CIVI 6051

DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL
STRUCTURE

Ardalan Sabamehr
1

Winter 2021
 • Kulak. G. L. and Grondin, G. Y., Limit States Design in Structural Steel, 10th Edition,
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC), 2016.
• Handbook of Steel Construction, Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC), 11th
Edition, 2014 This handbook includes a reprint of the Canadian Standards Association,
CAN/CSA-S16-09-2014, Design of Steel Structures. A CISC commentary on this standard,
explanatory notes and design aids are also included in the handbook.
• R.A. MacCrimmon, Crane-Supporting Steel Structures – Design Guide, 3rd Edition,
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC), 2017.
• A. Ghali, Circular Storage Tanks and Silos, E & F. N. Spon Ltd
• S. S. Safarian and E. C. Harris, Design and Construction of Silos and Bunkers, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company Inc., 1985.
• Weyer J. and Baragaño S., Industrial building Planning and Design, Design Media Publishing
(UK) Limited.
• Snow, D.A. ed., 2001. Plant engineer's reference book. Elsevier.
REFERENCES • Canam building, Purling and Girt
• Chai and Sung, STABILITY OF STRUCTURES Principles and Applications
• Lecture notes of Prof. Amit H. Varma, Purdue University

2
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL STABILITY

• Definition of stability

• Types of instability

• Methods of stability analyses

• Examples – small deflection analyses

• Examples – large deflection analyses

3
 STABILITY DEFINITION
• Change in geometry of a structure or structural component under compression – resulting in loss

of ability to resist loading is defined as instability.

• Instability can lead to catastrophic failure → must be accounted in design. Instability is a strength-

related limit state.

• Every structure is in equilibrium – static or dynamic. If it is not in equilibrium, the body will be in motion

or a mechanism.

• A mechanism cannot resist loads and is of no use to the civil engineer.

• Stability qualifies the state of equilibrium of a structure. Whether it is in stable or unstable equilibrium.

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 STABILITY DEFINITION
• Structure is in stable equilibrium when small perturbations do not cause large
movements like a mechanism. Structure vibrates about its equilibrium
position.

• Structure is in unstable equilibrium when small perturbations produce large

movements – and the structure never returns to its original equilibrium
position.

• Structure is in neutral equilibrium when we can’t decide whether it is in stable

or unstable equilibrium. Small perturbation causes large movements – but the
structure can be brought back to its original equilibrium position with no work.

• Thus, stability talks about the equilibrium state of the structure.

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 BUCKLING VS. STABILITY
• Change in geometry of structure under compression – that results in its
ability to resist loads called bulking.
• Buckling is a phenomenon that can occur for structures under compressive
loads.
• The structure deforms and is in stable equilibrium in state-1.
• As the load increases, the structure suddenly changes to deformation state-2 at some
critical load pcr.
• The structure buckles from state-1 to state-2, where state-2 is orthogonal (has nothing
to do, or independent) with state-1.

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 BUCKLING

P<Pcr P=Pcr P>Pcr

P

P P P
d

7
 BUCKLING VS. STABILITY
• Thus, there are two topics we will be interested in:
• Buckling – sudden change in deformation from state-1 to state-2
• Stability of equilibrium – as the loads acting on the structure are increased, when does the
equilibrium state become unstable?
• The equilibrium state becomes unstable due to:
• Large deformations of the structure
• Inelasticity of the structural materials

• We will look at both of these topics for

• Columns
• Beams
• Beam-columns
• Structural frames

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 TYPES OF INSTABILITY
Structure subjected to compressive forces can undergo:
1. Buckling – bifurcation of equilibrium from deformation state-1 to state-2.
• Bifurcation buckling occurs for columns, beams, and symmetric frames under gravity
loads only.

2. Failure due to instability of equilibrium state-1 due to large deformations or

material inelasticity.
• Elastic instability occurs for beam-columns, and frames subjected to gravity and lateral
loads.
• Inelastic instability can occur for all members and the frame.

Bifurcation buckling is an instability in which there is a sudden

change of shape of the structure.

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 TYPES OF INSTABILITY
Bifurcation buckling

• Member or structure subjected to loads. As the load is increased, it reaches A critical value
where:

• The deformation changes suddenly from state-1 to state-2.

• The equilibrium load-deformation path bifurcates.

• Critical buckling load when the load-deformation path bifurcates

• Primary load-deformation path before buckling

• Secondary load-deformation path post buckling

• Is the post-buckling path stable or unstable?

