General Mathematics – Grade 11

The Functions
I. Introduction

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an

appropriate functional model will lead to a better understanding of various
phenomena. A function can serve as a simple kind of mathematical model.

In this Learner’s Packet, you will learn how to represent real-life

situations using functions, evaluate functions by substituting the value of a variable to the
function given, perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of functions and
function composition, and solve problems involving functions in easier way.

II. Learning Objectives

After going through this Learner’s Packet, you will be able to:
a. represents real-life situations using functions, including piecewise
function (M11GM-Ia-1);
b. evaluate a function (M11GM-Ia-2);
c. perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and composition
of functions (M11GM-Ia-3);
d. solve problems involving functions (M11GM-Ia-4).

III. Learning Activities

LESSON 1 – FUNCTION AS MODEL

A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in the first set of
values, exactly one and only one element, called f(x) or y, in the second
set of values. The variable x is called the independent variable, while f(x)
or y, is the dependent variable. Let’s discover how to represent real-life
situations using functions in simplest way.
In representing real-life situations using functions, we must follow these steps:

Steps in Representing Real-Life Situations using Functions

I. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)

II. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.)
III. What operation to be used? (Decide on the operation to be used as
required in the problem.)
IV. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using a function
notation. If possible, simplify the function.)

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 Learn from the succeeding examples on how to represent these problems using
functions.
Sample Problems:
Example 1
Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if a meal costs
₱ 40.00. Based on the steps listed above, we now identify,

I. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)

Represent the cost of buying x meals, wherein each meal costs ₱ 40.00.
II. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.)
₱ 40.00 – cost of a meal
III. What operation to be used? (Decide the operation to be used as required by the
problem.)
The operation to be used is Multiplication.
Total cost = Cost per meal × no. of meals
IV. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using Function)
Let 𝑥 be the no. of meals and 𝐶(𝑥) be the total cost, since each meal costs ₱
40.00, you must multiply ₱ 40.00 by the number of meals x to know the cost of
meals, therefore the cost function is;
C(x) = 40x ; where x is the number of meals
In example 1, x is an independent variable while C(x) is a dependent
variable that depends on the given value of x.

Example 2
A certain Ornamental Plant Shop in Nabua charges ₱500.00 for a yearly
membership. The first ornamental plant is free with the membership, and any plant after
that costs ₱150.00 including tax. How much money M does a shopper spend after buying
p plants and paying a yearly membership?
I. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)
How much money M does a shopper spend after buying p plants and a yearly
membership? (Represent the total costs in buying p plants and paying the yearly membership fee)
II. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.)
₱ 500.00 yearly membership fee
₱150.00 cost of each ornamental plant
(take note: the first ornamental plant is free along with the membership)
III. What operation to be used? (Decide on the operation to be used as required by the problem.)
The operations to be used are Multiplication, Addition and subtraction
(The problem state that the first ornamental plant is free, therefore subtract 1 from the total p
plants that the shopper will get and will be multiplied to the cost of each plant, the result will just be
added to the yearly membership fee)
IV. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using Function)
The total cost that the shopper will spend is given by the sum of the fixed annual
membership fee and the cost of buying 𝑝 plants. Thus,
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑 𝒇𝒆𝒆 + 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕
The problem state that the first ornamental plant is free, therefore subtract 1 from
the total 𝑝 plants that the shopper will get and will be multiplied to the costs of each
plant, thus, 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎(𝒑 − 𝟏)
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 Example 2 (Continuation)
Let 𝑀(𝑝) be the function that will represent the total costs in terms of buying 𝑝
plants including the annual membership, wherein the first plant is free. Therefore, the
total cost function is given by,
𝑀(𝒑) = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎(𝒑 − 𝟏) (where p is the number of plants)

In the problem, p is an independent variable while M(p) is a dependent

variable that depends on the given value of p.
In the next example, we have a piecewise function as a mathematical model.

PIECEWISE FUNCTION
A function can be in pieces. You can create functions that
behave differently based on the input (x) value.

