Module (STS)
Module (STS)
Module (STS)
Overview
Objectives:
A. Discuss the interactions between science, technology and society throughout history
B. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment
Motivation/Take off
ACTIVITY 1
Fill in the blanks by referring to the given clues and then match each subject with the field of
study under which it belongs by writing the letter at the end of each science words.
CONTENT/LESSON PROPER:
Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places.
They needed a way to communicate with natives of the area they visited so as to facilitate trade and
prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places
they had been to and document the trades they made with each other, and the history and culture so they
could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other culture and civilizations.
Weapons and Armors were important in the discovery of new places or the establishment
of new alliances with other tribes, at that time, there was always a risk of conflicts when people meet met
others with different culture and orientations. Stronger nations invade weaker ones so they could take much
needed resources. As such, the development of weapons and armors for security and protection was
considered a major achievement.
A primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. Different illnesses and diseases, both
natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being. Given this predicament, science and
technology played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention of illnesses.
In order to integrate their needs for better transformation, establishment of structures for protection
from human attacks and natural disasters, and construction of bigger and stronger infrastructure- people
ventured into what is known as engineering.
The development would address their specific needs and wants. The development of engineering also
ushered in the introduction of architecture. During the ancient times, elaborative architectural designs were signs of
technological advancement of a particular civilization. In generations, architecture would be considered a status
symbol among nations of how advanced their technology is. It may also establish the identity of a nation.
An assortment of prehistoric tools provides evidence of the hunting and gathering methods of early
peoples. Slabs of bark were often used to gather nuts and berries and functioned as crude dishes or bowls
(top left). Reproductions of fishing tackle and arrows believed to have been used around 8000 bc are
displayed on the lower left. Recovered tools for
digging and cutting (right) are shown with recreated wooden handles. The heads of the adzes are made
from flint, as is the fire-starter shown below them.
WHEEL STRUCTURES
Considered one of the most important inventions in history, the wheel is more than 5000 years old and
has been crucial to mechanical devices ever since it emerged. The wheels shown here are relatively
sophisticated in comparison to the earliest models. In the case of a fixed axle, the wheel is held in place
beside the chassis by a small peg and revolves independent of the axle. (This model differs from another
standard design, the moving axle, in which the axle is firmly fixed to the wheel and the two components
revolve as a unit.) Early forms of roller bearings, devices that help wheels to turn more smoothly, were
developed around 100 BC. Wheels were initially solid disks, but gradually evolved into the spoked design,
which is both light and strong.
TYPES OF BOATS
CATAPULT
The catapult worked like a giant slingshot, propelling
large stones, javelins, and other objects over high walls, moats,
and other barriers during ancient times and the Middle Ages. One type of catapult called the mangonel
used the torsion of heavy cords twisted between two uprights to throw heavy stones, but it had little
accuracy.
ANCIENT CHARIOT
A chariot driver cracks his whip to encourage his
horses. Chariot racing was a popular pastime in ancient
Greece and Rome and was recorded as an event in the
ancient Olympic Games.
ARCHIMEDES
A Greek mathematician and inventor, Archimedes is
credited with important contributions to the development of
KOphysics. He is known for applying science to everyday life,
developing practical inventions such as the lever and the screw.
These simple machines have found uses as diverse as warfare
and irrigation. Archimedes supposedly discovered the principle
of water displacement while taking a bath, shouting Eureka!
when he realized why his body caused the level of the water to
rise.
PLATO
Plato, one of the most famous philosophers of ancient Greece,
was the first to use the term philosophy, which means love of
knowledge. Born around 428 BC, Plato investigated a wide range of
topics. Chief among his ideas was the theory of forms, which proposed
that objects in the physical world merely resemble perfect forms in the
ideal world, and that only these perfect forms can be the object of true
knowledge. The goal of the philosopher, according to Plato, is to know
the perfect forms and to instruct others in that knowledge
WINDMILL
A water-pumping windmill in Spring, Arizona, provides water for
agricultural use. The blades, or sails, are mounted at an oblique
angle on the horizontal shaft. The fantail rudder steers the
bladed wheel into the wind to maximize the windmill s efficiency.
SQUARE-RIGGER
Shown sailing near Fredriksted, Saint Croix, the square-rigger Denmark is a modern example of a
15th-century sailing ship with rectangular sails on the mainmast, foremast, and rear mizzenmast.
RENÉ DESCARTES
The first modern philosopher and founder of the rationalist
school, René Descartes used reason and mathematics to analyze the
world. Descartes book Meditations on the First Philosophy offered a
proof of the existence of God founded on reason, not faith. Descartes
deduced truths about the outer world based on his sensual
perception of it. This method of reasoning became standard
philosophical procedure.
INCANDESCENT LAMP
In an incandescent lamp, an electric current flows through a thin
tungsten wire called a filament. The current heats the filament to about
3000°C (5400°F), which causes it to emit both heat and light. The bulb
must be filled with an inert gas to prevent the filament from burning out.
For many years incandescent lamps were filled with a mixture of nitrogen
and argon. Recently the gas krypton has been used because it allows the
filament to operate at a higher temperature, which produces a brighter light.
HANDHELD COMPUTER
The handheld computing device
attests to the remarkable
miniaturization of computer
hardware. The early computers of the 1940s were so
large that they filled entire rooms. Technological innovations, such as the integrated circuit in 1959 and the
microprocessor in 1971, shrank computers central processing units to the size of tiny silicon chips.
Handheld computers are sometimes called personal digital assistants (PDAs).
ROBOTICS
This robotic hand is capable of performing the delicate task of picking up and holding an egg
without breaking it. A tactile array sensor located on the right half of its gripping mechanism sends
information to the robot's control computer about the pressure the robotic hand exerts; given this
information, the control computer instructs the robotic hand to loosen, tighten, or maintain the current
gripping force. This feedback loop repeats continuously, enabling the
robotic hand to stay in between the two extremes of dropping and
crushing the egg.
LOUIS PASTEUR
French scientist Louis Pasteur made important contributions
to many scientific fields during the mid-1800s. He is considered the
founder of the field of microbiology, working with the germ theory of
disease to establish and explain the causes for many diseases. In
1857 he showed that microorganisms are responsible for food
spoilage.
CHARLES DARWIN
Charles Darwins theory of natural selection became the
foundation concept supporting the theory of evolution. Darwin s
theory holds that environmental effects lead to varying degrees
of reproductive success in individuals and groups of organisms.
Natural selection tends to promote adaptation in organisms when
necessary for survival. This revolutionary theory was published
in 1859 in Darwins famous treatise On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection.
SIGMUND FREUD
In the late 19th century Viennese neurologist Sigmund Freud developed a theory of personality and a
system of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. According to this theory, people are strongly influenced
by unconscious forces, including innate sexual and aggressive drives. In this 1938 British Broadcasting
Corporation interview, Freud recounts the early resistance to his ideas and later acceptance of his work.
Freuds speech is slurred because he was suffering from cancer of the jaw. He died the following year.
JEEPNEY
The most unique form of transportation in Manila is the
jeepneya converted army jeep outfitted with many
decorations. The colorful jeepneys are often used for short trips
within the city and are an integral part of Manila s public
transportation system, which also includes bus and rail lines.
SALAMANDERAMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
An ordinary transport vehicle that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes
invented by Victor Llave and his team at H2O Technologies.
SALt LAMP
A young Filipina inventor named AISA MIJENO was able to invent a lighting system that utilizes a
material abundant in the Philippines- the salt water. She invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting
SALt) lamp. It is a mixture of a glass of tap water with 2 table spoon of salt.
MEDICAL INCUBATOR
Dr. Fe del Mundo a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian women admitted into Harvard MedicaL
School, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials w/c did not run by
electricity.
SELF-CHECK:
Informational poster:
Activity 2:
Watch this 3 minutes movie World s Greatest Inventions on YouTube, and give your own reflection
by stating how science and technological developments sets its importance and its salient features as
time passes by.
References
1. Quinto, E.J.M. & Nieva, A.D. (2018). Science, Technology and Society: Outcome-Based Module
(1st ed.) C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City Philippines.
2. Mcnamara, D.J., Valverde, V.M., & Beleno, III R. (2018). Science, Technology and Society (1 st ed).
C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
3. Ballena, N.D.S., Bernal, R.D., Paquiz, L.G., Ramos, R.C., & Viet, L, C. (2004). Science Technology
and Society. Trinitas Publishing, Inc., Trinitas Complex, Pantoc Road, Pantoc, Meycauayan 3020
Bulacan.
OVERVIEW
Science and technology are dynamic processes engaged in by man to satisfy two basic needs
the thirst for knowledge and the material requirements for human survival and prosperity. Science and
technology had been around even before the words biology, physics, chemistry, engineering, and
agriculture were coined.
Science is the description, understanding and prediction of physical phenomena through the use
and generation of verifiable theories, laws, and principles. Research and development is a usual activities
associated with science as a process. It involves the acquisition of new knowledge and the utilization of
such knowledge to devise new or improved products and processes.
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge and/or empirical somehow for the production,
improvement, and distribution of goods and services, as well as the satisfaction of other material needs. On
the other hand, it is more related to economic activity.
The outputs of technological activity are necessarily composed of both software and hardware .
Software refers to methods, techniques, organization, and management. Hardware pertains to tools,
equipment, machines, and materals (UNESCO, 1979; Posadas, 1985).
The core activity of technology is technological innovation that seeks to transform the prototype
inventions of Research and Development into commercial product or process (Posadas, 1985). Another
important activity is the utilization of technology itself. The actual use of technology in the production
process points out the potentials as well as the problems associated with a particular technology.
Society is a group of persons joined together to for a common purpose or by a common interest.
They come to learn and perform behavior expected of them.
From the beginning of time, man has strived to improve his way and quality of make life. The
caveman discovered how to make and use tools, developed a logical sequence for activities, and evolved
processes that added value to his life. The totality of the use and application of his knowledge, skills, tools,
and materials constitutes what we today describe as technology.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history.
Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the
environment.
SELF-CHECK
Lets do this!
Test 1. Identification. Read the following questions and give on what is/are being asked in each
item. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
To many countries, development is simply becoming in the future of what industrialized countries are today.
It was during the 15th century, with the accelerated pace of developments, that many inventions
evolved. Such period radically changed the so-called conventional way of life of the western world.
CONTENT/LESSON PROPER:
COPERNICAN
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed the heaven/universe. It is the
idea that rejected Ptolemic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric
model (sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it)
DARWINIAN
This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This revolution provided
a difference in The Theory of Creation. The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published
his book The Origin of the Species that emphasizes that humans are the result of the evolution.
