6 Algebraic Expressions

Max. Marks: a
1
mark x 4 52
esrming objectc
chapter, you
this will be
able to
AfRerenerate
studying
algebraic expressions and convert mathematical statements into algebraic expressions.
gen
efine and identify constants, coeficients, powers, like terms, and unlike terms in a given algebraic
(2 marks expression.
state the
degree of a given algebraic expression.
(2 marks) d and subtract algebraic expressions and find the value of algebraic expressions.
(2 marks
The length of a
(2 marks) rectangle is three
times its breadth. If
(3 marks) One-third of
The sum of three
the perimeter of the
Arectangle is 32 cm, find three-eighths of a
consecutive integers number is 100. Find
is 99. Find all the the length. the number.
integers.
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(4 marks)
4 marks)
4 marks)
4marks)
each other. Can you help them solve
Pooja, Amar, and Akhil are sharing their problems with
the problems?
79
 Atcrm couldbe: Trinomial: An algcbrave expression that
/ike o. 7, 10, etc.] contains three terms is called a trinomial
constant
()a
or unknown {like a, y, z... Examples: A 5ay 2,r ä y
a variable
N n N N T o N ()
of a constant and an unknown that
u) a product Polynomial: An algebraic expression
a
bry, 71y, 7] containsl or more than I terms is called
number (like
more unknown nunmbers polynomial
Fig o.l ) aproduct of twoor
y , ube] Examples:r+2ay+7
like .
trapeziums be r
tadle as and - 3xy
mak à ot Examples:
Non Let the number This
be y. patterne
a n d son. Can ix +4 lts
nunaber of matchsticks ) 4 1s an algebraic expression.
the table below. 4r, ix, and 4.
through are
terms
represented Remember
234 5 2a + 6 Is an algebraic expression. Its
(t) - Monomaais binemias, and
Nit Na oftrapeziums( 9 13 17 2 terms are
3a, (-2a), and 6. trincmiais are aiso poynomas
nis matchsticks brl
10240270 0 Na of
18 Numbers which a e muitiplied with
20150 Puzze variables are caled coetticients.
table caretully, and you will
Observe the in
notebooks 2 more apples than Sonu. Sonu the tom 5a+ 2a
10 Rojeev bought had An expression of
out the cost for less than Raghu. If Raghu is not a binomial because Sa 2u
We can easilr ind pattern. had 3 apples
number ot matchsticks how many apples did 7a which
the n number of opples. con be combined to get
ieèdonetahie. In 1 trapezium, have? Express the numbers
Rajeev and Raghu in fact is a monomial
5. have as an
Observe the table carefully Rajeev and Raghu
=5x1-0= of apples
= T30
is algebraic expression.
notebook. the cost 30xl the number of matchsticks
For i In 2 trapeziums, Constant, coefficient, and powers
30 x2 =T60
notebooks thecost is
For2 = 5 x2- 1 =9. expression To understand constant, coefficient, and power,
30 x3 = 0 Types of algebraic
notebooks thecost is
the number ot matchsticks + has
For3 = {120 In 3 trapeziums, on the number of terms, aigebraic consider an
30 x 4 Depending expression, say, (-8a* + 14a 4). It
For 4 notebooks, the cost is =5x3-2= 13.
are classified as follows. three terms, -8a", 14a, and 4. In the term |-8u ,
30 x 10 =R300 expressions
For 10 notebooks, the cost is number of
the
In 4 trapeziums, the
matchsticks Monomial: An algebraic expression that -8] is the numerical which is multiplied to
variable a. It is called the coefficient of a* and
Similarly, =5 x4-3 = 17. one term is called a monomial.
contains
For x notebooks, the cost is 30 xx ={30x
here the power of a is 2. In 14a, the coetficient is
x the number ot matchsticks Examples: 30x, 5, 7xy
Cost of x notebooks = 30x is the generalization In trapeziums, 14 and the power a is 1. The third term
of variable
of finding the cost of any number of notebooks. 5 x - (x- 1) = 4x + 1. Binomial: An algebraic expression that and
4 does not have any variables multiplied to it
Whatever maybe the number of notebooks, substitute contains two terms is called a binomial. is called the constant term.
Now 4x + 1 is the generalization of finding the
with that number to get the cost of that many number of matchsticks used in any number od Examples: 2x +3, x*+ y,6x +9
notebooks. Similarty, let us make one patern with
trapeziums.
matchsticks as given here.
Now fill in the following table.
The above statements like, 30x' and 4x + l'a
all algebraic expressions. Hence an algebrai Highest power of
Constant Coefficient No. of terms
expression is an expression in which variable S. No. Expressions variable
AN7 )
and constants are combined with the sign o
(ii) | 17x- 6x+4
fundamental operations +,-,x, + }.
2.-x+7x +8
7 + 5x + 6 is an 3 -6a + 18ab +9
3x algebraic expression. In
ths
expression, 3x, 5x, and 6 are called terms of the 4-4x +9y +3
expression. Each term of an algebraic expressio
is separated
5 8-4
by the sign [+] or [-1

