xarihant

CBSE
CHAPTERWISE
SOLVED PAPERS
2020-2010

Physics
CLASS XI
Includecd
Wth Letest CRSE Semple
New Patten Peper &3 Sample
Question Rupes
Objective Questions
 CHAPTER 12

Atoms
The smallest invisible particle of an element that can exist is known as atom. Atoms consist of a small
dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by revolving electrons in different orbits. Every atom
is a sphere of radius of the order 10m. Atom is electrically neutral and contains equal amountof
positive and negative charges.

1.1 -Particle Scattering Experiment by Rutherford

This experiment was suggested by Rutherford in 1911.
Experimental arrangementfor o-scattering experiment and trajectoryfollowed by o-particles is shown in the figures
given below
Beam of
Radioactive source a-particles . . Most
o-particles
pass
Gold foil straight
(108 mthick
ZnS coated
screen
S
(o-particle
detector)
Lead cavity
Collimator ..

Microscope
About 1 in 8000, Rotatable
of a-particles is detector
reflected back

(ii)

Nucleus

a-particle
(energy E)
Trajectory of a-particles in the coulomb
field of a target nucleu5.
368 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSIcs

N
Impact Parameter
The perpendicular distance of the velocity
vector of a-particle from the central line of the
nucleus of the atom is called impact parameter
(b). N (180)

Nucleus Basic Assumptions of Rutherford's

Impoct parameter b Atomic Model
b= Ze cot 0/2 Ze cote12 There arefour basic assumptions of Rutherford's atomic
4 TEo K model
4Te /2mv) (i) Atom consists of small central core, called
atomic nucleus in which whole mass and
boecot8/2 positive charge is assumed to be concentrated.
where, K is KE of a-particle, 0 is scattering
(ii) The size of nucleus is much smaller than the
angle, e is elementarcy charge, Z is atomic
number of the nucleus and Ze is charge of size of the atom, in the order of 10-"m =1
nucleus. fermi.
(i) The nucleus is surrounded by electrons and
Distance of Closest Approach atom is electrically neutral.
At a certain distance from the nucleus, whole (iv) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in
of the KE of a-particle goes on converting into various orbits. The centripetal force required
electrostatic potential energy and a-particle for their revolution is provided by the
cannot go farther close to nucleus, this distance electrostatic attraction between the electrons
) is called distance of closest approach. and the nucleus.

Drawbacks of Rutherford's Model

-particle
Nucleus There are two drawbacks of Rutherford's model
(i) Could not explain stability of atom clearly.
(ii) Unable to explain line spectrum.

Distance of closest opproach 1.2 Bohr's Model of

4Ze
Hydrogen Atom
4TE mv Bohr combined classical and early
quantum concepts
KE of a-particle in terms of r, is given by and gave his theory in the form of three
There are three postulates for Bohr's model
postulates.
22e2 of hydrogen
K=
4TE o
|KE =mv atom

(i) Bohr's first postulate is that an electron in

Angle of Scattering an atom could revolve in
certain stable orbits
Angle by which a-particle gets deviated from its
without the emission of radiant energy
original path around the nucleus is called angle contrary to the predictions of electromagnetic
theory. The centripetal force required for their
of scattering.
rotation is provided by the electrostatic
Graph showing total numbers of a-particles attraction between the electrons and the
scattered at different angles is given below
nucleus.
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 369

(i') Bohr's second postulate defines these

stable orbits. This postulate states that
the electron revolves around the nucleus +Ze e,m
only in those orbits for which the angular Nucleus
momentum is some integral multiple of
h/27, where h is the Planck's constant
V (Ze)xe
(=6.6 x10-* Js).
4TE
Thus, the angular momentum (L) of the
Ze2
orbiting electron is quantised, mv
4Tte
i.e. Lnh/27 Ke zmv
As, angular momentum of electron (L) Hence ...(i)
mvr
For any permitted (stationary) orbit, where, K=
4TEo
mvr= nh/21t (i) Radii of Bohr's Stationary Orbits
where, n = any positive integer ie. 1, 2,..
to Bohr's quantization condition of
According
angular momentum
It is also called principal quantum
number. mvr = nh/2T