FREUDIAN
This theory has started to revolutionized psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the
Freudian Theory of Personality that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality
and also his psychoanalysis that is the process that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a
human does not compete his/her developmental stages.
INFORMATION
This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the Computer
Age that has brought so much change on how are we living today.
MESO-AMERICAN
It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot
about Architecture that leads us to study more of it.
ASIAN
The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally.
MIDDLE EAST
The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth of individual
nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies and to push
the declining power of the Ottoman Empire and the Arab region.
AFRICAN
The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.
Source: Brainly.ph-https://.ph/questions/1623302#readmore
SUMMARY:
Copernican Revolution
Heliocentric model with the sun at the center of the solar system
Darwinian Revolution
Evolution by means of natural selection
Freudian Revolution
Developed an observational method to study human s inner life
Focuses on human sexuality and evil nature of man
2 Methods of Psychoanalysis
Stream of consciousness
Free association
Dadaism
Irrationality
Meso-American Civilizations
Mayan
Inca
Aztec
Asian Civilization
India
China
Middles East
Susruta Samhita
Text on surgical procedures from Ancient India
Siddhanta Shiromani
Ancient text with topics including like longitude and latitude of planets, eclipses, path of sun, and
moon
Contributions of India
Medicine Astronomy
360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days
Mathematics
Mohenjo-daro ruler
Trigonometry
Gravity as a force of attraction
Mathematical analysis
SELF-CHECK!
MY GALLERY: In a creative way, summarize the intellectual revolutions that defines society in any form.
You are encouraged to collect pictures with well-defined description. Make sure to showcase the significant
contributions that takes place in each of the revolutionary advancements presented in the text.
The fourth century was even richer in scientific achievement and was dominated by two greatest
personalities in history. The first half was dominated by Plato and the second half by Aristotle.
15th Century
Major developments happened in this century. Some notable changes which radilly changed the
course of the Western World are as follows:
a) Invention of typography about the middle of the 15 th century.
b) Geographic discoveries initiated by Henry the Navigator which reached its climax at the end
of the century with the voyage of Columbus and other.
c) Printing opened the production of standard texts and a little later, standard illustration.
For the first time, the progress of knowledge could be registered as soon as it was standardized
and transmitted to every corner of the civilized world. Until this period, East and West had worked
together, but now the Muslim East, increasingly inhibited by religious obscurism, rejected printing
and ceased to cooperate with the western world.
The discovery of printing was so important that it is well to consider it the beginning of the new
period, the so called-Renaissance, which was almost exclusively Western as far as Science is
concerned.
RENAISSANCE
The recovery of the texts of the Greek classics, most of which had been known only through Latin
translation of Arabic writings, was well-known during the Renaissance period. This period is considered as
the continuation of the Middle Age.
Growth of Academics
The rebirth and development of science began with the publication of books that are now considered
as the main monuments of modern science, to wit:
1. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres by Nicolaus Copernicus (1500)
2. On the Fabric of the Human Body by Andreas Vesalius (1543)
3. Principia Mathematica of Sir Isaac Newton (1687)
4. Traite de la Lumiere of Christian Huygens (1690)
LESSON 3: THE REJECTION OF TRADITIONAL PARADIGMS THE SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
DISCOVERIES
Self-Reflect
Activity No. 2
Read the questions comprehensively then answer with authenticity that is free from any bias just like
copy and paste practice. Take note that your answers will be subjected for plagiarism check.
2. Mcnamara, D.J., Valverde, V.M., & Beleno, III R. (2018). Science, Technology and Society (1 st ed).
C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
3. Ballena, N.D.S., Bernal, R.D., Paquiz, L.G., Ramos, R.C., & Viet, L, C. (2004). Science Technology
and Society. Trinitas Publishing, Inc., Trinitas Complex, Pantoc Road, Pantoc, Meycauayan 3020
Bulacan.
Overview
The development and technology in the Philippines has already come a long way. Many significant
inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This also presents initial
surveys contributions of Filipino scientists to science and technology. It then traces the historical
development and impact of science and technology on the various segments of Philippine society. This
chapter tackles how the development of science and technology affect the development of the Philippines
as a nation. The discussions are geared toward engaging students in a critical analysis of science and
technology as a tool for nation building.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
Identify the contributions of Filipino scientists in science and technology;
Enumerate critical points in the history of science and technology in the Philippines and
how these developments affected society and the environment;
Explain the role of science and technology in nation building;
Explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living;
Motivation/ Take-off
LOOK FOR ME!
Instructions. Research on the major contribution of the following Filipino scienctists. Alternatively, you
may identify 10 Filipino scientist and their contributions that are not part of the list. Be ready to present this
in a creative way
Lesson Proper
LESSON 3.1: THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even
before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipinos settlers were already using certain
plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented. Moreover,
early Filipinos had also developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice
terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops of the mountainsides in
cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain
tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still functional,
show the innovative and ingenious way of the natives to survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment.
COLONIAL PERIOD
Colonization by Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of construction. Walls,
roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures were built using some of the engineering skills and tools
brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the Spaniards government developed health and education systems
that were enjoyed by the principalia class.
The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. They established
a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of
science and technology.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different administrations,
continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each leadership had its own science and
technology agenda. However, it is important to note that some of the Philippine Presidents posted more
developments in the field than others.
One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was former
president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies ins science and technology were
established and strengthened, including the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather Bureau; the National Academy of
Science and Technology (NAST); the reconstituted National Science and Technology Authority (originally
established in 1958 as the National Science and Development Board and now the Department of Science
and Technology), among others. Marcos saw that the key to nation-building is the continued development
of science and technology. The progress in science and technology continued even after his dictatorial rule
and the presidents after him left their own legacies in the field.
Self-check
Lets do this!
1. Trace the development of science and technology from the pre-colonial times up to the present.
What have you observed?
2. What do you think are the major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nation-
building?
3. What specific government policy do you like the most in terms of contributing to the development of
science and technology in the Philippines?
4. What do you think are the major contributions of the Philippines to the field at present?
5. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future? Why?
Test II.
MAKE A DIFFERENCE WITH YOUR IMAGINATION!!
Imagine that you are elected as President of the Republic of the Philippines after the Marcos
regime. Identify some of the achievements that you have in the field of science and technology under you
administration and trace the events that will tell us that helped shape the Philippines as a nation.
Overview
During the Spanish colonial period, science and technology developed through the establishment
of formal education institutions and the launching of scientific organizations. Schools were mandated to
teach religion, mathematics, reading and writing, music and arts, and health and sanitation. Medicine and
biology were taught in different educational and training institutions. Since agriculture was the major
livelihood of Filipinos, the natives were trained to use innovative approaches in farming. To construct
buildings, churches, bridges, roads and forts, engineering was introduced and developed as well. The rapid
development of scientific principles influenced by Western culture during the Spanish colonial period was
shortchanged. This is why agriculture and industrial developments were during the latter part of the
Spanish era. Instead, trade was prioritized due to possible bigger profits.
In 1987, during the presidency of Fidel Ramos, the Philippines had approximately 3,000 competent
scientists and engineer The "Doctors to the Barrio" Program made healthcare accessible even in far flung
During the administration of President Gloria Macapagal- Aroyo, the science and technology sector
were developed to strengthen the education system and to address poverty. The term Filipinnovation was
coined to refer to the Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia. Arroyo also promulgated RA 9367: Biofuels
Act, to utilize indigenous materials as sources of energy. However, the act was not able to produce positive
outcomes because of the lack of technology to source raw materials. It was also in Arroyo's term that
farmers were encouraged to use rice that can withstand environmental hazards. RA 10601 : Agriculture and
Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law was also passed to modernize agricultural and fisheries machinery
and equipment.
In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III named new National Scientists namely, Gavino C. Trono, for
Marine Biology, Angel C. Alcala, for Biological Science, Ramon C. Barba, for Horticulture, and Edgardo D.
Gomez, also for Marine Biology
Today, in the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte, the Science and technology sector is
seen to be a priority based on the budget for research and development (R&D) that grew by nearly six
times over the same period. Formulation of programs and policies that will aid in shaping the country is
backed up President Duterte. The focus of DOST is to put the results of R&D into commercialization in
order to gain new intellectual properties. Currently, the Philippines has the Philippine Space Technology
Program which launched Diwata-2 in 2018 after the launch of Diwata-1 in 2016 that displayed the
Philippine flag in space. Besides space technology, the current administration also gives importance to
agriculture and disaster preparedness.
https://images.app.goo.gl/RsgnTgteSEgAwqi99 https://images.app.goo.gl/HoC6gLYmUvTYKVDa8 https://images.app.goo.gl/ghFsSUe47tbn8w898 https://images.app.goo.gl/hSAnyzpGqfUQnDHb7
These contributions of science and technology, however, always come with adverse impacts
especially on the environment. One is resource depletion. The increasing number of new and advanced
techhnologies in the production and manufacture of different goods and services results in the depletion of
the Earth's natural resources. Wastes are also generated as these technologies are developed. People
have also become too dependent on science %2F503399744890994688%2F1024%2F10%2Fscaletowidth&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Finto-
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and technologies, making them disregard its WM&w=650&h=433&itg=1&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim
consequences that may be damaging to the
environment.
ACTIVITY 3.2 THE FATE OF THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
Part 2
Instructions: In form of Trio/Triad, from the inventors featured in your flash card; identify the impact of their
inventions and discoveries to the Philippines. Address the questions below using a Powerpoint
presentation. Discuss with your members regarding the prepared presentation.
1. How did these inventions and discoveries impact the society?
2. How were these inventions and discoveries supported by the government?
3. Did these inventions and discoveries serve the public good? Explain your answer.
Overview
This module introduces students to a number of relevant and timely philosophical foundations that
will aid in examining the functions, roles, and impacts of science and technology on society. The module is
divided into five lessons. These lessons aim to provide students with cogent and comprehensive
knowledge on the concept of human flourishing in the face of rapid scientific progress and technological
development.
Lesson Objectives
Motivation/Take-Off
Instructions: Rate the extent of your agreement to the following statements using the Osgood scale. You
are also given space to write any comment to further clarify your response.
Heidegger. Alternatively, it can be accessed in this link: https://www.youtube.com.
Statements Agree Disagree Comments (if any)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Technology is a means to an end.
Technology is a human activity.
Poetry is technology.
Nature is a standing reserve.
Man is an instrument of the exploitation of
nature.
Man is in danger of being swallowed by
technology.