As mentioned earlier there are four steps to follow in

representing functions, but for a piecewise function, we will
add these three sub-steps that will fall under Step IV:
1. Identify the intervals for which different rules
apply.
2. Determine formulas that describe how to
calculate an output from an input in each interval.
3. Use braces and if-statements to write the
function.

Example 3

A user is charged ₱300.00 monthly for a particular

mobile plan, inclusive of 100 free text messages. Messages in
excess of 100 are charged P1.00 each. Represent the monthly
bill for the mobile plan using the function t(m), where m is the
number of messages sent in a month.

I. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)

Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function t(m), where
m is the number of messages sent in a month.
II. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.
The monthly charged of the mobile plan that costs ₱300.00, and a charge of
₱1.00 in excess of the 100 free text messages.
III. What operation to be used? (Decide the operation to be used as required by the
problem.)
Multiplication, addition and subtraction
IV. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using Piece wise Function)
(The problem consists of multiple rules/conditions, therefore it is a piecewise
function and you will consider the three sub-steps here.)
1. Identify the intervals for which different rules apply.
• The mobile plan cost ₱300.00 for up to 100 messages.
• Over 100 messages cost ₱300.00 plus ₱1.00 per excess in 100 messages.
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 2. Determine formulas that describe how to calculate an output from an input
in each interval.
Based on the interval identified, you can represent that using the following
formulas:
𝟑𝟎𝟎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒎 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏(𝒎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎) , 𝒊𝒇 𝒎 > 𝟏𝟎𝟎
3. Use braces and if-statements to write the function.
Let 𝑡(𝑚) be the function that will represent the total bill of the mobile plan,
where 𝑚 is the number of text messages sent in a month.

Therefore, the cost of text messaging can be expressed

by the piecewise function:

𝟑𝟎𝟎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒎 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎

t(m) = {
𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏(𝒎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎) , 𝒊𝒇 𝒎 > 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(where m is the number of text messages)

In the problem, m is an independent variable while t is a dependent

variable that depends on the number of sent messages. The monthly bill for text
messaging t(m) is based on the number of sent messages m.
As you can see, the function formed is a combination of two functions,
and that is a Piecewise function.

Example 4

A tricycle ride in a particular town charges ₱8.00 for the

first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer adds
₱1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the
tricycle fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.

I. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)

Represent the tricycle fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometres using
piecewise function.
II. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.)
The tricycle fare is ₱8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer
kilometer adds ₱1.50 to the fare.
III. What operation to be used? (Decide the operation to be used as required by the
problem.)
Multiplication and addition
IV. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using Piece wise Function)
(The problem consists of multiple rules/conditions, therefore it is a piecewise function
and you will consider the three sub-steps here.)
1. Identify the intervals for which different rules apply.
• The tricycle fare is ₱8.00 for the first 4 kilometers.
• Over 4 kilometers, the cost is ₱8.00 plus ₱1.50 per additional integer kilometer
to the fare.

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 2. Determine formulas that describe how to calculate an output from an input
in each interval.
Based on the interval identified, you can represent that using the following
formulas;
𝟖 , 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤ 𝟒
𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎⌊𝒅 − 𝟒⌋ , 𝒊𝒇 𝒅 > 𝟒
3. Use braces and if-statements to write the function.
Let 𝐹(𝑑) be the function that will represent the total costs of the tricycle fare,
where 𝑑 is the number of kilometer.

Therefore, the total cost of the tricycle fare can be

expressed by the piecewise function:
𝟖 , 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤ 𝟒
𝑭(𝒅) = {
𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎⌊𝒅 − 𝟒⌋ , 𝒊𝒇 𝒅 > 𝟒

(where d is the number of kilometer)

(Note that ⌊𝒅⌋ is the floor function applied to 𝒅. The floor function gives
the largest integer less than or equal to 𝒅, e.g. ⌊𝟒. 𝟐⌋ = ⌊𝟒. 𝟕⌋ = 𝟒)

In the problem, 𝒅 is an independent variable while 𝑭 is the dependent variable that

depends on the distance 𝒅 in kilometres ride. The total cost of tricycle fare 𝑭 is based on the
distance 𝒅 in kilometres ride.
As you can see, the function formed is a combination of two functions, and that is
another example of piece wise function with the application of floor function.