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SYMMETRIC BIFURCATION

• Post-buckling load-deform. Paths are

symmetric about load axis.
• If the load capacity increases after buckling
then stable symmetric bifurcation.

• If the load capacity decreases after buckling

then unstable symmetric bifurcation.

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 ASYMMETRIC BIFURCATION
• Post-buckling behavior that is asymmetric about load axis.

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 INSTABILITY FAILURE
• There is no bifurcation of the load-deformation path. The deformation stays
in state-1 throughout.
• The structure stiffness decreases as the loads are increased. The change is
stiffness is due to large deformations and / or material inelasticity.
• The structure stiffness decreases to zero and becomes negative.
• The load capacity is reached when the stiffness becomes zero.
• Neutral equilibrium when stiffness becomes zero and unstable equilibrium when
stiffness is negative.
• Structural stability failure – when stiffness becomes negative.

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 INSTABILITY FAILURE

• FAILURE OF BEAM-COLUMNS
P M K=0
M

K<0

M
d
P
No bifurcation.
Instability due to material and geometric nonlinearity

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 INSTABILITY FAILURE
• SNAP-THROUGH BUCKLING

Snap-through

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 METHODS OF STABILITY ANALYSES
• Bifurcation approach – consists of writing the equation of equilibrium and solving
it to determine the onset of buckling.

• Energy approach – consists of writing the equation expressing the complete

potential energy of the system. Analyzing this total potential energy to establish
equilibrium and examine stability of the equilibrium state.

• Dynamic approach – consists of writing the equation of dynamic equilibrium of the

system. Solving the equation to determine the natural frequency (W) of the system.
Instability corresponds to the reduction of W to zero.

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 STABILITY ANALYSES
• Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. In fact, you can use different methods to answer
different questions

• The bifurcation approach is appropriate for determining the critical buckling load for a (perfect) system
subjected to loads.
• The deformations are usually assumed to be small.
• The system must not have any imperfections.
• It cannot provide any information regarding the post-buckling load-deformation path.

• The energy approach is the best when establishing the equilibrium equation and examining its stability
• The deformations can be small or large.
• The system can have imperfections.
• It provides information regarding the post-buckling path if large deformations are assumed
• The major limitation is that it requires the assumption of the deformation state, and it should include all possible
degrees of freedom.

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 STABILITY ANALYSIS
• The dynamic method is very powerful, but we will not use it here.
• Here, it is shown the loads acting on a structure change its stiffness.

Ma
4E I 2E I
P qa Ma = qa Mb = qb
L L
Mb

• What happens when an axial load is acting on the beam.

• The stiffness will no longer remain 4EI/L and 2EI/L.

• Instead, it will decrease. The reduced stiffness will reduce the natural frequency and period
elongation.

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 STABILITY ANALYSIS
• For any kind of buckling or stability analysis need to draw the free body
diagram of the deformed structure.

• Write the equation of static equilibrium in the deformed state.

• Write the energy equation in the deformed state too.

• This is central to the topic of stability analysis.

• No stability analysis can be performed if the free body diagram is in the

undeformed state

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 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
• Always a small deflection analysis

• To determine pcr buckling load

• Need to assume buckled shape (state 2) to calculate

Example 1 – rigid bar supported by rotational spring

k P
Rigid bar subjected to axial force P

L Rotationally restrained at end

Step 1 - assume a deformed shape that activates all possible D.O.F.

L P

kq
q

L cosq
L (1-cosq)

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 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
L P

kq L sinq
q

L cosq
L (1-cosq)

• Write the equation of static equilibrium in the deformed state

M o =0  −kq + P L sin q = 0
kq
P =
L sin q
For small deformations sin q = q
kq k
 Pcr = =
Lq L

• Thus, the structure will be in static equilibrium in the deformed state when P = Pcr = K/L
• When P<Pcr, the structure will not be in the deformed state. The structure will buckle into the
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deformed state when P=Pcr
 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS

Example 2 - Rigid bar supported by translational spring at end

k
L

Assume deformed state that activates all possible D.O.F.