There is a saving power or a way out of the
danger of technology.
Art may be the saving power.
Heidegger's work on philosophy focused on ontology or the study of being or dasein in German.
His philosophical works are often described as complicated, partly due to his use of complex compound
German words, such as Seinsvergessenheit (Forgetfulness of Being), Bodenstandigkeit (Rootedness-in-
Soil), and Wesensverfassung (Essential Constitution).
To know more about the life and philosophy of Heidegger, watch a five-minute YouTube video
entitled, The Philosophy of Martin Heiddeger which can be accessed on this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br1sGrA7XTU.
The essence of technology can be captured in its definition. In his treatise, The Question
Concerning Technology, Martin Heidegger (1977) explains the two widely embraced definitions of
technology (1) instrumental and (2) anthropological.
Both definitions, i.e., instrumental and anthropological, are correct. However, neither touches on
the true essence of technology.
Heidegger stressed that the true can only be pursued through the correct. Simply, what is a correct
lead to what is true. In this sense, Heidegger envisioned technology as a way of revealing-a mode of
bringing forth. Bringing forth can be understood through the Ancient Greek philosophical concept,
poiesis, which refers to the act of bringing something out of concealment. By bringing something out of
concealment, the truth of that something is revealed. The truth is understood through another Ancient
Greek concept of aletheia, which is translated as unclosedness, unconcealedness, disclosure, or truth.
Thus, for Heidegger, technology is a form of poeisis-a way of revealing that unconceals aletheria or
the truth. This is seen in the way the term techne, the Greek root word of technology, is understood in
different contexts. In philosophy, techne resembles the term episteme that refers to the human ability to
make and perform. Techne also encompasses knowledge and understanding. In art, it refers to tangible
and intangible aspects of life. The Greeks understood techne in the way that it encompasses not only craft,
but other acts of the mind, and poetry.
Heidegger, in The Question Concerning Technology , posited that both primitive crafts and modern
technology are revealing. However, he explained that modern technology is revealing not in the sense of
bringing forth or poeisis Heidegger made a clear distinction between technology and modern technology in
that the latter 'challenges' nature. Modern technology challenges nature by extracting something from it and
transforming, storing, and distributing it.
On the surface, Heidegger's criticism of modern technology might appear counterintuitive to the
purpose of nature to human existence. However, by digging deeper into Heidegger's question, it becomes
clear that the essence of modern technology is not to bring forth in the sense of poiesis. Instead, Heidegger
considers modern technology's way of revealing as a way of challenging forth. Modern technology
challenges forth, because it makes people think how to do things faster, more effectively, and with less
The challenging forth of modern technology is seen everywhere in the rise and depletion of
petroleum as a strategic resource; the introduction and use of synthetic dyes, artificial flavorings, and toxic
materials into the consumer stream that bring about adverse effects an human health; and the use of
ripening agents in agriculture that poses threats to food safety and health security.
The Brazilian novelist, Paulo Coelho, once remarked that it is boastful for humans to think that
nature needs to be saved, whereas Mother Nature would remain even if humans cease to exist. Hence, in
facing the dangers of technology, the fear of disappearing from the face of the Earth should concern people
more potently than the fear of the Earth disappearing. As mere tenants on Earth, people must not allow
themselves to be consumed by technology lest they lose the essence of who they are as human beings. In
this sense, humans are in danger of becoming merely part of the standing reserve or, alternatively, may
find themselves in nature.
Recognizing its dangers of technology requires critical and reflective thinking on its use. For
example, social media has indeed connected people in the most efficient and convenient way imaginable,
but it also inadvertently gave rise to issues such as invasion of privacy, online disinhibition, and proliferation
of fake news. The line has to be drawn between what constitutes a beneficial use of social media and a
dangerous one. As exemplified, social media comes with both benefits and drawbacks.
However, the real threat of technology comes from its essence, not its activities or products. The
correct response to the danger of technology is not simply dismissing technology altogether. Heidegger
(1977) explained that people are delivered over to technology in the worst possible way when they regard it
as something neutral. This conception of technology, according to Heidegger, to which today humans
The closer we come to the danger, the more brightly do the ways into the saving power begin to
shine and the more questioning we become. For questioning is the piety of thought (1977, p. 19).
Heidegger underscored the importance of questioning in the midst of technology. For him, there is
unparalleled wisdom gained only when humans are able to pause, think, and question what is around them.
Humans are consumed by technology when they are caught up in enframing and fail to pay attention to the
intricacies of technology, the brilliance of the purpose of humankind, and the genius of humans to bring
forth the truth.
Questioning is the piety of thought. It is only through questioning that humans are able to reassess
their position not only in the midst of technology around them, but also, and most importantly, in the grand
scheme of things. Heidegger posited that it is through questioning that humans bear witness to the crises
that a complete preoccupation with technology brings, preventing them from experiencing the essence of
technology
Thus, humans need to take a step back and reassess who they were, who they are, and who they
are becoming in the midst of technology in this day and age.
Instructions:
Heidegger explained that art holds power that could save humans from the danger of being
consumed by technology. In his words, "|art is pious... yielding to the holding-sway and the safekeeping of
truth" (1977, p. 18). In this activity, focus on art as the saving power of technology. Prepare an Artwork of
Picture Parade/Gallery then discuss the artwork in relation to the general concepts discussed in Martin
Heidegger's The Question Concerning Technology , and present your chosen artwork and the summary of
your discussion.
Instructions: Read the article below. After reading, work with a partner and answer the questions that
follow. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
WASHINGTON DC, USA - Facebook said Wednesday, April 4, the personal data of up to 87
million users was improperly shared with British political consultancy Cambridge Analytica, as Mark
Zuckerberg defended his leadership at the huge social network.
Facebook's estimate was far higher than news reports suggesting 50 million users may have been
affected in the privacy scandal which has roiled the company and sparked questions for the entire internet
sector on data protection.
Zuckerberg told reporters on a conference call he accepted responsibility for the failure to protect
user data but maintained that he was still the best person to lead the network of two billion users.
"I think life is about learning from the mistakes and figuring out how to move forward," he said in
response to a question on his ability to lead the company.
"When you're building something like Facebook which is unprecedented in the world, there are
things that you're going to mess up... What I think people should hold us accountable for is if we are
learning from our mistakes." Zuckerberg said 87 million was a high estimate of those affected by the
breach, based on the maximum number of connections to Users who downloaded an academic
researcher's quiz that scooped up personal profiles.
I'm quite confident it will not be more than 87 million, it could well be less," he said.
To remedy the problem, Zackerberg said Facebook must "rethink our relationship with people
across everything we do" and that it will take a number of years to regain user trust.
The new estimate came as Facebook unveiled clearer terms of service to enable users to better
understand data sharing and as a congressional panel said Zuckerberg would aPpear next week to
address privacy issues. Facebook has been scrambling for weeks in the face of the disclosures on
hijacking of private data by the consulting group working for Donald Trump's 2016 campaign.
The British firm responded to the Facebook announcement by repeating its claim that it did not use
data from the social etwork in the 2016 election.
Cambridge Analytica did not use GSR (Global Science Research Facebook data or any derivatives
of this data in the US presidential election," the company said in a tweet. "Cambridge Analytica licensed
data from GSR for 30 million individuals, not 87 million.
"People will also be able to remove apps that they no longer want. As part of this process we will
also tell people if their information may have been improperly shared with Cambridge Analytica," he said in
a statement.
Schroepfer's post was the first to cite the figure of 87 million while noting that most of those
affected were in the United States.
Facebook also said its new terms of service would provide clearer information on how data is
collected and shared without giving the social network additional rights.
Earlier Wednesday, the House of Representatives' Energy and Commerce Committee announced
what appeared to be the first congressional appearance by Zuckerberg since the scandal broke.
The April 11 hearing will "be an important opportunity to shed light on critical consumer data
privacy issues and help all Americans better understand what happens to their personal information online,
said the committee's Republican chairman Greg Walden and ranking Democrat Frank Pallone in a
statement
The Facebook co-founder is also invited to other hearings amid a broad probe on both sides of the
Atlantic.
Zauckerberg told the conference call he was committed to ensuring that Facebook and its partners
do a better job of protecting user data, and that it must take a more serious approach after years of being
idealistic" about how the platform is used.
"We didn't take a broad enough view on what our responsibility is, and that was a huge mistake. It
was my mistake.
He said that while "there are billions of people who love the service, there is also a potential for
abuse and manipulation.
"It's not enough just to give people a voice," he said. "We have to make sure people don't use that
voice to hurt people or spread disinformation."
Late Tuesday, April 3, Facebook said it deleted dozens of accounts linked to a Russian-sponsored
internet unit which has been accused of spreading propaganda and other divisive content in the United
States and elsewhere.
The social networking giant said it revoked the accounts of 70 Facebook and 65 Instagram
accounts, and removed 138 Facebook pages controlled by the Russia-based Internet Research Agency
(IRA). The agency has been called a "troll farm" due to its deceptive post aimed at sowing discord and
propagating misinformation.
The unit "has repeatedly used complex networks of inauthentic accounts to deceive and
manipulate people who use Facebook, including before, during and after the 2016 US presidential
elections," Said a statement Facebook chief security officer Alex Stamos Rappler.com
Questions:
Overview
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss human flourishing in the context of progress in science and technology:
2. Explain de-development as a progress and development framework; and
3. Differentiate between traditional frameworks of progress and development and Hickel's
concept of de-development.
Motivation / Take-Off:
Instructions: Examine the picture and follow the prompt that follows:
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads
%2F2017%2F05%2FManufacturing-factory-worker-070518.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com
%2Ffactory-output-growth-eases-but-remains-robustinmay
%2F&tbnid=BZbXjsZJcsZnlM&vet=1&docid=GKwVV7BejVAx9M&w=1024&h=600&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim
Thoughts to Ponder
Despite efforts to close out the gap between the rich and poor countries, a BBC report in 2015
stated that the gap in growth and development just keeps on widening. Although there is no standard
measure of inequality, the report claimed that most indicators suggest that the widening of the growth gap
slowed during the financial crisis of 2007 but is now growing again. The increasing inequality appears
paradoxical having in mind the efforts that had been poured onto the development programs designed to
assist poor countries to rise from absent to slow progress.
With this backdrop and in the context of unprecedented scientific and technological advancement
and economic development, humans must ask themselves whether they are indeed flourishing, individually
or collectively. If development efforts to close out the gap between the rich and poor countries have failed,
is it possible to confront the challenges of development through a nonconformist framework?