Stationary orbits While revolving in the r= nh/2Tmv .(ii)

permissible orbits, an electron does not From Eq. (i)
radiate energy. These non-radiating orbits r= KZe/mv? ...(ii)
are called stationary orbits. Equating Eqs. (ii) and (ii),
(i) Bohr's third postulate states that an nh KZe
electron might make a transition from 2Ttmv mv
one of its specified non-radiating orbits
to another of lower energy non-radiating
KZe 21t .(iv)
nh
orbit. When it does so, a photon is Substituting the value of v in Eq. (ii),
emitted having energy equal to the
energy difference between the initial and r=nh14r'èmkz
final states. This is known as frequency Hence, oc n
condition.
Bohr's Radius The radius of the first orbit
The frequency of the emitted photon is
1=1) ofhydrogen atom (Z =1) will be
then given by v E-EJ =he/tume
where, E and E are the energies of the
initial and final states and E, > E This is called Bohr's radius and its value is
0.53 A.
Important Formulae Related to Bohr's (ii) Velocity of Electron in Bohr's Stationary
Model of Hydrogen Atoms Orbit
Following are theimportantformulae related to Ze1
Bohr's model of hydrogen atoms
(i) As the centripetal force is provided by the
2he
electrostatic force of attraction between (iv) Frequency of Electron in Bohr's Stationary
nucleus (positive charge) and electron, Orbit It is the number of revolutions
hence completed per second by the electron in a
370 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Popers PHYSICSs

stationary orbit around the nucleus. It is

represented by v. 1.3 Energy Level
The energy of an atom is the least when its
V=kZe-/nhr = v/2tr
electron is revolving in an orbit closest to the
(v) Total Energy of Electron in the Stationary nucleus i.e. for which n = 1.
Orbit (For Hydrogen atom)
Nucleus
Kinetic energy of an electron inn" level,
Photon
KE me/8eh*n|
Potential energy Electron 2
PE-mes/4e hn? Emission of a spectral line
by a hydrogen atom
Total energy, E, KE +PE=

The lowest state of the atom is called the

-me
8Ehn
-Rhc-10
n
ev ground state, this state has lowest energy.
The energy of this state is -13.6 eV. Therefore,
where, R is Rydberg's constant. the minimum energy required to free the
m" electron from the ground state of the
R=2nmk'e" | ch° =
1.097 x10
hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV.
Also, potential energy (i) Emission Spectrum Hydrogen
= -2 (kinetic energy) -Ze /4teg
spectrum consists of discrete bright
(vi) When an atom makes a transition from higher lines a dark background and it is
energy level (E,) to lower energy $pecifically known as hydrogen
emission spectrum
level (E), then E-E, = hv,
(ii) Absorption Spectrum There is one
where, V= frequency kZe*/nhr more type of hydrogen spectrum exists
(vii) Wave number, V=1/% = R[l/nf -1/ng]= v/c where we get dark lines on the bright
background, it is known as absorption
V=-
2Tmke spectrumn.
ch
Energy Level Diagram
This formula indicates that the radiation It is a diagram in which the energies of the
emitted by the excited hydrogen atom consists
different stationary states of an atom are
of certain specific wavelengths or frequencies,
the values of which depend on quantum
represented by parallel horizontal lines, drawn
according to some suitable energy scale. Such a
numbers n and n2
diagram illustrates more clearly the known
(vii) Ionisation potential It is that accelerating
facts about the stationary states and the
electron,
to ionise bombarding
which
sufficient energygives
potential to a
the target atom by emission or absorption of various specral lines
The atomic hydrogen emits
knocking one of its electrons completely out of a line spectrum
the atom. consisting of various series.
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 371

Total energy, E(eV)

Series limit
--- n
-1.0 I Ptund series =-4
Brackett series
-n = 3
-2.0 Paschen series
3.0L