80
81
 variable
x.
one
Consider

(i) algebraic
expression
n Solution: Frst write the polynomials in descending
the take a n
m
each of Let us order of powers of their terms
coetficient
ofx 5r+6x+8. Remember

I:
Hrie
the
terms, ie,
L.e, 5x, 6x, and
>X, and +g (a) 4x-3x 4 x 1 .The degree is 4
Example three
t has We always take he operotor (b) Sa+4a-7a + 5. The degree is 3.
followig b))5x 5r, the
power
of
able
variahl.
between the terms. It there is'-sign

(a)-6r
In
term

the degree
of5xr' is 3. we will change the operator to '+ (c) 3xiy'-5xy+3xy-5xy
(d) + 7ax Hence
and toke- os the coefficient of the
power
of variable The degree is7.
2ax+ term 6x, the following ferm.
In
Hence the degree of6x is 1 Example 3: Find the value of x* + 2ax + a, ij
Solution

(-6x)
= -6 The term (+8) has no variable. Sotheepow n l e 2: Find the degree of the jollowing x =2 and a =3.
Coetticient
of x in
Solution: Substitute x = 2 and a = 3 in the
(a)
in 5x
=5 in it is O. polynomials.

ofx ofvariable
3x
Coefficient

(b) of 8 is 0. +1 + 4x- expression,

inax+7=a
Hence the degree (a) 4x
ofr Now the highest power of the variabje n 5 x*+ 2ax+ a* = (2) 2 x (3) x (2) + (3)
5a'+ 4a*- 7a
+
(c) Coefficient
= 7a (b)
7ax expression 5xr'+ 6x + 8 is 3. Hence the deg =4+ 12+9 25
3xy-5xy- Sxy'- 3ry'?
ofx in
+
Coefficient
any
(d) algebraic
expression,
5x+ 6x + 8 is a (c)
ofan is expression
Hence in the
term

with the sign

of the
term
ofalgebraic conclude that the degres
factors along factors.
Thus we can
of the remaining

called the
coefficient
ofthe
algebraic
expression
is the highest pow Exercise 6.1
expression.
UNLIKE
TERMS variable in that
AND
LIKE the s a m e variables, x and y.
terms containing Consider two
All the same (i)
Like terms:
with the numerical coefficient of each term.
(or variables) the degree of an algeb 1. Write the
literal
numbers To find out
in two variables, conside.
terms.
called like
expression (c) -* (d)ab
degrees are
+ 3xy-+ 5xy +8. (a)-7y (b)ab
Examples: because they polynomial,say x'y
all like terms In the term x'y, the degree is conside
3x, 8x are
() x,

have the same

variable x.
to be 5. When the variables are multiplie
(e) xyz (-3a )abe
terms because
are all like
(i) 3xy, -6x* y the powers are added to decide the de 2. Write the
constant term of each of the following algebraic expressions.
variables and 8re
they have the same
of the term. The 3xy' has a degree of 3a (b) x-7 (c) 8 (d) x- 1+x
(a) 6x +2 (h) a - 3a + 3a - 1
powers ry. ) 6 - * + 3y2 (g) 3x +6x -9
different 5xy has a degree of 2 and 8 has zero degre (e) 3x- 4x + 5

