Cive327 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Assignment No. 4
Cive327 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Assignment No. 4
Cive327 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Assignment No. 4
1. Find the horizontal force components of the water on the horizontal bend shown in the figure below if
the pressure at the gage p1 is:
(a) 200 kPa
(b) 400 kPa
(c) 800 kPa
Solutions:
Continuity equation: Q=AlVl = A2V2
.
.
V2 = 4V1
Bernoulli equation:
Substituting V2 = 4V1,
Momentum fluxes:
At section 1, m1x=[-Q] , m1y=0
m1x=-
Substituting V1
At section 2, m2x=0, m2y=[+Q] ,
Substituting V2=4V1 m2y=16
Substituting V1
Solutions:
Bernoulli equation:
V1 = V2
Momentum fluxes:
At section 1, m1x=[-Q] , m1y=0
m1x=-
.
4
0.0016
At section 2, m2x=[+Q] 120 , m2y=[+Q] 120 ,
m2x=-0.008 , m2y=0.001386
.
4
0.00164
Therefore, Fx = m1x + m2x, Fy = m1y + m2y
Fx = 0.0016 - 0.008 , Fy = 0.001386
Fx = 0.0024
Considering all the forces acting on the control volume,
- Rx = Fx Ry = Fy
0.0024 Ry = 0.001386
(a) the blade is stationary
V = 400 m/s
0.0024 400 0.001386 400
. .
(b) the blade moves to the right at 120 m/s
V = Vrelative = 400 - 120 = 280 m/s
0.0024 280 0.001386 280
. .
(c) the blade moves to the left at 120 m/s
V = Vrelative = 400 + 120 = 520 m/s
0.0024 520 0.001386 520
. .
3. Assuming hydrostatic pressure distributions, uniform velocity profiles, and negligible viscous effects,
find the horizontal force needed to hold the sluice gate in the position shown in the figure below
FIGURE P4.124
Solutions:
Continuity equation: Q=AlVl = A2V2
q=ylVl = y2V2
Energy equation:
6 0.2
.
q=2.135 m3/s/m
.
Therefore, 0.3558 /
.
.
10.675 /
P1 - F - P2 = - qpV1 + qpV2
F = P1 - P2 + qpV1 - qpV2
F = x 1000x9.81 x (62 - 0.22) + 2.135x 1000x(0.3558 -10.675)
F = 154.35 kN/m
For a 4 m wide gate,
F = 154.35 x 4
F = 617.4 kN
4. A sudden jump (hydraulic jump) occurs in a rectangular channel shown in the figure below. Find the
downstream depth y2 and downstream velocity V2, if the upstream depth y1 = 50 cm, and upstream
velocity V1 = 10 m/s.
Solutions:
Continuity equation: q=y1V1=y2V2
q=0.5x10= 5 m3/s/m
P1 - P2 = - qpV1 + qpV2
= - qpV1 - qp
25
9.81 0.5 9.81 = - 5 10
2
4.905y 51.22625 =0
y2=2.953 m
Therefore,
5
2.953
V2 = 1.693 m/s
5. A mixing tank of 1000 L volume is used to produce saline solution in laboratory. Initially the tank
is filled with saline solution of concentration co = 100 g/L. Fresh water enters and leaves the tank
with a flow Q = 0.01 m3/s, starting at time t = 0. Find an expression for the outflow salt
concentration c(t) as a function of time. Assume complete mixing of the tank fluid with the inflow
at every instant of time. Find the retention time when the concentration is reduced to a value
equal to co e–1 = 36.79 g/L.
cin = 0
Q
fresh water
inflow
cout = c
c (t)
mixing tank
Qout = Q
Solutions:
Since ∀/ :
100
The time t required to reach a value equal to coe-1 is
36.79 100
t = 99.99s
q y
tan 1[ ] [4]
2 x/2
and a sink flow -q located at x = l /2 and y = 0
q y
tan 1[ ] [5]
2 x /2
The sum of these expressions in Equations 3, 4 and 5 gives the stream function and the
corresponding streamlines shown in the figure
Find the location of the stagnation points where the velocity is zero for U = 1 m/s, q = 2π m2/s, l =
20 m. Use the differentiation formula
d 1 d
tan 1 2
dy 1 dy
and note that the stagnation points are located on the x-axis where y = 0.
Solutions:
First, differentiating the stream function to find the velocity:
q 1 1 1 1
u U [ ]
y 2 1 ( y ) 2 ( x / 2) 1 ( y ) 2 ( x / 2)
x /2 x /2
To find the stagnation points on the x-axis, set the velocity to zero and y = 0 to give the following
relation:
q 1 1 1 1
0 U [ ]
2 1 ( 0 ) ( x / 2) 1 ( 0 ) ( x / 2)
2 2
x /2 x /2
2U 1 1
[ ]
q ( xS / 2) ( xS / 2)
For the condition given for this question,
1 1 ( x 10) ( xS 10)
-1 [ ] S
( xS 10) ( xS 10) 2
( xS 10 2 )
The location of the stagnation on the x-axis therefore is
2
xS 10 2 20
that is
xS 120 (m)