Fayomi 2019 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1378 022037
Fayomi 2019 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1378 022037
Fayomi 2019 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1378 022037
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- Comprehensive Review and Critical Data
Analysis on Corrosion and Emphasizing
on Green Eco-friendly Corrosion Inhibitors
for Oil and Gas Industries
Jainam Panchal et al
Abstract.
The oil and gas industry is facing many corrosion problems. They have been faced with
contaminants such as H2S and CO2 which deteriorate pipe lines and machine components. Over
time, corrosion can occur on these machines’ inner surfaces. The pipelines must transport large
amounts of crude oil which must be able to withstand large amount of pressure. The storage
containers for the oil and gas are made of aluminium and steel which must be protected because
of their susceptibility to corrosion which impacts directly or indirectly on the economy. Steel
and aluminium are important metals used from manufacture to distribution of final products in
almost every part of the oil and gas industry. This paper reviews the effect of corrosion on metal
and some of the approaches towards corrosion control in engineering sectors.
1. Introduction
Corrosion, according to [1] is damaging to metals due to the attack by environmental reactions
on material or metals, as well as by natural latent threats accompanied by oil and gas production
and transportation. Corrosion represents an expensive problem for the industries of
manufacture, chemical plants, oil industry and many more metal-using industries. Chemical
leakage, oil pipelines breakdown and even fire can cause most corrosion problems: when
exposed to electrical components and materials corroded. Different corrosion types include
uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, corrosion of the crack, pitting, intergranular corrosion,
and erosion. Catholic and anodic chemical reactions between metals and their surroundings
reduce corrosion of metals. The most important corrosion agents are water, air humidity,
oppressive metal polishing, acids, oils, some solids, base salts, fluid chemicals, and even some
sulphur, ammonia and acidic-pH gaseous materials. Corrosion can also be defined as material
collapse, usually air oxidation, and, sometimes, when it comes to water, acidic and alkaline
mediums [2]. All engineering materials in service, except gold, often give the superficial
impressions of permanence but are chemically unstable. This state of thermodynamic
instability results in their inevitable tendency to revert to their ore (natural combined form)
form from which they were extracted. The process, corrosion, initiated by the interaction of the
material with its prevailing environment leads to loss of the desired structural properties,
tampers with its functional integrity and performance when engaged in engineering designs
and [3]. Recently, exploring plant-derived natural products as cheap eco-friendly corrosion
inhibitors has become an essential field of study and of great interest to researchers. Plant
products are not only environmentally acceptable and environmentally friendly, but also cheap,
readily available and are renewable sources of materials [4].
Acids and bases are employed in numerous industrial operations and processes. Mineral
acids are used for treatment of various materials such as pickling, de-scaling, refrigerant and
acid-well oxidizing etc. Ammonium hydroxide is widely used in the industry for etching of
circuit board, used in the food industry and serves as industrial cleansers etc. Mild steel is one
of the most commonly used ferrous metals in the industries- for fabrications and other
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 022037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037
engineering applications due to its relatively lower cost, availability and efficiency. The most
common form of corrosion is the corrosion of mild steel, especially in acid solution. This tends
to limit its industrial applications on process safety and economics grounds coupled with
environmental safety [5]. The penalties of corrosion failures including safety hazards and
interruptions in plant operations have attracted the attention of researchers to the control and
prevention of corrosion processes. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to prevent corrosion.
Therefore, controlling the rate at which it occurs has been identified as the most economical
solution to its rising challenges. The cost factor associated with the selection and utilization of
highly corrosion resistant material (metals), the safest means of mitigating corrosion and other
corrosion monitoring and control techniques, makes corrosion inhibition the best alternative. It
allows for the use of cheap and readily available engineering materials in industrial applications
with minimal environmental effects [6]. Over the years, the inhibitive effects of many
chemicals have been successfully exploited to fight corrosion. However, the use of chemicals
as corrosion inhibitors has been limited by its inherent toxicity, availability and cost.
Additionally, the increasing environmental awareness calls for green inhibitors of zero
environmental effects in place of the traditional chemicals used as corrosion inhibitors. Natural
products of plant origin have been confirmed to have excellent inhibitive effects and are much
eco-friendlier. This trend of using green inhibitors (plant extracts) as alternatives to the use of
chemicals has gained wide acceptance among scholars and researchers on the basis of its
availability, non-toxicity, lower cost and environmental friendliness. Against this backdrop,
several research works – [7-9] etc. have been done on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in
acidic and alkaline media.