LESSON 1 - ACTIVITY 1:
______title________
MATCHING TYPE: Match the best representation of the functions using real life
situations in COLUMN A from COLUMN B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. A kilogram of dalandan in a Supermarket costs ₱55.00. If a. 𝐹(𝑛) = 95k
Jessica bought k kilograms, represent the amount paid A as a function.
2. A kilo of mango in a mango stand costs ₱95.00. If Aaron bought k b. 𝑓(𝑛) = 350n
kilograms, represent the amount paid F as a function.
3. Mrs. Roman was given a money worth ₱5,500.00 to be divided equally to c. 𝑓(𝑛) =
5500
𝑛
her student. Represent the amount received by the students if there are n
students. d. 𝑓(𝑚)= 6m
4. Mrs. Villareal implemented waste segregation in her class. She instructed
her students to collect the waste paper and sold it. If every kilogram of
waste paper is bought for ₱6.00, how much is their money if they e. 𝑓(𝑘) = 55k
collected m kilograms of paper.
5. The teachers of Nabua National High School will conduct community f. 𝐹(𝑘) = 45k
service in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. They will visit a
community and will distribute goods worth ₱350.00 each. How much will
they spend for n families? Represent it with function. (Use 𝑓(𝑛) as a
function of n.)
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 LESSON 1 - ACTIVITY 2:
______title________
Directions: Determine whether or not each statement is True or False. If the statement is
False, write an argument to make the statement correct.
For numbers 1-2: Use the problem below.
A certain store is having a sale on all the items. All items are 15% off.
In addition, you have a coupon for ₱100.00 off in any items because you were
the 1 millionth customer.

1. The function that represents the sale price is 𝑓(𝑝) = 𝑝 − 0.15𝑝 or 𝑓(𝑝) = 0.85𝑝.
2. The function that represent the coupon discount is 𝑓(𝑝) = 0.15𝑝 − 100.
For numbers 3-4: Use the problem below.
A hiker is missing and the search-and-rescue teams are determining
the area in which to search. The hiker can hike at an estimated 3km per hour.
3. Let 𝑓(ℎ) be the function of the distance that the hiker can hike, the function that
represents the distance the hiker could hike in h hours is 𝑓(ℎ) = 3ℎ.
4. The function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜋𝑥 2 determines the potential search area given the hiker travelled in
𝑥 kilometres.

LESSON 1 - ACTIVITY 3:
______title________
Directions: Find the function that will represent the given scenario.
1. A computer shop charges ₱15.00 rental for the first hour,
plus additional ₱10.00 for additional h hours.
2. A videoke machine can be rented for ₱1,000.00 for three
days, but for the fourth day onwards, additional ₱400.00 will be
charged per day. Represent the cost of renting a videoke machine
as a piecewise function of the number of days it is rented.
3. A certain chocolate bar costs ₱35.00 per piece. However, if
you buy more than 10 pieces, they will be marked down to a price of
₱32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in
terms of the number n of chocolate bars bought.

LESSON 2 EVALUATING FUNCTION

The function notation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) tells you that y is a function of x. If

there is a rule relating y to x, such as 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1, then you can also write:

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
Name of function
input output

●The name of the function is f. Other letters may be used to name functions, such as g and h.

● 𝑓(𝑥) is read as “f of x”, and this represents the value of the function at x.

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 Function notation gives you more flexibility because you don’t have to use y for
every equation. Instead, you could use f(x) or g(x) or h(x). This can be a helpful way to
distinguish equations of functions when you are dealing with more than one at a time.

You could write the formula for perimeter, P = 4s, as the function p(x) = 4x, and
the formula for area, A = x2, as A(x) = x2. This would make it easy to you in evaluating
the results if you have different values of x.