Unlike terms: Terms which have The highest power of variable in the give 3. Write all the terms of each of the following algebraic expressions.
terms.
variable parts are called unlike (c) 3x+ 4y (d) x-y
expression is 5. (a) 3x (b) x-8
Examples: Hence the degree of expression (e) a + b' 2ab + 6
-

terms.
(i) 3x, 3y are unlike 4. Pick out the like terms from each group.
(i) 5xy, 7x, 8y are unlike terms. x+ 3xy+ 5xy +8 is 5. (b) a, 7b, -6b (c) 3x, 4yz, 8x
(a) 2x, 3y, 7x
Tips and Tricks (d) ab, atb, a'b', 7atb (e) xy, 3x*y,-y-7yx* 2xy. yz, 3x, 6yz
To decide whether the given terms are like or unlike 5. Identify the like terms in the following algebraic expressions.
look for variables and their powers. d- 2a 4a
Remember
(a) x +y -Z +6x 7
- (b) x+7xy- 3x (c) a +b + +

(e) 6xy-8xy +5xy +2x abc abe abe 7abe

A variable (or product of variables) (d) 2a-b + 3ab - 7ab - 4ba ( + + +

DEGREE OF AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION without the numerical coefficient

6. Write down the degree of the following algebraic expressions.
actually has a coefficient of 1. So
The degree of
algebraic expression depends
an
'm' really means 'Im. (a) x*+yz (b) 12y'+3 (o) xyz +xy (d)x-7xy+ 5xy -2
upon the power of variables present in it. Algebraic (e)-6a-7a'+8a x¥?-6xyz g) 1-3t +7tH- (h) y'x+ 7xy+ 3xy+7
expression can be in one variable or two variables
The degree of any constant tem is
aways zero. 7. Ifx = 3, and y = 4, find the value of the following.
or more.
(a) x+ y (b) x+y+ 3xy+3x'y

82 83
 5xY +
3), (- 6x
Add(4x
-

7:
Example
(-3x-2xy -4y) 1:fP
= X +y +
zand Q 2x -y+ 3, Now P+ 2Q = (x+ y + 2) (4x - 2y 62). So
2y), and
EXPRESSIONS

xample 1
ALGEBRAIC

ADDITION OF add Solution: We have

we c a n find
P +2 Q
is that
of addition 22
(- 6x 4xy
2y)+
-

The basic principle

terms
cannot be added.
(4x 5xy +3y)
+ +
Solution: We have
4x -2y +6z
Unlike
ike terms only.
more algebraic
expressions,
we
Y 2Q 2x (2x -y+ 32) 5x-y+7z
add rwo o r
and add the 6x 3x<) + (- 5xy 4x-2y+6z.
Axy-sy
So to
terms (4x
-
-

Hence P+2Q = 5x - y +7
like =

collect different groups of To do +(3y+2y-4y)

terms in each group.
coefficients of the like
methods.
5 x - 11xy + y
follow two
so we can
Column method: In this method, wev
(0 Horizontal method
in columns and then add
(in) Column method
method of
like terms
them. Exercise 6.2

Horizontal
method: In this
horizontal
Tips and Tricks
the terms in a
addition, we arrange all Writing the polynomials (expressions) inwhen
columne. like terms from each group and add them.
combining the
like
especially 1. Pick the
line andthen we add them by it possible to add quickly, umber 6b, 76, 9e (b) ,,-6y?, x (c) 3p4. 4qp. 5pai, 9pq
(a) a,
terms is large.
terms. (4) 2xy, 2yx, 3x*y (e) Axy. -5y, -3xy, 2x () Sabe, 8be, 4abc
2b - 2c), (4a
8: Add (-2a Simplify the following.
-