Draw FBD in the deformed state
P
L
L sinq
q
O
k L sinq

L cosq

L (1-cosq)
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 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Write equations of static equilibrium in deformed state
P
L
L sinq
q
O
k L sinq

L cosq

L (1-cosq)

M o =0  −(k L sin q )  L + P L sin q = 0

k L2 sinq
P =
L sin q
For small deformations sin q = q
k L2q
 Pcr = =kL
Lq
• Thus, the structure will be in static equilibrium in the deformed state when P = Pcr = k L. When
P<Pcr, the structure will not be in the deformed state. The structure will buckle into the
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deformed state when P=Pcr
 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Example 3 – Three rigid bar system with two rotational springs

P k k P
A D
B C
L L L

Assume deformed state that activates all possible D.O.F. Draw FBD in the deformed state

P k k P
q1 q2
A L sin q2 D
L sin q1 (q1 – q2) L
L
C
B (q1 – q2)

Assume small deformations. Therefore, sinq=q

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 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Write equations of static equilibrium in deformed state
P k k P
q1 q2
A L sin q2 D
L sin q1 (q1 – q2) L
L
C
B (q1 – q2)

k P
P q2
q2−(q1 – q2) L sin q2 D
L
A q1 C
L sin q1
L k(2q2-q1)

B q1+(q1-q2)
k(2q1-q2)

M B =0  k (2q1 − q 2 ) − P L sinq1 = 0  k (2q1 − q 2 ) − P L q1 = 0

M C =0  −k (2q 2 − q1 ) + P L sinq 2 = 0  −k (2q 2 − q1 ) + P L q 2 = 0

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 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS

• Equations of static equilibrium

k (2q1 − q 2 ) − P L q1 = 0 2k − PL − k  q1  0
   = 
− k (2q 2 − q1 ) + P L q 2 = 0  −k 2k − PL  q 2  0

• So either θ1 and θ2 are equal to zero or the determinant of the coefficient matrix is equal to
zero.
• When θ1 and θ2 are not equal to zero – that is when buckling occurs – the coefficient matrix
determinant has to be equal to zero for equil.
• Take a look at the matrix equation. It is of the form [A] {x}={0}. It can also be rewritten as ([k]-
l[i]){x}={0}
  2k k 
 −  1 0  q  0
  L L −P 
0 1 q  = 0
1

 − k 2k     2   
 
 L L   26
 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS

• This is the classical eigenvalue problem. ([K]-l[i]){x}={0}.

• We are searching for the eigenvalues (l) of the stiffness matrix [k]. These eigenvalues cause the
stiffness matrix to become singular
• Singular stiffness matrix means that it has A zero value, which means that the determinant of the matrix
is equal to zero.
2k − PL −k
=0
−k 2k − PL
 (2k − PL ) 2 − k 2 = 0
 (2k − PL + k ) • (2k − PL − k ) = 0
 (3k − PL ) • (k − PL ) = 0
3k k
 Pcr = or
L L
27
• Smallest value of pcr will govern. Therefore, pcr=k/L
 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
• Each eigenvalue or critical buckling load (pcr) corresponds to a buckling shape that can be determined as
follows

• Pcr=k/L. Therefore, substitute in the equations to determine θ1 and θ2

k (2q1 − q 2 ) − P L q1 = 0 − k (2q 2 − q1 ) + P L q 2 = 0
Let P = Pcr = k Let P = Pcr = k
L L
 k (2q1 − q 2 ) − kq1 = 0  −k (2q 2 − q1 ) + kq 2 = 0
 kq1 − kq 2 = 0  kq1 − kq 2 = 0
q1 = q 2 q1 = q 2

• All we could find is the relationship between θ1 and θ2. Not their specific values. Remember that this is a
small deflection analysis. So, the values are negligible. What we have found is the buckling shape – not its
magnitude.
• The buckling mode is such that θ1= θ2 → symmetric buckling mode
P k k P
A q1 q2=q1 D
L
L
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B C
 BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
• Second eigenvalue was pcr=3k/L. Then substitute in the equations to determine θ1 and θ2

k (2q1 − q 2 ) − P L q1 = 0 − k (2q 2 − q1 ) + P L q 2 = 0
Let P = Pcr = 3k Let P = Pcr = 3k
L L
 k (2q1 − q 2 ) − 3kq1 = 0  −k (2q 2 − q1 ) + 3kq 2 = 0
 −kq1 − kq 2 = 0  kq1 + kq 2 = 0
q1 = −q 2 q1 = −q 2

• All we could find is the relationship between θ1 and θ2. Not their specific values. Remember that this is a small
deflection analysis. So, the values are negligible. What we have found is the buckling shape – not its magnitude.