In the succeeding article, Jason Hickel, an anthropologist at the London School of Economics,
criticizes the failure of growth and development efforts to eradicating poverty seven decades ago. More
importantly, he offers a nonconformist perspective toward growth and development.
This week, heads of state are gathering in New York to sign the UN's new sustainable
development goals (SDGs). The main objective is to eradicate poverty by 2030. Beyoncé, One Direction
and Malala are on board. It's set to be a monumental international celebration.
Given all the fanfare, one might think the SDGs are about to offer a fresh plan for how to save the
world, but beneath all the hype, it's business as usual. The main strategy for eradicating poverty is the
same: growth.
Growth has been the main object of development for the past 70 years, despite the fact that it's not
working, Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380o, but the number of people living in poverty on
less than $5 (C3.20) a day has increased by more than 1.1 billion. That's 17 times the population of Britain.
So much for the trickle-down elfect.
Orthodox economists insist that all we need is yet more growth. More progressive types tell us that
we need to shift some of the yields of growth from the richer segments of the population to the poorer ones,
evening things out a bit. Neither approach is adequate. Why? Because even at current levels of average
global consumption, we're Overshooting our planet's biocapacity by more than 50% each year.
In other words, growth isn't an option any more-we've already grown too much. Scientists are now
telling us that we're blowing past planetary boundaries at breakneck speed. And the hard truth is that this
global crisis is due almost entirely to overconsumption in rich countries.
Right now, our planet only has enough resources for each of us to consume 1.8 "global hectares"
annually -a standardised unit that measures resource use and waste. This hgure is roughly what the
average person in Ghana or Guatemala consumes. By contrast, people n the US and Canada consume
about 8 hectares per person, while opeans consume 4.7 hectares-many times their fair share
How much do we really need to live long and happy lives? In the US, life expectancy is 79 years
and GDP per capita is $53,000. But many countries have achieved similar life expectancy with a mere
fraction of this income. Cuba has a comparable life expectancy to the US and one of the highest literacy
rates in the world with GDP per capita of only $6,000 and consumption of only 1.9 hectares- right at the
threshold of ecological sustainability. Similar claims can be made of Peru, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua
and Tunisia.
Yes, some of the excess income and consumption we see in the rich world yield improvements in
quality of life that are not captured by life expectancy, or even literacy rates. But even if we look at
measures of overall happiness and wellbeing in addition to life expectancy, a number of low and middle-
income countries rank highly. Costa Rica manages to sustain one of the highest happiness indicators and
life expectancies in the world with a per capita income one-fourth that of the US.
In light of this, perhaps we should regard such countries not as underdeveloped, but rather as
appropriately developed. And maybe we need to start calling on rich countries to justify their excesses.
The idea of "de-developing" rich countries might prove to be a strong rallying cry in the global
south, but it will be tricky to sell to westernes. Tricky, but not impossible, According to recent consumer
research, 70% of people in middle- and high-income countries believe overconsumption is putting our
planet and society at risk. A similar majority also believe we should strive to buy and own less, and that
doing so would not compromise our happiness. People sense there is something wrong with the dominant
model of economic progress and they are hungry for an alternative narrative.
The problem is that the pundits promoting this kind of transition are using the wrong language.
They use terms such as de-growth, zero growth or - worst of all-de-development, which are technically
accurate but off putting for anyone who's not already on board. Such terms are repulsive because they run
against the deepest frames we use to think about human progress, and, indeed, the purpose of life itself. t's
like asking people to stop moving positively through life, to stop learning, improving, growing
Negative formulations won't get us anywhere. The idea of steady-state economics is a step in the
right direction and is growing in popularity, but it still doesn't get the framing right. We need to reorient
ourselves toward a positive future, a truer form of progress. One that is geared toward quality instead of
quantity. One that is more sophisticated than just accumulating ever increasing amounts of stuft, which
doesn't make anyone happier anyway. What is certain is that GDP as a measure is not going to get us
there and we need to get rid of it.
Perhaps we might take a cue from Latin Americans, who are organising alternative visions around
the indigenous concept of buen vivir, or good living. The west has its own tradition of reflection on the good
life and it's time we revive it. Robert and Edward Skidelsky take us down this road in his book, How Much is
Enough ?, where they lay out the possibility of interventions such as banning advertising, a shorter working
week and a basic income, all of which would improve our lives while reducing consumption.
Either we slow down voluntarily or climate change will do it for us. We can't go on ignoring the laws of
nature, But rethinking our theory of progress is not only an ecological imperative, it is also a development
one. If we do not act soon, all our hard-won gains against poverty will evaporate, as food systems collapse
and mass famine re- emerges to an extent not seen since the 19th century.
This is not about giving anything up. And it's certainly not about living a life of voluntary misery or
mposing harsh limits on human potential. On the contrary, it's about reaching a higher level of
understanding and consciousness about what we're doing here and why.
Overview
This lesson introduces concepts from Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and examines issues in
contemporary science and technology using the same philosophical lens. It tackles the important
Aristotelian concepts of endaimonia and arete, and how these can be used to assess one's relationship
and dealings with science and technology. As such, the lesson also aims to answer the question, "Are we
living the good life?
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this section, the students should be able to:
1. Define the idea of the good life;
2. Discuss Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia and arète; and
3. Examine contemporary issues and come up with innovative and creative solutions to
contemporary issues guided by ethical standards leading to a good life.
Motivation / Take-Off
Instructions: On the space provided, write whether you AGREE or DISAGREE with each statement.
____________1. The purpose of life is happiness.
____________2. Happiness comes from pleasure, wealth, and recognition.
____________3. Happiness means merely feeling good or joyful.
____________4. Reason is an important element of human happiness.
____________5. To achieve happiness, humans must pursue only extremely
positive things.
____________6. A life of happiness is a result of a balance between two
extremes
____________7. A happy life is a vituous life.
____________8. Intellectual and moral virtues are the ingredients of happiness.
____________9. It is not the role of science and technology to guide humans toward a virtuous life.
____________10. Ethical standards must be imposed upon science and technology to avoid excesses and
deficiencies.
Are we living the good life? This question is inarguably one universal human concern. Everyone
aims to lead a good life. Yet, what constitutes a happy and contented life varies from person to person.
To answer the question, "Are we living the good life?," necessary reflection must be made on two
things: first, what standard could be used to define "the good life?" Second, how can the standard serve as
a guide toward living the good life in the midst of scientific progress and technological advancement?
In the documentary film, The Magician's Twin: C. S. Lewis and the Case Against Scientism, C. S.
Lewis posited that "science must be guided by some ethical basis that is not dictated by science itself." One
such ethical basis is Aristotle's Nichamachean Ethics.
Aristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 BC, is probably the most important ancient Greek philosopher
and scientist. He was a student of Plato, who was then a student of Socrates. Together, they were
considered the 'Big Three of Greek Philosophy, Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics, the fundamental basis o
Aristotelian ethics, consists of ten books. Originally, they were lecture notes written on scrolls when he
taught at the Lyceum. It is widely believed that the lecture notes were compiled by or were dedicated one of
Aristotle's sons, Nichomacus. Alternatively, it is believed that the work was dedicated to Aristotle's father
who was of the same name.
The Nichomachean Ethics, abbreviated as NE or sometimes EN based on the Latin vesion of the
name, is a treatise on the natured moral life and human happiness based on the unique essence of human
nature. The NE is particularly useful in defining what the good life is.
Everyone has a definition of what good is-getting a college degree, traveling acrOss the world,
succeeding in a business venture, pursuing a healthy and active lifestyle, or being a responsible parent.
However, although everyone aims to achieve that which is good, Aristotle posited two types of good. In NE
Book 2 Chapter 2, NE 2:2), Aristotle explained that every action aims at some good. However, some
actions aim at an instrumental good while some aim at an intrinsic good. He made it clear that the ultimate
good is better than the instrumental good for the latter is good as a means to achieving something else or
some other end while the learner is good in itself.
One might think that pleasure is the ultimate good. One aims for pleasure in the food they eat or in
the experiences they immerse themselves into. Yet, while pleasure is an important human need, it cannot
be the ultimate good. First, it is transitory-it passes. One may have been pleased with the food they had for
lunch, but he or she will be hungry again or will want something else alter a while. Second, pleasure does
not encompass all aspects of life. One may be pleased with an opportunity to travel but that may not make
him or her feel go0d about leaving, say, his or her studies or he relationship he or she has been struggling
with.
Others might think that wealth is a potential candidate for the ultimate good, but a critique of wealth
would prove otherwise. Indeed, many, if not most, aim to be financially stable, to be rich, or to be able to
afford a luxurious life. However, it is very common to hear people say that they aim to be wealthy insofar as
it would help them achieve some other goals. Elsewhere, it is also common to hear stories about people
who have become very wealthy but remain, by and large, unhappy with the lives they lead. In this sense,
wealth is just an intermediate good-that is, only instrumental. It is not the ultimate good because it is not
self-sufficient and does not stop one from aiming for some other 'greater good.
Another candidate for the ultimate good is fame and honor. Many people today seem to be
motivated by a desire to be known-to be famous. Others strive for honor and recognition. This is reflected
by those people who use social media to acquire large virtual following on the internet and wish to gain a
foothold on the benefits that fame brings. Many people act according to how they think they will be admired
and appreciated by other people. However, these cannot constitute the ultimate good, simply because they
are based on the perception of others. Fame and honor can never be good in themselves. If one's definition
of the goodRational Sensitive
life is being popular or respected, then Rational
the good life becomes ełusive since it is based on the
subjective views of others.
Unlike pleasure, wealth, fame, and honor, happiness is the ultimate good. In the Aristotelian sense,
happiness (rational)
is "living well and doing well" (NE 1:4). Among
(partially the Greeks, this is known
rational) as eudaimonia, from
(non-rational)
the root words eu, meaning good, and daimon, meaning spirit. Combining the root words, cudaimonia
means happiness or welfare. More accurately, Locomotion
Theoretical others translate it as human flourishing or prosperity
Growth Nutrition
Aristotle proposed two hallmarks of eudaimonia, namely virtue and excellence (NE 1:7). Thus, happiness in
the sense Practical
of eudaimonia has to be distinguished from merely living good. Eudaimonia
Perception transcends all
Reproduction
aspects of life for it is about living well and doing well in whatever one does.
Arête, a Greek term, is defined as "excellence of any kind" and can also mean "moral virtue." A
virtue is what makes one function well Aristotle suggested two types of virtue: intellectual virtue and moral
virtue.