+ 7

Tipsand Tricks
Example
and (3a + 5b + 2c). 7b- 2.
(a) 5a -3a (b) 6m + 7m (c)-y+8y (d) 10k(-3k)
in decreasing
Write the terms ofan algebraic expression Solution: We arrange the given expression (e)-+3x -2y 3 m +6n -6m -2n g) 81- 5P - 31+ P (h) 6y-3y-7y+y
order ofdegree in order to
avoid confusion.
columns.
sions 3. Add the following terms using the horizontal method.
and 3x.
-2a - 2 b - 2
(a) 3x, 4r,
7r -
(b) r,-3xrf, -6x
5x, -4x,
Example 4: Find the sum of 10x, 4a +7b 9c (c)7ab, 8ab, 10ab,
-
-
2ab (d) a+b, 2a - b, - a + b
Solution: We have
+3a +5b+2c 4. Find the sum of the following using the column method.

(10x+5x) (-4x+ 3x)

a+2ab +,a* 2ab -b, a+b
+ -

(a)
5a+10b-9c
15x - x Example 9: Add (4x - 5xy + 3y), (b) x-*+7,-9+7x +2x
(c) 6a 5b +C, 2a + 4b 2c, b - c
- -
-

= 14x
(-6x-4xy +2y), and (-3x - 2xy 4y)
(d) 5x+7 +6x -5x,2r -8 -9x, 4x - 2r3x, 3x - 9x -
r
Example 5: Add (3x 7y). (6x 3y +
- +
6) and Solution: We arrange the given expressions 5. IfP = 6r - 8x+4x - 2 and Q = 5 - 4x+ 6x - 8x',find P + 2Q.

(-5x+2y+7). columns 6. If A = 4x - 6x+3, B = - 4x - 7x+ 5, and C = 3r - 8x + 6, find 2A + 2B+2C.

Solution: We have 4x -

5xy +3y
(3x+79)+(6x-3y+6)+(-5x+2y+7) -6x-4xy+ 2y SuBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC

= (3x + 6x -5x) + (7y -3y + 2y) + (6+7) 4 ExPRESSIONS

4x+ 6y+ 13 -5x-11xy +y Like addition, subtraction is also possible between Subtraction can be done either in columns or

Example 6: Add (6a +b), (5a-2b), and Example 10: Add (6a+b), (5a-2b), and two like terms only. When we subtract a number horizontally by combining the like terms after
from another number, we add the additive inverse changing the signs of the terms to be subtracted.
(-3a -b+c) (-3a-b+c).
of the second number to the earlier number.
Solution: We have Solution: We arrange the given expressions Example 12: Subtract (-3a) from 8a.
columns. Example: Subtract 2 from 6. Solution
(6a+b) (5a -2b) +
(-3a - b+ c) 6a +b Column method
We change the sign of 2 to negative (additive
(6a 5a
+
3a) +
(b -2b - b) +c 5a 2b inverse) and write as 6-2 =4. 8a
8a 2b +C 3a b +C -3a
(change of sign)
8a -2b + C Ila

