ADS project Sdn.Bhd

involved Authority of India (NHAI)  Contractor: Grand Dynamic
 SPV (Concessionaire): Builders Sdn Bhd, or known as
APCO-CHETAK Jelita Megah Sdn Bhd
 EPC Contractor: Chetak  Supplier: Freyssinet PSC (M) Sdn
Enterprises Ltd. Bhd Company
 Design Consultant: B&S (Perla Ara Sentral, 2019)
Engineering Consultants Pvt.
Ltd.
Independent Engineer: Lea
Associate South Asia Pvt. Ltd.
(Sigh, 2020)
16
Type of Pre-tensioning method Post- tensioning method

construction
Material used Precast concrete girder and pre Grade 35 concrete slab structure
tensioning of pier cap and
removal of bottom supports
Construction 1) Preparing machine for 1) Formwork setup

process pre-stressing 2) Rebar installation
2) Rebar installation 3) Tendon installation
3) Tendon stressing 4) Placing and fixing
4) Formwork (mould) 5) Ccncreting work
installation 6) Tendon stressing
5) Concreting 7) Grouting process
6) Cutting Removing formwork
7) Removing formwork (mould).
Safety 1) Placing the safety restraints
procedure 2) The stressing bed be equipped with restraints
3) A guarding system
4) Paint line
5) Produce warning system
Problem 1) Site Limitation 1) Safety issues

The site area is located at the
Safety issues happened due to lack
urban areas where the sides
of training, poor supervision, poor
of the sites surround by the
planning process and poor
residential area. The project
supervision. It is quite worrying and
is required to construct
very dangerous as well for the
24.65m wide deck in a limited
workers that close to stressing
available row of 33m, to allow
process area. It is because of the
uninterrupted movement of
stressing machine has a very high
traffic during construction
pressure.
and to complete the work
within stipulated time frame
of 910 days
17
2) Transportation and 2) Lack of Communication

Erection
In construction industry,
Transportation problem to
communication is one of the
transport the material from
problems between the person in
the factory to the site and
charge and the workers. This lack
erection of wide segment
communication happened
problems during the
because of different language and
construction process. The
majority of them are from other
site is located at very
country and could not understand
congested area so it is
Malay. Majority of site construction
difficult to transport the
have faced the same thing.
materials and to erect them
due to moving traffic and also
3) Shortage of Labours
restricted space availability.
Manpower is very important in
3) Preparation of Precast
the project as the more the
Girders
manpower the fastest the work can
Preparation of huge numbers be finished. The shortage of
of precast girders is one of labours may cause delay in project
the challenges for this project and cannot make the work
as they did not have enough smoother. As for Perla Project, they
time to construction this long are having lack of manpower as
highways. There were a total they involve in a lot of works
of 1107 numbers of precast especially during pre-stressing
girders for the entire project steps.
have to be prepared.
18
Solution to 1) Use of Precast Element 1) Warning Signage

solve the
It can maximize off-site and Department of Safety and Health
problems
minimize on-site activities. have come out with warning
This idea has made the signage to the red zone area to
project complete within avoid unwanted accident from
available space, time frame happening. This solution is very
and the most important part effective to make sure that area is
is minimized hindrance to safe especially during process of
traffic. stressing and grouting.
2) Use of Conventional Pre- 2) Fix the Communication

tensioned Girders
In site at Perla, the best solution
Use of precast pre-tensioned
of the problem is hired a worker
girders has increased many
that can understand different
folds in the last two decades.
language like Malay and the
There are many benefits of
worker’s language from their
precast pre-tensioned
country. This solution can make
girders, especially in long
the workers understand different
elevated road projects. The
language so that they can do the
weight of a pre-tensioned
job correctly.
girder is significantly less as
compared to a post- 3) Hired More Labours
tensioned girder due to
reduced web thickness. The supervisory team of
construction firms, the local
3) Early Setting Admixture authorities and works should
increase their supervisory activities
Setting admixture earlier and
on labours of construction sites to
adopt steam curing is one of
increase the quantity of manpower.
the best methods as they
have reduced the time cycle
of girder casting from 10 days
to 7 days.
19
9.0 CONCLUSION
Based on the case study, it can be concluded that the pre-stressed concrete have two
different method which are pre-tensioned and post-tensioned. The method used for the
construction of carpark at Project Perla Sentral Ara Damansara is using post-tensioned
meanwhile the construction of expressway at Delhi-Meerut is using pre-tensioned.
Post-tensioned method is one of the best method for support huge load such. This method
used for carpark and it also convey with theory and has proven that post-tensioned method
can be construct successfully with correct method statement, procedures and requirement.
Therefore, pre-tensioned also one of the best method use for highway as it can increases
the quality, strength and span of the structure. However, throughout the investigation there
were problems in the construction. The construction has problems such as site limitation,
transportation and erection, preparation of precast girders, safety issues, lack of
communication and shortage of labours. As results, it will risk the workers’ safety and has
affected the worker working time if they had an accident and cause them injured. It also
makes the construction’s quality will be affected. The solution for this problem is by use of
precast element, use of conventional pre-tensioned girders, early setting admixture,
warning signage, fix the communication and hired more labours. , it is the best for safety
supervisor to supervise the worker during stressing and grouting process effectively.
Hence, the problems should not take lightly. The problems occurred during construction
process has been acknowledge and the solutions have been taken
20
10.0 REFERENCES
Chin, S. (2 September, 2020). What Is Prestressed Concrete And How Does It Work? Retrieved From
Esub Constrution Software: Https://Esub.Com/Blog/What-Is-Prestressed-Concrete-And-
How-Does-It-Work/
D'souza, S. (July, 2020). Innovation Expressway. Retrieved From First Construction Council:
Https://Www.Firstconstructioncouncil.Com/Cement-Industry-News/117507/Innovation-
Expressway
Halim, N. H. (December, 2019). POST TENSIONED SLAB SYSTEM.
Khandelwal, P. (3 September, 2019). Phase 3 Of Delhi-Meerut Expressway Now Open, Reach Hapur
From Dasna In 15 Mins. Retrieved From Hindustan Times:
Https://M.Hindustantimes.Com/Noida/Phase-3-Of-Delhi-Meerut-Expressway-Now-Open-
Reach-Hapur-From-Dasna-In-15-Mins/Story-U9slqcfocykcfghkvegidj.Html
Perla Ara Sentral. (2019). Retrieved From Properly: Https://Properly.Com.My/Perla-Ara-Sentral/
Precast, B. ( 2014). THE SAFE STRESSING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRODUCTS.
Prestressed Concrete. (2 9, 2020). Retrieved From Designing Buildings Wiki:

Https://Www.Designingbuildings.Co.Uk/Wiki/Prestressed_Concrete
Savani, R. (21 June, 2015). Prestressed Concrete. Retrieved From Slideshares:

Https://Www.Slideshare.Net/Mobile/Ravisavani94/Prestressed-Concrete-49649574
Sigh. (6, 2020). Challenges In Design & Construction Of 4680m Elevated Viaduct At Pilkhuwa – A
Case Study. Retrieved From Infrastructure And Equipment Magazines:
Https://Www.Nbmcw.Com/Tech-Articles/Precast-Construction/41872-Challenges-In-
Design-Construction-Of-4680m-Elevated-Viaduct-At-Pilkhuwa-A-Case-Study.Html
21

Assignment 1 Pre Stressed Concrete Frame

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment 1 Pre Stressed Concrete Frame

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment 1 Pre Stressed Concrete Frame

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR QUANTITY

SURVEYING FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE,

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA

NO STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

1 NURUL AIN NAA BINTI ROSLAN 2020825114

2 CHE SHAHIRAH NAJWA BINTI CHE ABDUL RONI 2020879206

3 ILLYA AMYRA BINTI NORDIN 2020628636

4 NUR IRDYNA SYAFIQAH BT AHMAD SYUKRY 2020869286

5 NURUL IRKA SYAFIRRA BINTI BAHARUN 2020810538

2.0 TYPES AVAILABLE ........................................................................................................ 2

3.0 MAJOR COMPONENTS .................................................................................................. 2

4.0 METHOD OF ERECTION ................................................................................................ 3

5.0 MATERIALS USED ......................................................................................................... 4

6.0 STANDARD GUIDELINE AND PROCEDURES .............................................................. 5

7.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 6

Pre-stressed concrete was firstly introduced by Eugene Freyssinet which is a French

Figure 1: Pre-stressing process

In comparison to the above advantages, some disadvantages of pre-stressed concrete

2.0 TYPES AVAILABLE

2.1 PRE-TENSIONED CONCRETE

Figure 2: Pre-tensioned concrete

2.2 POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE

Figure 3: Post-tensioned concrete

Post-tensioning, a type of pre-stressing, is many advantages compared to standard

A post-tension "tendon" is a complete package consisting of the bandages, the pre-

Unbonded post-tensioned concrete is different from bonded post-tensioned concrete

3.0 MAJOR COMPONENTS FOR PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

The principle behind pre-stressed concrete is that compressive stresses induced by

Pre-stressed concrete can be divided into 2 categories, there is pre-tensioning

4.0 METHOD OF ERECTION PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME

4.1 PRE-STRESSED METHOD

1. Anchoring of tendons against the end abutments

2. Applying tension to the tendons

4. Cutting of the tendons

Figure 4: The Erection Process of Pre-Tensioning Concrete Frame (Engineer, 2012).

4.2 POST-TENSION METHOD

2. Placement of the tendons.

3. Applying tension to the tendons

4. Seating of the wedges.

5. Cutting the tendons.

Figure 5: The Erection Process of Post-Tensioning Concrete Frame (Engineer, 2012).

5.0 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE FRAME MATERIALS

c) It should not be more than 40 mm.

a) Ordinary Portland cement,

The purpose of using admixture is to achieve certain properties in concrete more

b) Water reducing admixtures

c) Set retarding admixtures

d) Set accelerating admixtures

e) Water reducing and set retard admixtures

f) Water reducing and set accelerate admixtures.

Meanwhile, the common mineral admixtures are as shown below:

b) Ground granulated blast-furnace slag

d) Rice husk ash

6.0 STANDARD GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

6.2 LIFTING METHODS

Figure 6: Lifting chain

Figure 7: Lifting clamp

Figure 8: Lifting hooks