Intellectual virtue or virtue of thought is achieved through education, time, and experience. Key
intellectual virtues are wisdom, which guides ethical behavior, and understanding, which is gained from
scientific endeavors and contemplation. Wisdom and understanding achieved through formal and non-
formal means. Intellectual virtues are acquired through self-taught knowledge and skills as much those
knowledge and skills taught and learned in formal institutions.
Moral virtue or virtue of character is achieved through habitual practice. Some key moral values are
generosity, temperance, and courage. Aristotle explained that although the capacity for intellectual virtue is
innate, it is brought into contemplation only by practice. It is by repeatedly being unselfish that one
If one learns that eating to0 much fatty foods is bad for the health, he or she has to make it a habit
to stay away from this type of food because health contributes to living well and doing well. If one believes
that too much use of social media is detrimental to human relationships and productivity, he or she must
regulate his or her use of social media and deliberately spend more time with friends, and family, and work
than in virtual platform. If one understands the enormous damage to the environment that plastic materials
bring, he or she must repeatedly forego the next plastic item he or she could do away with. Good
relationship dynamics and a healthy environment contribute to one's wellness, in how he or she lives and
what he or she does.
Both intellectual virtue and moral virtue should be in accordance with reason to achieve
eudaimonia. Indifference with these virtues, for reasons that are only for one's convenience, pleasure, or
satisfaction, leads humans away from eudaimonia.
A virtue is ruined by any excess and deficiency in how one lives and acts. A balance between two
extremes is a requisite of virtue. This balance is a mean of excess not in the sense of a geometric or
arithmetic average. Instead, it is a mean relative to the person, circumstances, and the right emotional
response in every experience (NE2:2; 2:6).
Consider the virtue of courage. Courage was earlier defined as displaying the right action and
emotional response in the face of danger. The virtue of courage is ruined by an excess of the needed
emotional and proper action to address a particular situation. A person who does not properly assess the
danger and is totally without fear may develop the vice of foolhardiness or rashness. Also, courage is
ruined by a deficiency of the needed emotion and proper action. When one overthinks of a looming danger,
that he or she becomes too fearful and incapable of acting on the problem, he or she develops the vice of
cowardice.
One could draw parallels between moving toward the good life and moving toward further progress
and development in science and technology. In appraising the goodness of the next medical procedure, the
new social media trend, the latest mobile device, or the upcoming technology for food safety, one must be
guided by Aristotelian virtues. Science and technology can be ruined by under- or over-appreciation of the
scope and function it plays in the pursuit of the uniquely human experience of happiness. Refusing science
and technology altogether to improve human life is as problematic as allowing it to entirely dictate reason
and action without any regard for ethical and moral standards. By imposing on science and technology an
ethical standard that is not dictated by itself, as C. S. Lewis proposed, not only will scientific advancement
and technological development flourish, but also the human person.
Overview
Human rights in the face of scientific and technological advancement are critical factors in one's
journey toward eudimonia the good life. Exercising the right to accept or reject, minimize or maximize, and
evaluate and decide on the scope and function of science and technology indicates human flourishing in
science and technology. Protecting the well-being and upholding the dignity of the human person must be
at the core of continued scientific and technological progress and development. Such is the focus of a
human rights-based approach to science, technology, and development.
Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
1. Evaluate contemporary human experience to strengthen the human person functioning
in society;
2. Discuss the importance of human rights in the face of changing social conditions and
technological development; and
3. Identify laws or policies in the country that protect the well-being of the person in
technological advancement and ethical dilemmas.
Motivation / Take-Off
Instructions: Rate the extent of your agreement to each statement by ticking (/) the box that corresponds to
your response in each row.
Statements Extremely Somewhat To a Somewhat Extremely
Agree Agree limited Disagree Disagree
Extent
Human rights are fundamental
rights.
Responding to urgent global
challenges allows setting aside
some human rights.
It is not the duty of scientist and
innovators to protect the well-being
and dignity of humans.
Human rights should be at the core
of any scientific and technological
endeavor.
A good life is a life where human
rights are upheld.
Human rights should be integral in
the journey toward the ultimate
good.
It is not the primary function of
science and technology to protect
the weak, poor, and vulnerable.
There is no way for science and
technology to fully function as a
safeguard of human rights.
A human rights-based approach to
science, technology, and
Lesson Proper
S. Romi Mukherjee, a senior lecturer in Political Theory and the History of Religions at the Paris
Institute of Political Studies, explained a human rights-based approach to science, technology, and
development as follows:
"[It] seeks to place a concern for human rights at the heart of how the international community
engages with urgent global challenges. The UN Development Programme characterizes this
approach as one that leads to better and more sustainable outcomes by analyzing and addressing
the inequalities, discriminatory practices and unjust power relations which are often at the heart of
development problems. It puts the international human rights entitlements and claims of the people
(the 'right-holders') and the corresponding obligations of the state (the 'duty-bearer) in the center of
the national development debate, and it clarifies the purpose of capacity development."
Mukherjee (2012) furthered that this approach identifies science as a socially organized human
activity which is value-laden and shaped by organizational structures and procedures." Moreover, it
requires an answer to whether governments and other stakeholders can craft and implement science and
technology policies that "ensure safety, health and livelihoods; include people's needs and priorities in
development and environmental strategies; and ensure they participate in decision making that affects their
lives and resources.
Multiple international statutes, declarations, and decrees have been produced to ensure well-being
and human dignity. Mukherjee listed some of the most important documents that center on a human rights-
based approach to science, development, and technology, and their key principles:
Table 2.4: Useful documents for a human-rights based approach to science, technology, and development
Document Key Principles
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 27) This document affirms everyone's right to participate
in and benefit from scientific advances, and be
protected from scientific misuses. The right to the
benefits of science comes under the domain of
'culture,' so it is Usually examined from a cultural
rights perspective
UNESCO Recommendation on the Status of This document affirms that all advances in scientific
Scientific Researchers 1974 (Article 4) and technological knowledge should solely be
geared towards the welfare of the on the status of
global citizens, and calls upon member states to
develop necessary protocol and policies to monitor
and secure this objective. Countries are asked to
show that science and technology are integrated
into policies that aim to ensure a more humane and
just society.
UNESCO Declaration on the Use of Scientific This document states, "Today, more than ever,
Knowledge 1999 (Article 33) science and its applications are indispensable for
development. All levels of government and the
private sector should provide enhanced support for
building up an adequate and evenly distributed
scientific and technological capacity through
appropriate education and research programs as an
indispensable foundation for economic, social,
cultural and environmentally sound development.
This is particularly urgent for developing countries."
This Declaration encompasses issues such as
Human rights should be integral to the journey toward the ultimate good. They should guide humans not
only to flourish as individual members of society, but also to assist each other in flourishing collectively as a
society. Human rights are rights to sustainability, as Mukherjee put it. They may function as the 'golden
mean, particularly by protecting the weak, poor, and vulnerable from the deficiencies and excesses of
science and technology. By imposing upon science and technology the moral and ethical duty to protect
and uphold human rights, there can be a more effective and sustainable approach to bridging the gap
between poor and rich countries on both tangible (e.g, services and natural resources) and intangible (e-g,
well-being and human dignity) aspects. Ultimately, all these will lead humans to flourish together through
science and technology.
In a group with five members each, read and study a randomly assigned or chosen instrument from the
six. Discuss the document among yourselves and be ready to report the summary of your discussion. Be
guided by the following questions for your discussion: (please be reminded that you are not allowed to go
out in order to meet your group mates. Make use of your available resources in order to materialize this
activity. Your Health is our major concern so always follow the health protocols and advisories)
References
4. Quinto, E.J.M. & Nieva, A.D. (2018). Science, Technology and Society: Outcome-Based Module
(1st ed.) C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City Philippines.
5. Mcnamara, D.J., Valverde, V.M., & Beleno, III R. (2018). Science, Technology and Society (1 st ed).
C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
6. Ballena, N.D.S., Bernal, R.D., Paquiz, L.G., Ramos, R.C., & Viet, L, C. (2004). Science Technology
and Society. Trinitas Publishing, Inc., Trinitas Complex, Pantoc Road, Pantoc, Meycauayan 3020
Bulacan.
Overview
This section tackles the danger posed by science and technology unchecked by moral and ethical
standards. It primarily draws insights from William Nelson Joy's (2000) article, Why the future doesn't need
US, 1n evaluating contemporary human experience in the midst of rapid developments in science and
technology. Such experience will be discussed to see whether it strengthens and enlightens the human
person functioning in society or not.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Identify William Nelson Joy's arguments as to why the future does not need us
2. Evaluate contemporary human experiences with science and technology; and
3. Write an essay that emphasizes the importance of humankind in visualizing the future.
Motivation / Take-Off
Instructions: Look at the picture. Do you think that there will come a time in the future that will no longer
need humans? Write your brief opinion on the space provided.
For some, imagining a future without humans is nearly synonymous to the end of world. Many
choose not to speculate about a future where humans cease to exist while the world remains However, a
dystopian society void of human presence is the subject of many works in literature and film. The possibility
of such society is also a constant topic of debates.
In April 2000, William Nelson Joy, an American computer scientist and chief scientist of Sun
Microsystems, wrote an article for Wired magazine entitled Why the future doesnt need us? In his article,
Joy warned against the rapid rise of new technologies. He explained that 21st-century technologies-
genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR) -are becoming very powerful that they can potentially bring
about new classes of accidents, threats, and abuses. He further warned that these dangers are even more
pressing because they do not require large facilities or even rare raw materials-knowledge alone will make
them potentially harmful to humans.
Joy argued that robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology pose much greater threats than
technological developments that have come before. He particularly cited the ability of nanobots to self
replicate, which could quickly get out of control. In the article, he cautioned humans against
overdependence on machines. He also stated that if machines are given the capacity to decide on their
own, it will be impossible to predict how they might behave in the future. In this case, the fate of the human
race would be at the mercy of machines.
Joy also voiced out his apprehension about the rapid increase of computer power. He was also
concerned that computers will eventually become more intelligent than humans, thus ushering societies
into dystopian visions, such as robot rebellions. To illuminate his concern Joy drew from Theodore
Kaczynski's book, Unabomber Manifesto, where Kaczynski described that the unintended consequences of
the design and use of technology are clearly related to Murphy's Law: "Anything that can go wrong, will go
wrong" Kaczynski argued further that overreliance on antibiotics led to the great paradox of emerging
antibiotic resistant strains of dangerous bacteria. The introduction of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
to combat malarial mosquitoes, for instance, only gave rise to malarial parasites with multi drug resistant
genes.