84
B5
 Horizontal method
Horizontal method (a -b'-3ab) - (a' + b' - 3ab)
How much larger is 1 Sx*
- 7y than 6x? 9y
nuch does 94* 74 - 2 exceed 2a' 4a 3a 12
8a -(-3a) =8a + 3a = a-b - 3ab - a' - b' + 3ab 3. How much
= lla 1a
3a +6 metres long and is attached to another rope of
= (a"- a') +(-b° -b"+(- 3ah. A rope
is
length 2a -7 metres. Find the total length
i.e., (-3a) 4.
The sign ofsubtraction has changed, +3ab of the rope
becomes + 3a.
= - 2b wire e isis (7x-
(7x -
3) metres long. A length ot (5x -
4) metres is cut for use How much wire 1s left
5. A
7b. The sign of subtraction has changed, nd
ie 7x + 8 and B
=4x*-7x+ 3, find 2A .
3bfrom -84 + 5x' +
13: Subtract 5a
=
Example
-
6. IfA
value of P - Q +8, it P
(+b ),and (-3ab) become (-a'). (-bb), ana =(x'
the + 7x) and ) =(-x-3x 2)
Solution 7. Find
Column method respectively.
-8a+7b Example 15: Subtract ( x - 3xy + 7y?-21e
At a Glance
5a 3b
+ ) ( c h a n g e of sign) (6xy-4x-y+5) Constants have o fxed numerical value.
Solution A variable takes various numerical values Iin diferent situations
-13a+ l10b
Column method
A combination of a constant and variables combined with the furndamental operotions
Horizontal method (+ or/and +] is called an algebraic expression.
3b) t6Xy-4x y
(-8a + 7b) -(5a 3b)
=
(-8a +7b) + (-5a +
5 Various parts of on algebraic expression separated by () or (H ore called the terms of
= (-8a 5a) + (7b + 3b) 3xy+x* 7y -2 the expression.
-13a + 10b +) O_4) Terms having the same literat or variable factors are called like terms.
9xy 5x -8y + 7 Like terms of an algebraic expression can be added or subtracted
The sign of subtraction has changed, i.e., (+ 5a)
The term with the highest power in a polynomial decides the degree of the polynomia
and (-3b) become (- 5a) and (+ 3b), respectively. Horizontal method
For subtraction, we change the sign, i.e. +) into the sign (-) and the sign (-) into ()
Example 14: Subtract (a'+ b'-3ab) from (6.xy 4x-y +5) - (x - 3xy + 7y2-2) of each term of expression to be subtracted and the resulting expressions are added
(a- b-3ab). 6xy 4x - y+5 -x* + 3xy - 7y +2 together.
Solution
=
(6xy + 3xy) + (- 4x* -x) + (-y-7) Myths and Legends
Column method
a-b 3ab +(5 +2)
a3+b 3ab 9xy 5x-8y + 7 It is believed that the Egyptians and Babylonians first used algebra. Ihey uses the word
-) () (change of sign) In all the above examples, for subtraction we chan
aha, meaning "heap. to find an unknown quantity. They also used formulae and
equations to find unknown quantities.
0 2b+0 the sign each term of expression to be
of subtra
and then add the like terms to get the result
-2b
Exercise 6.3 LifeSkills
(6x 1) (3x 5) and (5x ) Find il it
quadrilateral field
+ m.
1. Subtract the
1. Sides of a are
given by (7x -
3) m, -
m, + m,
following. is a rectangular field or square field ifx = 2.
(a) (4a + 3b) from (2b + 2a) (b) (x - y) from (2x*- 3y)
2A + 3B +C ax.
= -(x + 2), B -3(y +1), and C= -y + 2x, find the value of a, when
=
2. If A =
(c) (10a-5a) from (-104 6a) (d) (3xy - 4) from (xy + 11)
divided by 7' as -4. What do you
(e) (-3a +6x + 3) from (5x - 9) ) (3x- 42) from (7x+ 8y +92) 3. Jeniya made algebraic expression for 4 less than a number x
an