To evaluate the function, take the given value of

x, and replace (substitute) that value for x in the
expression. You can simply apply what you already
know about evaluating expressions to evaluate a
function. Like in the following examples.

Example 1.
Evaluate the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4 at 𝑥 = 3.

NOTE:
Solution: a. 𝑓(𝑥) means “ the value of f at x”. It
Just replace the variable “x” with “3”
does not mean “f times x”.
b. Letters other than f such as G and
𝑓(3) = 2(3) + 4 Simplify
𝑓(3) = 6 + 4 H or g and h can also be used.
c. f is the name of the function and
Therefore , 𝑓(3) = 10. 𝑓(𝑥) is the value of the function at x.

Example 2:
Evaluate the following functions at x = 2.5.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 c. 𝑔(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 − 1.5 e. 𝐹(𝑥) = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1
2 2𝑥+1
b. 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2 d. 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
f. ℎ(𝑥) = 25‫ 𝑥ڿ‬− 2‫ۀ‬

Solutions :
We substitute 2.5 for x in the given functions, so we have
a. 𝑓(2.5) = 2(2.5) + 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(2.5) = 𝟔
b. 𝑞(2.5) = (2.5)2 − 2(2.5) + 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(2.5) = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
c. 𝑔(2.5) = ξ2.5 − 1.5 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(2.5) = 𝟏
2(2.5)+1
d. 𝑟(2.5) = 2.5−1
, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(2.5) = 𝟒
e. 𝐹(2.5) = ⌊2.5⌋ + 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 2 + 1 = 𝟑
(In item e, note that ⌊𝑥⌋ is a floor function applied to 𝑥. The floor function
gives the largest integer that is less than or equal to 𝑥, hence ⌊2.5⌋ = 2)
f. ℎ(2.5) = 25‫ڿ‬2.5 − 2‫ۀ‬, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 25(3 − 2) = 𝟐𝟓
(In item f, note that ‫ 𝑥ڿ‬− 2‫ ۀ‬is the ceiling function applied to 𝑥 − 2. The ceiling
function gives the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x, hence ‫ڿ‬2.5‫ = ۀ‬3.)

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Example 3:
2𝑥+1
Given 𝑔(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 − 1 and 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
. Find 𝑔(−4) and 𝑟(1).

Solutions:
𝑔(−4) = ξ−4 − 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑔(−4) = ξ−𝟓
This is not possible because – 4 is not in the domain of 𝑔(𝑥). It will
have a negative value under the radical sign. Radicand must be
nonnegative if the index is an even number, but can be negative if the
index is odd. Hence;
2(1) + 1 𝟑
𝑟(1) = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟(1) = 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
1−1 𝟎
1 is not in the domain of 𝑟(𝑥) (it will make value of denominator
equal to zero).
(Note: If the value of 𝒙 is not in the domain of 𝒇(𝒙), then 𝒇(𝒙) is not defined at 𝒙)

Solutions:
Example 4:
a. To find 𝑓(−2), let x = -2. Since -2 is less than 0,
𝑥 2 + 5, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0 use the first line of the equation. Thus,
If 𝑓(𝑥) = {
5𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5
Find: a. f(-2) b. f(4)
𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 + 5, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 4 + 5 = 𝟗
b. To find 𝑓(4), let x = 4. Since 4 is greater than 0,
use the second line of the equation. Thus,
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 1
𝑓(4) = 5(4) − 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 20 − 1 = 𝟏𝟗

In Example 5, the value of x is not just a number but an expression, study

carefully.
Example 5:

Let𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3. Find each of the following.

a. 𝑓(2𝑏)
b. 𝑔(𝑎 + 1) Solution:
a. Replace each 𝑥 with 2𝑏.
𝑓(2𝑏) = −(2𝑏)2 + 5(2𝑏) − 3
𝑓(2𝑏) = −𝟒𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒃 − 𝟑
b. Replace each 𝑥 with 𝑎 + 1.
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = 2(𝑎 + 1) + 3
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = 2𝑎 + 2 + 3
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟓

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 LESSON 2 - ACTIVITY 1:
______title________
Tell whether each statement is True or False.
1. The function notation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) tells you that y is a function of x.
2. The notation 𝑓(𝑥) means “f times x”.
3. To evaluate a function, simply replace the value of x with the given number.
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 8, then 𝑓(−2) is 6.
5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 + 4, then 𝑓(5) is -19

LESSON 2 - ACTIVITY 2:
______title________
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP: Each of the item consists of two quantities – one in
Column A and another in Column B. Compare the quantities in Columns A and B. Write the
correct answer before each number. Show your solutions.
A – if the quantity in Column A is greater than that in Column B.
B – if the quantity in Column B is greater than that in Column A.
C – if the two quantities are equal.
D - if the size of the quantities cannot be determined from the information given.

𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Use the following functions; 𝒇(𝒙) = { ,
4𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑥 + 8 and 𝒉(𝒙) = 2𝑥 2 − 3

COLUMN A COLUMN B
______1. 𝒇(𝟐) 𝒈(𝟐)
______2. 𝒉(−𝟑) 𝒇(𝟑)
______3. 𝒈(𝟏𝟎) 𝒇(−𝟓)
______4. 𝒈(𝟐𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏) 𝒉(𝒃)

LESSON 2 - ACTIVITY 3:
______title________
Directions: Solve the following problems.

9 − 𝑥2, 𝑥<2
1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = {ξ𝑥 + 7, 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 10, give the values of the following:
‫ 𝑥ڿ‬− 4‫ۀ‬, 𝑥 ≥ 10
a) 𝑓(2)
b) 𝑓(12.5)
c) 𝑓(−3)
2. Evaluate 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) where 𝑓𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3.

3. Find 𝑞(𝑎 + 1) − 2𝑞(𝑎) if 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4.

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 LESSON 3 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

You encounter the basic operations: addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division in dealing with problems related to real-life
situations. We also apply it in manipulating algebraic expressions.
If you know how to perform the four basic operations on
polynomials, then you can also add, subtract, multiply, and divide functions
as well as the composition of functions. The notation will look different at
first—but applying how to perform the different operations on functions
can help you arrive at the correct answer.

Operations on functions are summarized as follows:

Sum, Difference, Product, and Quotient of Functions

Let 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 be functions:

SUM: 𝑓 + 𝑔; (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
DIFFERENCE: 𝑓 − 𝑔; (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
PRODUCT: 𝑓 ∙ 𝑔 ; (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓⁄ 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
QUOTIENT: 𝑔 ; ( ) (𝑥) = , where 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

Learn from the succeeding examples to perform the different operations on functions.

Example 1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5, find;
a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) c. (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓
b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) d. (𝑔) (𝑥)

Solution 1a Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5

The sum of these functions can be written f(x) + g(x) or as (f + g)(x),
therefore;
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) Definition of Sum of Functions.
= (2𝑥 − 3) + (𝑥 2 − 5) Substitute the given values of 𝑓(𝑥) and (𝑥) .
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 Combine like terms.
That’s it—the sum of the two functions is the sum of the two polynomials,
thus (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖. The domain (x-values) of the function are all real
numbers.

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Note: Subtracting functions follows the same process. As long as you remember how to subtract one
polynomial from the other, you can figure out how to subtract one function from another.
Solution 1b
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5
The difference of these functions can be written f(x) - g(x) or as
(f - g)(x), therefore;
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) Definition of Difference of Functions.
2
= (2𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥 − 5) Substitute the given values of 𝑓(𝑥)
and 𝑔(𝑥).
= 2𝑥 − 3 − 𝑥 2 + 5 Distributive Property.
= −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 Combine like terms.

That’s it—the difference of the two functions is the difference of the

two polynomials, thus (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐. . The domain (x-values)
of the function are all real numbers.

Multiplying and Dividing functions is also just like

Multiplying and Dividing polynomials. Let us take a look on
the solutions for 1c and 1d.