As a material, Joy's article tackles the unpleasant and uncomfortable possibilities that a senseless
approach to scientific and technological advancements may bring. Whether Joy's propositions are a real
possibility or an absolute moonshot, it is unavoidable to think of a future that will no longer need the human
race. It makes thinking about the roles and obligations of every stakeholder a necessary component of
scientific and technological advancement. In this case, it is preeminently necessary that the scientific
community, governments, and businesses engage in a discussion to determine the safeguards of humans
against the potential dangers of science and technology.
Self-Reflect:
Instructions: Read William Nelson Joy's Why the future doesnt need us? in full
(https://www.wired.com/2000104/joy-21), then complete the metacognitive reading report.
1. Difficult Concepts
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________
2. Learning Insights
a. Before reading the article I thought that ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
However, after reading the article, I now think/learned that
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
b. Before reading the article I thought that ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
However, after reading the article, I now think/learned that _________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Overview
This module tackles specific issues
in science and technology in the context of
the information age, biodiversity and health,
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
and gene therapy, nanotechnology, and
climate change and environmental
awareness. By critiquing specific issues in
science and technology in the context of
how these affect human lives, the module
This lesson traces the development of the information age and discusses its impact on society. It
tackles the various ways the Information age and social media have influenced society and human lives.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Trace the development of the information age from the introduction of Gutenberg's press up to the
era of social media,
2. Determine the impacts of the information age to society; and
3. Analyze the ways in which the information age and social media influence human lives.
Motivation / Take-Off
Instructions: Answer the questions that follow.
1. Who invented the printing press?
2. When was the printing press invented?
3. What device first compiled actuarial tables, did engineering calculations, and served as
computers?
4. Who is the Father of the Computer Age?
5. What electromechanical machine enabled the British to read all daily German Naval Enigma
traffic?
6. What machine can solve any problem and perform any task from a written a program
7. Who is the Filipino engineer who created the new silicon chip?
8. Who build a simple computer with around 8080 microprocessors that were hooked up to a
keyboard and television?
9. What did Steve Jobs call the computer described in no. 8?
10. Who is the creator of Microsoft?
Lesson Proper
German goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg, invented the printing press around 1440. This invention
was a result of finding a way to improve the manual, tedious, and slow printing methods. A printing press is
a device that applies pressure to an inked surface lying on a print medium, such as cloth or paper, to
transfer ink. Gutenberg's hand mold printing press led to the creation of metal movable type. Later, the two
inventions were combined to make printing methods faster and they drastically reduced the costs of printing
documents.
Source: .https://images.app.goo.gl/UCUjjUYynXv6vTas6
Alan Turing, an English mathematician, was hired in 1936 by the British Top-secret Government
Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park to break the Enigma code. His code-breaking methods became
an industrial process having 12,000 people working 24/7.
To counteract this, the Nazis made the Enigma more complicated having
approximately 10114 possible permutations of every encrypted message.
Turing, working on the side of the Allies, invented Bombe, an
electromechanical machine that enabled the British to decipher encrypted
messages of the German Enigma machine. This contribution of Turing
along with other cryptologists shortened the war by
two years (Munro, 2012).
In the 1970s, the generation who witnessed the dawn of the computer age was described as the
generation with "electronic brains.” The people of this generation were the first to be introduced to personal
computers (PCs). Back then, the Homebrew Computer Club, an early computer hobbyist group, gathered
regularly to trade parts of computer hardware and talked about how to make computers more accessible to
everyone. Many members of the club ended up being high profile entrepreneurs, including the founders of
Apple Inc. In 1976 Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Inc., developed the computer that made him
famous: The Apple 1., Wozniak designed the operating system, hardware, and circuit board of the
The information age, which progressed from the invention of the printing press to the development
of numerous social media platforms, has immensely influenced the lives of the people. The impact of these
innovations can be advantageous or disadvantageous depending on the use of these technologies.
Exercise 2. Debate
Instructions: Form groups with five members each. Research on the topic that will be assigned to your
group and write your arguments about it. The topics are:
1. People use social media to their advantage.
2. The information revolution has made the world a better place.
3. Facebook should be held accountable for the spread of "fake news.
4. Using social media platforms is a requisite to a person's meaningful engagement with the world.
Overview
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the importance of biodiversity as a source of different biological resources, and
2. Discuss the adverse effects of resource depletion on society and the measures to mitigate them.
Motivation / Take-Off
Instructions: Visit your school garden or the nearest one outside your school/house. Observe the
components of biodiversity that you can find in the garden and identify some of their benefits. Use the table
below.
Components of Biodiversity Benefits (e.g., food, health, medicine and energy)
Society benefits greatly from the richness of biodiversity since humans can source from nature
biological resources such as food, medicine, energy, and more. Biodiversity in natural ecosystems can also
regulate climate, flood, pollination, water and air quality, water storage, decomposition of wastes, among
others. However, these numerous benefits of biodiversity are vulnerable to exploitation. Humans need to be
responsible in optimizing the benefits of biodiversity through the proper utilization of science and
technology.
For example, Salvia apiana (California sage), was an herbal plant used by Indian tribes of
Southern California to aid in childbirth and was believed to protect the
Salvia apiana or California Sage immune system from respiratory ailments. Another example, Alhagi
maurorum (camel thorn), secretes a sweet and gummy substance from its
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/4fHyMGWL9Fs5A5Ti9 stems and leaves called manna during hot days. Manna from the camel thorn
contains melezitose, and sucrose, an invert sugar. It is believed to have
diuretic, diaphoretic, laxative, expectorant, gastro protective, antiseptic, and ant-diarrheal properties.
Israelis were known to use the roots of the plant to treat diarrhea. The Konkani people smoked the plant to
treat asthma, and Romans used the plant to treat nasal polyps. The plant Ligusticum scoticum (Scotish
lovage) is believed to treat hysterical and uterine disorders. Its seeds are used to relieve flatulence and to
stimulate the senses.
Many medicinal products available in the market today are derived from natural substances from
plants. Salicylic acid, the active ingredient of the anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin, for example, is derived
from the bark of a willow tree. Morphine, one of the most widely known painkillers which was first marketed
and used in the 1800s, is derived from Papaver somniferum commonly known as opium poppy. Digitoxin,
used in the management of congestive heart failure, is derived from Digitalis purpurea (foxglove) which has
already been used to treat heart conditions since the 1700s.
In 1994, an oral formulation of pilocarpine was used and approved for the treatment of dry mouth
(xerostomia). In 1998, another drug was approved to manage an autoimmune disease that damages the
salivary and lacrimal glands called Sjogren 's syndrome. In 2004, the drug quinine was isolated from the
bark of Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch and was approved to treat malaria (Dias et al., 2012). At
Food
Food is a basic need for human survival.
During the Stone Age, humans relied only on
hunting and foraging to get food. They depended on
what the ecosystem could readily provide them. As
the Earth's population grew, the demand for food
increased. Crops that can be grown were
discovered and cultivated and animals were
domesticated. Throughout history, agriculture and
cultivation evolved from picking desirable crops and
breeding animals to maintaining stable supply of
food to last for long periods of time as preparation
for the changing seasons and the possibility of natural Vegetable crops
disasters. Ways to cultivate desired species of crops
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/GLZ42zUYFrNsunrv6
and animals suitable for consumption also evolved
throughout time. The increasing demand for food as the
world population grew also resulted in the development of more lands for agriculture.
Farmers and fishermen rely on healthy ecosystems for their livelihood. The benefits of biodiversity
are necessary for the growth of many important crops. About 39 of the leading 57 global crops need birds
and insects as pollinators. Agrobiodiversity is the result of careful selection and innovative developments by
farmers, fishers, and herders throughout the years. Harvested crop varieties and non- harvested species in
the environment that support ecosystems for food production fall under agrobiodiversity.
Energy
Humans rely on energy provided by
ecosystems to do the necessary activities in order to
survive. In the Stone Age, heat energy from fire was
used mainly for survival against harsh cold
environments, for cooking, and for communica tion
with nearby tribes in the form of smoke. In 1000 BC,
coal as a source of energy was used by people in
northeastern China for heating and cooking. It
eventually became popular in other civilizations, such
as the Romans and Northern Native Americans. In 400
BC, water energy or hydro power was used by the Windmills of Pililla, Rizal, Philippines
Ancient Greeks and Romans and for irrigation. In 347 AD,
the earliest known oil wells were developed in China. Source: .https://images.app.goo.gl/ru4XTTNx8DiwH3B4A
They made use of extensive bamboo pipelines with depths of
800 feet for lighting and heating. In 500 to 900 AD, the Persians started to use wind powered grain mills
and water pumps. By 1300, windmills, taking the modern pinwheel shape, were developed in Western
Europe, and in
1390, the Dutch built larger windmills for draining lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta.
Wind energy was also used to navigate through bodies of water. During the 1700s to 1800s, at the
time of the Industrial Revolution, biomass as a primary source of energy was replaced with coal and the
British discovered that by burning, coal is transformed into hot- burning coke, a fuel with a high carbon
content and few impurities. With this, the use of coal became widespread all over the world.
ln 1820s, natural gas was used as a source of light although the lack of pipeline infrastructure
made its distribution challenging. In 1830s, the electric generator was developed based on Michael
Faraday's discovery of electromagnetism. In 1850s, commercial oil was drilled which led to the distillation of
kerosene from petroleum. In 1860s, Augustine Mouchot developed the first solar powered system for
A study conducted by Jones, Pejchar, and Kiesecker (2015) reported the repercussions of society's
demand for clean and abundant energy on biodiversity and human well-being. The demands for energy
created a positive impact on unconventional ways of producing energy but, in turn, have resulted in
adverse effects on biodiversity in terms of wildlife mortality, habitat loss, fragmentation, noise and light
pollution, invasive species, and changes in carbon stock and water resources.
Flooding is mostly known for its adverse effects but it also has some benefits. In the context of
agriculture, flooding can help farmers for it distributes nutrients that particular patches of soil lacked. This
can make the soil healthier and more fertile for the cultivation of crops. Further, floods can also add
nutrients to rivers and lakes thus improving the ecosystem. However, these benefits are not always
achieved because most of the time, flooding causes long term damages. It is also observed that recent
flooding caused by typhoons have been extremely damaging which may be one of the effects of climate
change. In the Philippines, for instance, flooding causes extreme damage in both urban and rural areas. In
urban areas, floods damage homes, roads, and other infrastructures because of the lack of proper drainage
systems and waste management systems. In rural areas, on the other hand, floods easily destroy crops
and farmlands and may even be deadly especially for low-lying areas near rivers and lakes.