g)(1-*-¥)from (xy +-*+1) (h) (4x-7x + 5x - 4) from (6 - 5x + 6x-8r) think about the expression? Is it right or wrong? Find the error, if any.
What
(i) *+3x>y +6xy -¥ from y 5xy - 4xy ) 3m+ 4mn -2n from 3m + 4mn -3n -3. Will it be greater than 9 or less than 9? Explain.
of expression -9x when
-
4. Find the value x =
(k) a'+ 2a*b + 2ab from 2a-b + 7ab 6 ()-6x-8x + 5x -2 from 6+ 3x +6x -8 about x = 3?
(71) -7a +6b + 10c from -6a +5b + 9c (n) x*- 2y +2y -10 from x + - 3x -7
86 87
 Worksheet 1 Worksheet 2
binomials, and trinomials.
18 a .
the monomials,
-8 I. entily (d) u+ b' uc
lerm
the (b)-7 (c)14x +y tu
correct answer. +
(iv) zero term (a) 8x+y
()
q -8, constant term
Select he
I. expression
p* + 2pq terms
( i ) unlike term the like
the algebraic Group
(a) In 14a;
2 17yx*; 45yx; 7x*yz; -4y'x; 55a
()iketerm (iv) y'z' 3x'; -4xy*
5xy-7a;3r
is
x in 3xy'p (ii) 3p each of the
of following algebraic expressions.
coelficient of 2. Wteite
rite the degree (d) p'q + u' +py
= (c) x+y +z - 3xyz
(b) The () 3y'Ep x . (b) ab + ba +ca
9, il -1, y= 5x'y' + 6
3xy + (iv) 9 4x+
() expressionr'- (a)
(i') 14 2u subtract
the following algebraic expressions.
(c) The value
ofalgebraic expression 3y2 or
() 2 the algebraic
dd (b) (9x*+ 7x) - (4x + 3x 4)
terms of 5z+7 + (-2x + 3a+ 4)
2 of the + x+ 2)
coefficient (iv) 3, 2, 5,7 (a) (5x + (-4a
numerical + 4b- (d) (5a - 7h+ 7) -7+ 4b)
Choose the (ii) 7 + 2ab) -(34* - 6ab)
(d) 2,5, 7 (8b? 4a 4c)
(i) 3, - + (14b 2a + 4) (7a + 7b - c) - (4a - 4b
() 3,2,5,7 same as_ 26)
is the (iv) (x* + y*) (9a-7
- y -
(e) 7+ 4b from the sum 2b and 14b 2u +1
expression x* 7b +7 and -4a of 9a - 7
(ii) y the sum
The algebraic Subtract
of 5a-
(e) (u)-(-x+y)
5. tor the given values of the variables.
expressions
(i)-a value of tollowing
Find the (6) m° - 2(m - 3) + 4, when m = -3
terms. x=
blanks. called like + 2x -2
are -2, when
2. Fill in the (a) 5x
same when a =3
Terms having the + 4a + 3,
(a) (c) 3a
from x, find the value when x
(-1) weget. (x* + 5xy) + 6 =-3 and y 5.
Subtracting called, - xy + 2y and
(b) a number
is Simplify the expression
to represent
(c) A letter used
inverse (-3x*y) is_
additive of
(d) The is
constant term
(e) The degree ofa
coefficient of x in the following?
3, What is the
(b) r- 5x +4
(a) r+5x-7x+5 terms.
numerical coefficient of each of the following
4. Write the (b)x-3xy+7y- 2 HOTS
(a) -2x+7xy -6y + 8
Observe the table given below and the pattern formed by the total number of small qures in a givenfigure
5. Add the following.
+ 2b + 3c
- the table and then find a to calculate the total numbers of small squares in
6a 3b- 7c; 3a Complete general formula
(a)3a + 4b+ 5c;
3r- 2y- 3xy any step.
(b)x+y+ 3x'y +3xy;
Square Length ofthe Area Area and Total squares
6. Subtract the following.
-
(b) x+ y from x'-y side Previous total
(a) -9x-7yfrom -6x 3y
+ unit I sq. unit Isq.unit
7. Subtract- (x+y+z) from (x + y 2).
8. Simplify the following.
(b) a+ 3b' - c+ 3a 3b' + c
(a) 3x+5y- 4xy +7x- 3y 2 unit 4 sq. unit (1+4) sq. unit 5
9. The side of a square is (8x + 3) metres. Find its perimeter.
10. Raghu has 5 more than Rakesh. Ifx represents Raghus amount and y represents Rakesh's amount,
the expression to show the relation between x and y.

Use the formula to find the total number of squares in 5th, 6th, and Bthstep

88
89