2
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 022037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037
Estimate of the avoidable costs of corrosion ranges between 10-40%. Although, most studies
have focused on the direct costs of corrosion, it is agreed that the indirect impact of corrosion
are much more significantly greater. The neglect of indirect costs is because of the inherent
difficult in its estimate.
2. Concept of Corrosion
Corrosion deteriorates materials inevitably by the chemical interaction with their
environments. It is the returning of the materials to its original form (stable state) to the mother
earth [11]. In his contribution, [13] submits that for non-metals, corrosion emanates from
chemical causes, but for metals, it embraces all forms of interactions of metals or alloys with
its environment which is unintentional and deleterious. Moreover, it is the reaction of solids to
their environment in the context of corrosion science, while corrosion engineers define
corrosion as the reaction of engineering materials to their environment with a consequent
deterioration of their properties. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) defines corrosion as the irreversible interfacial reaction of a material (metal, ceramic,
polymer, etc.) to its environment resulting in the material being consumed or dissolved into the
environmental component. Therefore, corrosion can be defined as the gradual wearing away of
the component(s) of a material as a result of the unfavourable interaction with its environment
which interferes with structural properties and functional integrity of the material.
.
2.1. Corrosion environment
While a material for engineering designs and applications can be selected on the basis of its
mechanical, physical and chemical properties, it remains unquestionable that the effect of the
material's interaction with the environment can be completely neglected. This material-
environment interaction is of vital importance in the optimal design and performance of the
engineering material; this is because the usefulness and retention of those properties cannot be
divorced from the prevailing environmental conditions. Any fundamental approach to the
corrosion phenomenon must therefore take into account the structural characteristics of the
engineering materials, the nature of the environment and the reactions of the material to the
environment [13].
Furthermore, [14] asserts that all environments are relatively corrosive and therefore,
corrosion must be defined with reference to the environment. Corrosion environment can be
broadly classified into two:
• Aqueous environment
• Atmospheric environment
However, many factors as identified by [13, 14] are common to both classifications. The author
concluded temperature, pressure, fluid (water, acids, alkalis, salts, steam and gases) flow
velocities, air and humidity, concentration of reactive species are the major factors that
influence corrosion.
3. Classifications of Corrosion
3.1. Dry Corrosion
In dry corrosion, the environment is a dry gas that is often referred to as chemical corrosion. It
occurs when the metal reacts with oxygen in the air. This results in the formation of oxide
layer-rust, which eventually stops further corrosion. This phenomenon is called passivation.
Dry corrosion or chemical corrosion is a slow and steady process which occurs on
heterogeneous and [6].
3
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 022037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037
In this case, the water, acid or alkaline solution with dissolved species is aqueous in the
environment. The liquid is a purely electrolyte-like corrosion process. This consists of two
opposite but complementary reactions: oxidation (anodic reaction) and reduction (cathodic
reaction). At the anodic site, the metal is oxidized or dissolved into the electrolyte while the
cathodic reaction involves reduction of oxygen etc. Nevertheless, there is yet to be a unique of
classifying corrosion. It is often convenient to classify corrosion by the different forms in which
it occurs. The basis of these classifications is the appearance of the corroded metal as identified
by visual observation or otherwise [15].
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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 022037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037
5
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 022037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037
increasing the difficulty in recombining and releasing hydrogen. While other cathodic
inhibitors like Ca2+, zn2+, Mg2+ form precipitate or oxides generating protective layer (s) on the
metal while oxygen scavengers prevent cathodic depolarization often caused by oxygen e.g.
sodium sulphite [11].
5. Conclusion
This paper has identified the cause and types of corrosion in oil and gas industries. Various
methods of combating corrosion were also summarized. Corrosion was discovered to have
direct and indirect influence on the nation and world economy. Estimate of the avoidable costs
of corrosion ranges between 10-40%. Although, most studies have focused on the direct costs
of corrosion, it is agreed that the indirect impact of corrosion are much more significantly
greater. The neglect of indirect costs is because of the inherent difficult in its estimate.
Acknowledgement
The author acknowledged the financial support by Covenant University CUCRED for the
publication of the manuscript.
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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 022037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037
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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 022037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037
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