Excessive nitrogen stimulates the growth of nitrogen-loving plant species but reduces the
occurrence of plant species adapted to low- nitrogen environment. Nitrogen reduces the resilience of
forests to other environmental stresses such as drought, frost, pests, and diseases. The concentration limit
of nitrate in drinking water is too high to protect natural ecosystems particularly the plant species.
Widespread exceedance of nitrogen critical concentrations will adversely affect the structure and function of
ecosystems.
The effects of excessive nitrogen in the environment may not be felt at once. It may take decades
but this will definitely weaken the resilience of soil and plants. From 1990 to 2006, there was an extensive
vegetation damage around the world due to ozone. Ozone can be good or bad, depending on where it is
found-the earth's upper atmosphere or at ground level. Ozone found at ground level is known as the bad
ozone. It is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NO x) and volatile organic
compounds (VOC) under the presence of sunlight. High levels of ground level ozone promote early
flowering affecting the synchronization or pollinators and flowers. Ground level ozone also damages the
leaves or salad crops, consequently reducing their market value. In 2000, ozone pollution reduced wheat
yield by 14 percent and the tomato yield 9 percent which created a domino effect in the overall production
and consumption of goods.
Negative impacts on vegetation reduce the sink capacity for carbon dioxide and ozone, enhancing
their atmospheric concentrations and affecting the global water cycle. The effects of global warming are
harmful to the environment and its inhabitants. Soils store air pollutants temporarily that affect water
purification. Stored pollutants have adverse effects on soil functioning (e.g., microbes and invertebrates)
and create problems when the retention capacity of soil is reached or disturbed. Worldwide efforts are
being made to decrease nitrogen deposition to the biosphere to enhance plant species diversity and
relative species richness in grasslands.
Protocols on Biodiversity
There is a need to enhance the implementation of regulations and worldwide protocols, such as the
Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol. The Cartagena Protocol among ten Pacific countries, namely, Fiji,
Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, and
Tonga, aims to ensure the safe transport, handling, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting
from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biodiversity. It was adopted in January 29,
2000 and was enforced in September 11, 2003. It is linked to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which
helps to protect Pacific communities and biodiversity from the consequences of living modified organisms.
It requires having facilities in place through proper legislative frameworks, laboratory facilities, technology,
and technical capabilities to enable countries to detect, measure, and monitor LMOs that come into the
country (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 2016).
Locally, strict implementation of environmental laws among industries and communities alike must be
ensured to prevent further damage of biodiversity from air pollution and water pollution. There should also
be efforts to ensure that whatever treatment is employed, it should not promote mass pollution transfer from
one matrix of the environment to another.
Overview
This section discusses the moral and ethical issues concerning GMOs and their impacts on
society. It also sheds light on the various forms and applications of gene therapy.
Objectives
At the end of this section, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the uses and effects of GMOs and gene therapy on society, particularly in the context of
health and economy; and
2. Discuss the moral and bioethical questions concerning genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, usually associated with recombinant DNA technology, is founded on the work
of many scientists over the years. In 1953, the discovery of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick
opened the gates for the countless possibilities of genetic engineering. In 1973, Herbert Boyer and Stanley
Cohen were the first scientists to genetically modify an organism by combining genes from two
different E. coli.
In 1982, the US Supreme Court ruled to allow the patenting of GMOs. This ruling allowed the
Exxon Oil company to start using a microorganism that can consume oil.
In 1982, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first GMO-Humulin, a type of
insulin produced using genetically engineered E. coli bacteria to be available in the market.
In 1993, FDA approved bovine somatotropin (bST), a metabolic protein hormone used to increase
milk production in dairy cows for commercial use.
In 1994, FDA approved the Flavr Savr tomato for sale on grocery stores. This kind of tomato has a
delayed-ripening effect that gives a longer shelf life compared with natural tomatoes.
In 1995, Bt Potatoes and Corn, and Roundup Ready Soybeans were approved safe by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In 1998, a genetically modified papaya in Hawaii was found to be resistant to the Ring spot virus
and produced the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, an insecticide that is not harmful to humans.
Starting 1999, over 100 million acres worldwide are planted with genetically engineered seeds.
In 2000, golden rice was developed in the Philippines to address vitamin A deficiency, which is a
public health issue in Asian countries where rice is a staple food crop. Golden rice is a variety ( Oryza
sativa) genetically modified to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of
rice. Additional three beta-carotene- synthesized genes differentiate the golden rice from its parental strain.
The introduction of golden rice was opposed by environmental and anti-globalization advocates because
this GMO was thought to compromise food production, nutrition, and financial security.
In 2012, French farmer Paul Francois sued Monsanto for chemical poisoning that he claimed was
caused by the pesticide Lasso, which was part of the Roundup Ready line of products. He won the case.
As early as 2013, corn and poplars were genetically modified and used to produce biofuel, which is
regarded as an efficient substitute for petroleum products.
In 2014, the patent on the Roundup Ready line of genetically engineered seeds ended.
Numerous GMOs are produced all over the world. Those mentioned here involve mutation.
Science agrees that the majority of mutations attempted on a species have the probability to fail miserably,
and the individual plant/animal would not survive (Mayr, 2007).
To date, the production and consumption of GMOs are being argued upon due to their safety
alongside the right of humans to modify naturally occurring organisms. New organisms created using
genetic engineering can pose ecological issues because the long-term effects of genetic engineering to the
environment is uncertain. GMOs may cause imbalance in the ecology of a region just as what exotic
species do. An accident in genetically engineering virus or bacteria, for example, could result in super
bacteria that display antimicrobial resistance, which may cause a serious epidemic when released.
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is the method of
inserting genes or nucleic acid into
cells as a drug to treat genetic
diseases. In 1972, Theodore Friedman
and Richard Roblin proposed that
people with genetic disorders can be
treated by replacing defective DNA
with good DNA.
The first commercial gene therapy product Gendicine was approved in China in 2003 for the
treatment of certain cancers. Due to some clinical successes since 2006, gene therapy gained greater
attention from researchers but was still considered as an experimental technique.
In 2016, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines
Agency (EMA) endorsed the gene therapy treatment called Strimvelis that was approved by the European
Commission in June 2018.
Some studies transplanted genes to speed up the destruction of cancer cells. Gene or cell
therapies have emerged as realistic prospects for the treatment of cancer, and involve the delivery of
genetic information to a tumor to facilitate the production of therapeutic proteins. This area of gene therapy
still needs further studies before an efficient and safe gene therapy procedure is adopted ( Gene
Revolution: Issues and Impacts, n.d., Wirth et al., 2013).
Genetic engineering also poses problems in agriculture. Hence, there is a need to study the
ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems. Agroecology is a field of study that
presents novel management approaches on farming systems that may help address concerns regarding
the effect of GMOs on biodiversity and the health of the consumers. Further researches as well as clinical
experiments to outline functional mechanisms, predictive approaches, patient-related studies, and
upcoming challenges should be done to address existing problems in the development of and to acquire
future perspectives in gene therapy.
1. How does the use of a GMO ingredient in the product reduce the drawbacks of the same product
that use non-GMO ingredient?
The high court agreed that the case should have been dismissed
"for mootness" in view of the completion and termination of the Bt
talong field trials and expiration of the biosafety permits.
The court decision added that it should not have ruled that the
Department of Agriculture's Administrative Order No. 08-2002 was
invalid.
The bulk of the country's corn output is intended for animal feed
production. About 70 percent of locally produced corn for feeds are
genetically modified, according to the agriculture department.
Questions:
1. What are the relevant facts of this case?
2. What are some ethical questions or concerns raised in this case?
3. Who are the stakeholders in this situation? Who are affected by the decisions made?
4. What values influence th decision of each group of stakeholders?
5. What are some possible actions and their consequences?
6. What do you consider to be the best action and why?
Questions:
1. What are the relevant facts of this case?
2. What are some ethical questions or concerns raised in this case?
3. Who are the stakeholders in this situation? Who are affected by the decisions made?
4. What values influence the decision of each group of stakeholders?
5. What are some possible actions and their consequences?
6. What do you consider to be the best action and why?
1. Difficult Concepts
a. ______________________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________________
2. Learning Insights
Overview:
This section discusses nanotechnology and how the manipulation of matter on a nanoscale
impacts the society. It focuses on both the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology.
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss the antecedents of nanotechnology and its importance to society;
2. Enumerate the positive and negative impacts of nanotechnology on the environment and society;
and
3. Identify the moral and ethical questions and concerns surrounding nanotechnology.
Motivation / Take-Off
Instructions: What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of the ability to manipulate the building
blocks of the world (i.e., individual atoms and molecules) at dimensions and tolerances of less than one-
billionth of a meter? List down your ideas.
Manipulation of Atoms and Molecules
Advantages Disadvantages
Nanotechnology is the branch of technology that deals with the manipulation and study of matter at
the nanoscale. It covers all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of
matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale.
Scientists in the field of chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering are all
involved in studying matter on the nanoscale. Nanotechnology is "convergent" because it brings together
various fields of science through its innovations, e-g, DNA silicon chips, converging between semiconductor
science (inorganic chemistry) and biology, with applications in the medical industry. It also involves design,
characterization, production, and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlling shapes and
sizes at the nanometer scale. This technology is "enabling' in the sense that it provides the platform and the
tools to produce innovations.
Applications of Nanotechnology
With scientists and engineers continuously finding ways to make materials at the nanoscale, more
and more uses of nanotechnology arise.
In agriculture, novel techniques of nanotechnology applications are applied to breed crops with
higher levels of micronutrients to detect pests and to control food processing (Heckman, 2005). Ultra-
small probes on earth surfaces for agricultural applications and control of soil, air, and water contamination
are developed using nanotechnology (Zhang et. al, 2011).
Challenges of Nanotechnology
The advantages brought by innovations in nanotechnology come with a price. With rapid
developments in nanotechnology, its adverse effects become more visible.
The environmental effect of mineral-based nanoparticles found in cosmetics, paints, clothing, and
other products are questioned as they go through sewerage treatment plants untreated due to their
undetectable size. They can be carried down by fine silts or micro plastics with both inorganic and organic
pollutants. Thus, these may affect water source (Biercuk, 2011). For instance, in the 1980s. a
semiconductor plant contaminated the ground water in Silicon Valley, California (Zhang, et. al., 2011).
Carbon
nanotubes used in the
manufacture of memory
storage, electronics,
batteries, etc. were
found to have unknown
harmful impacts to the
human body by
inhalation into lungs
comparable to asbestos
fiber 11. A pulmonary
toxicological evaluation
of single-wall carbon
nanotubes indicated that
it is more toxic than
carbon black and quartz.