• The buckling mode is such that θ1=-θ2 → antisymmetric buckling mode

C

L
P k k q2=-q1 P
A q1 D
L
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B
 ENERGY METHOD

• We will currently look at the use of the energy method for an elastic system subjected
to conservative forces.

• Total potential energy of the system – p – depends on the work done by the external
forces (we) and the strain energy stored in the system (u).

• P = u - we.

• For the system to be in equilibrium, its total potential energy p must be stationary. That
is, the first derivative of P must be equal to zero.

• Investigate higher order derivatives of the total potential energy to examine the stability
of the equilibrium state, i.e., Whether the equilibrium is stable or unstable.
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 ENERGY METHOD

• The energy method is the best for establishing the equilibrium equation and
examining its stability
• The deformations can be small or large.

• The system can have imperfections.

• It provides information regarding the post-buckling path if large deformations are assumed

• The major limitation is that it requires the assumption of the deformation state, and it should
include all possible degrees of freedom.

31
 ENERGY METHOD

• Example 4 – rigid bar supported by rotational spring

• Assume small deflection theory
k P Rigid bar subjected to axial force P

L
Rotationally restrained at end

Step 1 - assume a deformed shape that activates all possible D.O.F.

L P

kq
q

L cosq
L (1-cosq)

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 ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS

• Write the equation representing the total potential energy of system

 = U − We W = Force*disp.
1
U = kq2
2
L P We = P L (1 − cosq )
1
kq
q L sinq  = k q 2 − P L (1 − cosq )
2
d
= k q − P L sin q
dq
L cosq
L (1-cosq)
d
For equilibrium; =0
dq
Therefore, k q − P L sin q = 0
For small deflections; kq − P Lq = 0
k
Therefore, Pcr = 33
L
 ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS

• The energy method predicts that buckling will occur at the same load pcr as the bifurcation analysis
method.
• At pcr, the system will be in equilibrium in the deformed.
• Examine the stability by considering further derivatives of the total potential energy
• This is a small deflection analysis. Hence θ will be → zero.
• In this type of analysis, the further derivatives of p examine the stability of the initial state-1 (when θ =0)

1
= k q 2 − P L (1 − cosq ) d2 
2 When P  Pcr  0 Stable equilibrium
d dq 2
= k q − P L sin q = k q − P L q d2 
dq When P  Pcr  0 Unstable equilibrium
d2  dq 2
= k − PL d2 
dq 2
When P = Pcr = 0  Not sure
dq 2
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 ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS

• In state-1, stable when p<pcr, unstable when p>pcr

• No idea about state during buckling.
• No idea about post-buckling equilibrium path or its stability.
P
Unstable
Indeterminate
Pcr

Stable

q 35
 ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS

• Example 5 – large deflection analysis (rigid bar with rotational spring)

 = U − We
1
U = kq2 L P
2
We = P L (1 − cosq ) kq
q L sinq
1
 = k q 2 − P L (1 − cosq )
2 L cosq
d L (1-cosq)
= k q − P L sin q
dq
d
For equilibrium; =0
dq
Therefore, k q − P L sin q = 0
kq
Therefore, P= for equilibrium
L sin q
The post − buckling P − q relationship is given above

36
 ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
• Large deflection analysis
• See the post-buckling load-displacement path shown below
• The load carrying capacity increases after buckling at pcr
• Pcr is where θ → 0
Rigid bar with rotational spring
1.2

0.8 kq
P= for equilibrium
Load P/Pcr

L sinq
P q
0.6
 =
Pcr sin q
0.4

0.2

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
37
End rotation q
 ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
• Large deflection analysis – examine the stability of equilibrium using higher order
derivatives of P.
1
= k q 2 − P L (1 − cosq )
2
d
= k q − P L sin q
dq
d2 
= k − P L cosq
dq 2
kq
But, P =
L sin q
d2  kq
 = k − L cosq
dq 2 L sin q
d2  q
 = k (1 − )
dq 2 tan q
d2 
  0 Always (i.e., all values of q )
dq 2
 Always STABLE
d2 
But, = 0 for q = 0
dq 2 38
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS

Rigid bar with rotational spring

1.2

1
STABLE
STABLE
0.8
Load P/Pcr

0.6
STABLE
0.4

0.2

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation q
q0=0

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• Overturning Moment

• Sliding
Project

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• Effect of load combination

• Seismic Analysis

• Snow & Ice load

• Wind load

• Proper load combination

• Connection design Project

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