-3.4 -n 2
4.0 Balmer series

5.0
-6.0
-70
-8.0
9.0
-10.0

-11.0

-12.0

-13.0 Ground state

-13.6 n 1
-14.0 Lyman series

The frequeny of any line in a series can be expressed as

(i) Lyman series, v = Rc (0/1 -1/n*); n =2,3,4..belong to the ultraviolet region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
(i) Balmer series, v = Rc (/2-1/n); n =3,4,5...ies in the visible region and is called Balmer series.
(ii) Paschen series, v = Re (/3-1/n*); n= 4,5,6 ..a spectral series in the infrared regions is called
Paschen series.
(iv) Brackett series, V = R¢(a/4 -1/n*); n =5,6,7 ... spectral series in the infrared region is called
Brackett series.
() Pfund series, v = Re a/5 - 1/r); n = 6,7,8..aspectral series in the infrared region is called
Pfund series.
Ifn is the quantum number of the highest energy level, involved in transitions, then total number of
spectral line emitted, N = n{n-1)/2.

Limitations of Bohr's Model

There are following limitations of Bohr's model
(0) Applicable only for hydrogen like atom.
(i) Does not explain the fine structure of spectral lines in H-atom.
(ii) Does not explain about shape of orbit.
 2 Marks Questions
PREVIOUS YEARS 11. Explain briefly how Rutherford scattering
of a-particle by a target nucleus can
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS provide information on the size of the
nucleus. Delhi 2019
1 Mark Questions 12. Obtain the expression for the ratio of the
de-Broglie wavelengths associated with
1. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom the electron orbiting in the second and
is -13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and third excited states of hydrogen atom.
potential energies of electron in this
state? AllIndia2014C;AllIndia 2010
Delhi 2019
13. A hydrogen atom in the ground state is
2. When is H-line of the Balmer series in excited by an electron beam of 12.5 eV
the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom energy. ind out the maximum number of
obtained? Delhi2013 lines emitted by the atom from its excited
3. What is the maximum number of spectral state.Al India2019
lines emitted by a hydrogen atom when it 14. State Bohr's quantisation condition of
is in the third excited state? AllIndia 2013c angular momentum. Calculate the
4. Why is the classical (Rutherford) model shortest wavelength of the Brackett series
for an atom of electron orbitting around and state to which part of the
the nucleus not able to explain the atomic electromagnetic spectrum does it belong.
structure? Delhi2012 Delhi 2019
5. Define ionisation energy. What is its 15. Calculate the orbital period of the electron
value for a hydrogen atoms? Al Iindia2010 in the first excited state of hydrogen atom
6. Find the ratio of energies of photons Delhi 2019
produced due to transition of an electron 16. Calculate the ratio of the frequencies of
of hydrogen atom from its the radiation emitted due to transition of
(i) second permitted energy level to the the electron in a hydrogen atom from ites
first permitted level and ) second permitted energy level to the
first level and (i) highest permitted
(i) the highest permitted energy level to energy level to the second permitted level.
the first permitted level. AllIndia 2010
All India 2018C
7. What is the ratio of radii of the orbits
17. Find out the wavelength of the electron
corresponding to first excited state and
orbiting in the ground state of hydrogen
ground state, in a hydrogen atom? Delhi 2010
atom. Dehli 2016
8. The radius of innermost electron orbit of a
18. Find the wavelength of the electron
hydrogen atom is 5.3x 10-m. What is
orbiting in the first excited state in
the radius of orbit in the second excited
hydrogen atom. AllIindia 2016
state? Delhi2010
19. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to excite a
9. Write the expression for Bohr's radius in gaseous hydrogen atom at room
hydrogen atom. Delhi2010 temperature. Determine the wavelengths
and the corresponding series of the lines
10. State Bohr's quantisation condition for
defining stationary orbits. Forelgn2010 emitted. All India 2016
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 373