Risk assessment should include the exposure risk and its probability of exposure, toxicological
analysis, transport risk, persistence risk, transformation risk, and ability to recycle (Zhang et al., 2011). This
is which is quite expensive due to the difficulty of detecting nanoparticles.
It is imperative, therefore, that experts and governments support themselves with enough
knowledge on how nanomaterials work for the benefit of society.
Overview
This section reviews key concepts on climate change and its various impacts on society, and
weighs in on the local, regional, and global efforts to address it. It primarily aims to inculcate environmental
awareness among students.
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Explain climate change and its adverse effects on the environment and society;
2. Promote the significance of disaster preparedness in the face of natural disasters, and
3. Discuss the value of conserving and preserving the environment to address the impacts of climate
change on society.
Motivation / Take-Off
Instructions: Examine the picture below. It was taken during the aftermath of Ondoy, the devastating
tropical storm that hit the Philippines in 2009. Form groups with four members each. Discuss among
yourselves how climate change is connected to environmental destruction. You may share with your
groupmates your memories of typhoon Ondoy in order to enrich your discussion. Alternatively, you may
share your own experiences or observations about the impacts of climate change on the environment.
Climate change is the range of global phenomena caused by burning fossil fuels that add heat-
trapping gases to the Earth's atmosphere. Global warming, used interchangeably with climate change,
specifically refers to Earth's upward trend of temperature since the 20th century. It is generally defined as
the general warming effect caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases absorb
infrared radiation that enters the atmosphere and radiate it to the Earth's surface as heat, thereby warming
the Earth. Some common greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming include naturally occurring
gases such as carbon dioxide (CO,), methane (CH), and nitrous oxides (NO), and man-made gases such
as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6).
Changing wildlife adaptations and cycles is another effect of global warming. For instance, spruce
bark beetles in Alaska only appear on warmer months, but since there 1s a rise in global temperatures,
they started to appear all year-round, chewing on spruce trees and thus leaving the forest damaged. Polar
bears are also decreasing in number because the melting of the polar ice caps has caused them to starve
and lose habitats. Melting of ice caps can also cause sea levels to rise which may greatly affect low-lying
coastal areas where large populat ions dwell.
Diseases have also spread due to climate change. Migration distances for many migratory species
greatly increased which can possibly displace disease-carrying insects, crucial pollinators, and crop pests
into new areas. Greater distances also mean greater lengths to go to in order for animals to survive.
Due to the presence of substance X, which are free radical catalysts such as chlorine radical (CI)
and bromine radical (Br-) coming from substances made of chloroforms or bromine-based substances used
as aerosols, refrigerants, fire retardants, and the like, and nitric oxide radical (NO), and hydroxyl radical
O2 + UV (<242
(OH°), which are naturally occurring, nm)
the ozone O + O and
formation (Equation 1) is now represented as
destruction
follows: O + O2 + M O3 + M (Equation 2)
O3 + UV or visible O + O2 ( Equation 3)
X + O3 XO + O2 (Equation 4)
XO + O2 + O2 (Equation 5)
O + O O
GE 7: Science, Technology, 3and Society2 + O 2 ( Equation 6) Page 65 of 69
As an intermediate product, say X is Cl: ClONO, will be produced. This substance is inert and is
deposited on both the northern and southern polar regions due to winds as the Earth rotates. The problem
occurs when the CIONO2 reservoirs are exposed to direct sunlight when a part of the polar region
experiences six straight months of daytime, 24/7. The following reactions produce the obnoxious CI radical,
which is very reactive to the point of destroying 100,000 molecules of O 3, in the stratosphere.
HOCl + hv Cl + OH (Equation 7)
Cl + O3 + M ClO + O2 (Equation 8)
OH + O3 HO3 + O2 ( Equation 9)
The worst case will occur if the available X is Br, which is 100 times more reactive than CI
(Rowland, 2006).
Although a direct relationship exists between global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion,
the correlation on the greenhouse gases as they contribute to creating the cooling conditions in the
atmosphere may lead to ozone depletion.
When SO2, and NO2, react with particulate matters (dry) or with water vapor (wet, acid deposition
occurs which causes surface water acidification and affects soil chemistry. At pH levels lower than 5, acid
deposition may affect the fertilization of fish eggs and can kill adult fishes. As lakes and rivers become
highly acidic, biodiversity is reduced. Many soil organisms cannot survive if the pH level of soil is below 6.
Death of microorganisms because of acid deposition can inhibit decomposition and nutrient recycling
because the enzymes of these microbes are denatured by the acid or are changed in shape so they no
longer function. Deposition of sulfur and nitrogen oxides affects the ability of leaves to retain water under
stress. The low pH level of soil also allows the rapid mobility of heavy metals present in the soil, i.e., Pb",
Cu", and Al", and thus, contaminates growing plants, which may then bio accumulate the heavy metal
concentration as it is passed from a higher trophic level to another. As these impacts affect aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems, it is also imperative to examine the connection between acid deposition and climate
change (Mihelcis, 2014).
Thermal Inversion
The major component of photochemical smog, peroxylacetyl nitrate (PAN), is a combination of
different criteria pollutants. PAN is a transporter of NO x, into rural regions and causes ozone formation in
the global troposphere, which can decrease visibility especially in elevated places. The pollutants that come
from sources (i.e., industrial chimney or stack) mix with air. The mixed air normally rises to the atmosphere.
In a normal cycle of thermal inversion, an unstable air mass and air constantly flow between warm and cool
areas. This allows fumigation of the mixed air on a higher elevation. Due to increased concentrations of
pollutants during an inversion episode, temperatures increase with increasing altitude and this disrupts the
movement of the mixed air to a higher level since the warm inversion layer then acts as a cap or a layer
that forms stable air masses.
Thermal inversion is also affected by weather conditions, or it may also occur in some coastal
areas because of the upwelling of cold water that lowers surface air temperature. Topography or man-
made barriers like high-rise buildings can also create a temperature inversion. The cold air may be blocked
by these barriers and then pushed under the warmer air rising from the sources, thus creating the
inversion. Freezing rain or ice storms develop in some areas with a temperature inversion
in a cold area because snow melts as it moves through the warm inversion layer. The rain continues to fall
and passes through the cold layer of air near the ground. As it moves through this final cold air mass, it
El Niño is a normal climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean also known as the "warm phase." The opposite of it is La Niña, the "cool
phase" which is a pattern that describes the unusual cooling of the surface waters of the region. These
phenomena are supposed to occur perennial and globally, on one end of the equator and on the other.
However, abnormalities in the occurrences of these phenomena cause widespread and severe changes in
the climate. Rainfall increases drastically in Ecuador and Northern Peru, contributing to coastal flooding
and erosion due to the convection above warm surface waters. Increased rains bring floods that may
destroy properties. On the other side of the world, El Niño brings droughts that threaten the supply of water
and destruction of crops affecting agriculture. Stronger El Niño and La Niña events also disrupt global
atmospheric circulation bringing colder winters, unusually heavy rains and flooding in desert areas, and
other weather abnormalities (News/Floods, 2016).
Aside from the physical damages caused by disasters, they also come with mental and emotional
damage. Victims of disasters may suffer from trauma, depression, or anxiety because of experiencing
loss caused by disasters. This is why climate change should not be perceived as an isolated issue-it affects
many aspects of human life.
Environmental Awareness
One of the main culprits of climate change is increasing
CO2, presence in the atmosphere, coming from industrial and
mobile sources. Shifting from fossil fuels as sources of energy
to renewable energy resources, (e.g., solar, wind, or
hydropower) is one way to decrease the generation of CO 2,
Spaces that need air conditioning or heating should be sealed
to ensure adequate insulation and energy efficiency When
buying appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines
and the like, it is recommended to buy those that are tagged as
energy efficient. Water consumption should also be lessened
since pumping and heating water also uses up energy. Light
Emitting Diode (LED) bulbs are ideal to use because they
lessen up to 80% of energy consumption compared with Light bulb energy saving statistics
incandescent bulbs. Using fuel-efficient vehicles with higher
fuel economy performance is another way to lessen fossil Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/vSUnL8GgGP3tMpmi9
fuel consumption (Denchak, 2017). There are many ways to
minimize the effects of climate change. environmental efforts to address climate change should be done
individually collectively. Since the environment is contiguous, the responsibility to care for it should also be
shared not only locally but also regionally and globally. Countries should come together to adopt protocols
and agreements so to help each other solve climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that extends the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in which the Philippines is one of the signatories. This protocol
commits each signatory or member by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. This was
adopted in 1997, but the first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. In order to be
sustainable without jeopardizing the need for energy for economic growth, developed countries committed
to cut their CO2, emissions by 2% up until 2050 to help address the problem of climate change. It is
estimated that by 2050, the world will have an approximate 80% reduction on CO 2, emissions (Pacala,
2009).
The Montreal Protocol is another global agreement set to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by
phasing out the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS). The protocol aims to
help the ozone layer recuperate from the hole it has attained due to increasing presence of ODS in the
atmosphere. It is signed by 197 countries including the Philippines (USEPA, 2017).
What happened to Tacloban during typhoon Haiyan is an example of why disaster risk
management plans should be established. With the coming of more intense typhoons because of climate
change and with the geographical vulnerability of the Philippines to a number of typhoons every year, it is
important for the country to establish measures to mitigate the effects of natural disasters for the benefit of
the citizens. In the aftermath of typhoon Haiyan, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Plan (NDRRMP) of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council(NDRRMC) of the
Philippines for 2011-2018 was revisited and prioritized.
This is a plan that guides the country on how sustainable development can be achieved through
inclusive growth while building the adaptive capacities of communities, increasing the resilience of
vulnerable sectors, and optimizing disaster mitigation opportunities with the end in view of promoting
people's welfare and security. It aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and the local
government units(LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of communities
and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate
risks and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels.
Exercise 1. Debate
Instructions: Watch Al Gore's documentary film, An Inconvenient Truth (2006). Take down notes while
watching the documentary film. Does climate change really exist? Consider arguments and evidence
presented by scientists who are not convinced and those who argue for the existence of climate change.
References
1. Quinto, E. J. M. (2019). Science, Technology, & Society: Outcome-Based Module (1st ed.). C & E
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
2. McNamara, SJ. D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, III. R. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society
(1st ed.), C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
3. Ballena, N. D. S., Bernal, R. D., Paquiz, L. G., Ramos, R. C., & Viet, L. C. (2004). Science.
Technology and Society. Trinitas Publishing, Inc., Trinitas Complex, Patoc Road, Pantoc,
Meycauayan, Bulacan, Philippines.