Solution 1c Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5

To find the product, multiply the two given functions.

(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥) Definition of Product of Functions.

2
= (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5) Substitute the given values of 𝑓(𝑥) and (𝑥) .
= 2𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 15 Multiply(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 5)
= 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 Combine like terms.
That’s it—the product of the two functions is the product of the two
polynomials, thus (𝒇𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓. The domain (x-values) of
the function are all real numbers.

Solution 1d
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5
To find the quotient, divide 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑔(𝑥) that can be written as
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑔) (𝑥)𝑜𝑟 𝑔(𝑥)
.
Definition of Quotient of Functions.
𝑓
(𝑔) (𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) Substitute the given polynomials as values
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
(2𝑥−3) of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) in 𝑔(𝑥)
.
=
(𝑥 2 −5)
Divide polynomials. Write ", 𝐱 ≠ ±ξ𝟓”,
𝟐𝐱−𝟑 because 𝐱 = ±ξ𝟓 would make the
= 𝒙𝟐−𝟓 , 𝐱 ≠ ±ξ𝟓 𝑓
denominator 0, and (𝑔) (𝑥) undefined.
Therefore, the quotient of the two functions is the quotient of the two
𝑓 𝟐𝐱−𝟑 𝑓
polynomials, thus (𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝒙𝟐−𝟓 , 𝐱 ≠ ±ξ𝟓. The domain of (𝑔) (𝑥) is the set of all
real numbers except ±ξ𝟓.
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 Another operation on functions is called the composition of functions. In the
composition of functions we substitute an entire function into another function

The Composition of Functions

Given the functions f and g, the composition of f and
g, denoted by 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is defined by the equation (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) =
𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)), where 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) is read 𝒇 𝒐𝒇 𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒙. It means that
wherever there is an 𝑥 in the function 𝑓, it is replaced with
the function 𝑔(𝑥). The domain of (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) is the set of all 𝑥
such that;
1. 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑔 ; and
2. 𝑔(𝑥) is in the domain of 𝑓.

Example 2

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3, find:

a. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) b. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)

Solution 2a

Since (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) means 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), we must replace each

occurrence of 𝑥 in the function 𝑓 by 𝑔(𝑥).

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5 Given the equation for 𝑓

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 3(𝑔(𝑥)) − 5 Replace 𝑥 by 𝑔(𝑥)
= 3(2𝑥 − 3) − 5 Replace 𝑔(𝑥) by (2𝑥 − 3)
= 6𝑥 − 9 − 5 Apply Distribution Law
= 6𝑥 − 14 Combine like terms
Thus, (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒.

Solution 2b

Since (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) means 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)), we must replace each

occurrence of 𝑥 in the function 𝑔 by𝑓(𝑥) .
Given the equation for 𝑔
𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 Replace 𝑥 by 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 2(𝑓(𝑥)) − 3 Replace 𝑓(𝑥) by (3𝑥 − 5)
= 2(3𝑥 − 5) − 3 Apply Distribution Law
= 6𝑥 − 10 − 3 Combine like terms
Thus, (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑

Note that, (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) ≠ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙), therefore composition of functions

is not commutative.

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 LESSON 3 - ACTIVITY 1:
______title________
Direction: Determine whether or not each statement is True or False. If the
statement is False, write an argument to make the statement correct.

1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 then (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = −7.

2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 then (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 3.
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 9 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3 then (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 12.
𝑓
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 6 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 then (𝑔) (2) = 1.
5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3 then (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 2.

LESSON 3 - ACTIVITY 2:
______title________
DIRECTION:
Two functions are given below. Choose
the best Operations on Functions performed in RIDDLE:
Column B that gives the answer in Column A, and
then write the corresponding letter of your answer Until I am measured
below the number to answer the riddle. I am not known
Yet how you miss me
GIVEN: When I have flown.
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 3 and Who am I?
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

COLUMN A COLUMN B
𝒙+𝟑
1. T - (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝟑

2. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 M - (𝑔 − 𝑓)(𝑥)
𝒈
3. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 I - ( 𝒇 )(𝑥)

4. 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 12 A - (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥)
E - (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)

Write your
answer at the
right.

3 1 2 4

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 LESSON 3 - ACTIVITY 3:
______title________
Direction: Perform the given operation on functions.

1 9
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, find;
a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)
b. (𝑔 − 𝑓)(𝑥)
2 1
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6 𝑥, find;
a. (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑔
b. (𝑓 ) (𝑥)
1 1
3. Let ℎ(𝑥) = 4𝑥+1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥, find 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)).

LESSON 4 PROBLEM SOLVING INVOLVING FUNCTIONS

In this part, you will learn how to solve problems involving real-life
situations using functions in simplest way. Problems are everywhere, be it
in real life or just an application of real-life situation. It can be learned
gradually. Therefore, it is essential that you know how to solve problems
correctly. In solving problem, we need to read the problem entirely and list
down the information needed. Working in an organized manner or in an
step-by-step process will help you keep directed in finding the correct answer.
We will be following the steps introduced by George Polya, known as the father of
modern problem solving.

Four-step for Problem Solving (Georger Polya)

Step 1. Identify the Problem.

Understand and explore the problem. In order to understand
the problem, read the problem carefully. Identify what is ask or
determine what the problem requires you to do.
Step 2. Devise a Plan
Find the strategy you will use to solve the problem. Setting
up an equation, drawing a diagram or making a chart are some
ways of solving a problem.
Step 3. Evaluate (Solve)
Carry out the plan, solve the equation you came up with in
your Step 2. (Devise a Plan).
Step 4. Asses your answer
Look back and reflect on the solution, if you used all the
information correctly. Make sure that you write your final answer
with the correct labelling.
Learn from the succeeding examples on how to solve problems involving real-life
situations using functions. In case you forget the four steps, just remember the first letter of
every step I D E A, So, let’s begin.
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Sample Problems:
Example 1

The cost 𝐶 of buying 𝑥 number of meals in a school canteen is given

by the function 𝐶(𝑥) = 45𝑥 + 5. Each meal costs P45.00 plus P5.00 service
fee. How much will you spend if you’re going to treat 5 of your friends with
one meal each?
(To fully understand on how to solve the problem using a Function, always follow the steps mentioned above.)

Solution 1

Step 1. Identify the Problem.

In this problem, you are asked to find the total expenses of buying 5
meals. We will let 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠, where 𝑥 is the number of meals.
Step 2. Devise a Plan
The cost of buying 𝑥 meal is given by the function notation;
𝐶(𝑥) = 45𝑥 + 5
Step 3. Evaluate (Solve)
Since there are 5 friends, one meal each we will just evaluate the
function 𝑥 with 5. Thus
𝐶(𝑥) = 45𝑥 + 5
𝐶(5) = 45(5) + 5
𝐶(5) = 225 + 5
𝐶(5) = 230
Step 4. Asses your answer
When you multiply 45 by 5 that is equal to 225, plus 5, equals 230.
The same with your answer in Step 3, therefore, total expenses when you treat 5 of your
friends is P230.00.

Example 2

The cost 𝐶 to produce 𝑥 number of CDs is 𝐶(𝑥) = 10 000 + 50𝑥.

The CDs are sold in wholesale for P250.00, so the revenue 𝑅 is given by
𝑅(𝑥) = 250𝑥. Find how many CDs that the manufacturer needs to
produce and sell to break even.

Solution 2
Step 1. Identify the Problem. (Make sure that you read the problem several times.)
In this problem, we are looking for the number of cd’s needed to
produce and sold to break even, we will let 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒅′𝒔
Step 2. Devise a Plan
The cost will equal the revenue, hence
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥)

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 Solution 2. Continuation
Step 3. Evaluate (Solve)
The cost of production should be equal to the revenue to break even. Thus
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥)
10 000 + 50𝑥 = 250𝑥
10 000 + 50𝑥 − 50𝑥 = 250𝑥 − 50𝑥
10 000 200𝑥
=
200 200
𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎
Step 4. Asses your answer
When 𝑥 is 50, the cost and the revenue are both equal to P12 500.

Therefore, the manufacturer needs to produce and sold 50 CDs to breakeven.

LESSON 4 - ACTIVITY 1: SOLVE ME!

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. A kg of dalandan in a Supermarket costs ₱55.00. If Jessica bought 3

kilograms, how much did she spend?
For numbers 2-3, use the problem below to answer the following questions.
A mall charges ₱35.00 for the first two hours as a parking fee and an
additional ₱15.00 for each hour (or a fraction of it) after that. If you park for
more than twelve hours, you instead pay a flat rate of ₱250.00. The parking
area operates from 7 A.M to 11 PM every day.

2. How much will be charged to a car owner who parked a car from 7:30 AM to 12:30
PM?
3. How much will be charged to a car owner who parked a car from 10:00 AM to 8:00
PM?
For numbers 4-5, use the problem below to answer the following questions.
A local band spent ₱5 000.00 producing audio tapes of its last
performance and will sell the tapes for ₱300.00 each.

4. Write a rule to describe the local band’s profit as a function of the number of tapes
sold.
5. If the local band made a profit of ₱10 000.00, how many tapes did they sell? (Let
P(x) be the local band’s profit in t tapes sold.)

LESSON 4 - ACTIVITY 1: Show Me Your IDEA

Directions: Solve the following problems involving functions. Use IDEA in solving this
problem.
1. A kg of mango in a mango stand costs ₱ 95.00. If Aaron bought 5 kg, how much did he
spend?
RO_General Mathematics_Grade 11_Q1_LP 1
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2. Mrs. Roman received an amount of ₱5,500.00 to be divided equally among the students,
𝟓 𝟓𝟎𝟎
represented by the function 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒏
. If she has 25 students, how much will each
receive?
3. Mrs. Villareal implemented waste segregation in her class. She instructed her students to
collect recyclable pieces of paper to sell. The total earning of the class is given by the
function 𝑬(𝒎) = 𝟔𝒎, where m is the number of kg of paper collected. How much is their
total earnings if they collected 100 kg of paper?
4. A computer shop charges P20.00 per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for the first two hours
and an additional P10.00 for each succeeding hour. Find how much you would pay if you
used one of their computers for 4 hours.

LESSON 4 - ACTIVITY 1: Let’s Analyze

Directions: Solve the problems given below.

If N(x) = x denotes the number of bags sold by a shop, the selling price (in
pesos) per bag is given by p(x) = 120 – 4x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, and the cost of producing x
bags is given by C(x) = 100x.
Find:
1. (N٠p)(x)
2. What is the total cost of buying 4 bags?
3. (N ٠ p)(x) – (C)(x). What do these functions represent?

IV. Rubric for Scoring 1 point for every Correct Answer in all Activities
from Lesson 1 to lesson 4.

V. Reflection

1. What learning/s did you gain from the lesson?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 VI. Answer Key

LESSON 1

LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4

VI. References

Oronce, O. et. Al, 2016, Rex Bookstore, General Mathematics, First

Edition, pp. 2-37.
Learner’s Material Mathematics, 1st Edition 2016, pp 2-17
Teacher’s Guide Mathematics, 1st Edition 2016 pp 1-20

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 DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE LEARNER’S PACKET
WRITER : ARTHUR LAWRENCE T. YEE - Nabua National High School
ILLUSTRATOR : ARTHUR LAWRENCE T. YEE - Nabua National High School
REVIEWER : ROGEL JOHN O. NAVAL – Sta. Cruz National High School
EDITOR : SONIA VELITARIO – MORAL - Colacling National High School
LAYOUT ARTIST : JHOMAR B. JARAVATA – Bula National High School
VALIDATORS : MICHELLE B. BALUIS – Juan L. Filipino Memorial High School
: ARTHUR LAWRENCE T. YEE - Nabua National High School
FROILAN R. DOBLON – San Fernando National High School

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