20. The short wavelength limit for the Lyman briefly how one gets the information on
series of the hydrogen spectrum is 913.4 . the size of the nucleus from this study.
Calculate the short wavelength limit for AllIndia2015
Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum. Show that the radius of the orbit in
Delhi 2016 hydrogen atom varies as n, where n is
21. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom the principal quantum number of the
is -13.6 eV. If an electron makes a
transition from an energy level - 1.51 eV to
atom. AllIndla 2015
- 3.4 eV, then calculate the wavelength of 31. Calculate the shortest wavelength in
the spectral line emitted and name the the Balmer series of hydrogen atom. In
series of hydrogen spectrum to which it which region (infrared, visible,
belongs. Delhi 2016 ultraviolet) of hydrogen spectrum does
this wavelength lie? Delhi 2015
22. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that
gives the relationship for the frequency of 32. The figure shows energy level diagram
emitted photon in a transition. Forelgn2016 of hydrogen atom.
23. An electron jumps from fourth to first orbit
in an atom. How many maximum number of A BC n=4
spectral lines can be emitted by the atom? DE n=3
To which series these lines correspond?
Foreign 2016 -n=2
24. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the
electron orbiting in the n 2 states of
=

hydrogen atom. AllIndia2016 -n=1

25. Use de-Broglie's hypothesis to write the ) Find out the transition which
relation for the nth radius of Bohr orbitin results in the emission of a photon
terms of Bohr's quantization condition of of wavelength 496 nm.
orbital angular momentum. Foreign 2016 (ii) Which transition corresponds to the
26. An a-particle moving with initial kinetic emission of radiation of maximum
energy Ktowards anucleus of atomic wavelength? Justify your answer.
number Z approaches a distance d at which All India 2015C
it reverses itsdirection. Obtain the 33. Using Rutherford model of the atom,
expression for the distance of closest derive the expression for the total
approach d in terms of the kinetic energy of energy of the electron in hydrogen atom.
a-particle K. All India 2016C What is the significance of total
27. Find the ratio between the
wavelengths of negative energy possessed by the
the 'most energetic spectral lines in the electron? All India 2014
Balmer and Paschen series of the hydrogen 34. Using Bohr's postulates of the atomic
spectrum. All India 2016C model, dorive the expression for radius
28. Caleulate the shortest of nth electron orbit. Honce, obtain the
wavelength of the
spectral lines emitted in Balmer series. expression for Bohr's radius.
All India 2014
[Given, Rydberg constant, R =10' m T 35. Define ionisation energy. How would the
All India 2015 ionisation energy change when electron
29. In the study of Geiger-Marsden in hydrogen atom is replacod by a
experiment
on scattering of a-particles by a thin foil of particle of mass 200 times that of the
gold, draw the trajectory of a-particles in electron but having the sanme charge?
the coulomb field of target nucleus. Explain All India 2013
374 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

36. In the ground

state of hydrogen 42. ) State Bohr's postulate to define stable
atom,
its Bohr radius is given as 5.3 x 10- m. orbits in hydrogen atom. How does
The atom is excited such that the radius de-Broglie's hypothesis explain the
becomes 21.2x 10" m. Find (i) the stability of these orbits?
value of the principal quantum number (i) A hydrogen atom initially in the
and (ii) the total energy of the atom in ground state absorbs a photon which
this excited state. Delhi 2013C excites it to the n = 4 level. Estimate

37. ) In hydrogen atom, an electron the frequency of the photon.AllIndia2018

undergoes transition from second 43. Define the distance of closest approach. An
excited state to the first excited a-particle of kinetic energy Kis bombarded
state and then to the ground state. on a thin gold foil. The distance of the closest
Identify the spectral series to which approach is r. What will be the distance of
these transitions belong. closest approach for an a-particle of double
(ii) Find out the ratio of the the kinetic energy?
wavelengths of the emitted Write two important limitations of
radiations in the two cases. Delhi 2012 Rutherford nuclear model of the atom.
38.
Explain, in brief, why
Rutherford's AllIndio 2016
model cannot account for the stability of 44. The kinetic energy of the electron orbiting
an atom. Delhi2010c in the first excited state of hydrogen atom
39. Using the relevant Bohr's postulates is 3.4 eV. Determine the de-Broglie
derive the expression for the radius of wavelength associated with it. Foreign 2015
the electron in the nth orbit of the 45. ) State Bohr's quantisation condition for
electron in hydrogen atom. Delhi 2010C defining stationary orbits. How does
de-Broglie's hypothesis explain the
3 Marks Questions stationary orbits?
(ii) Find the relation between the three
40. A photon emitted during the
de-excitation of electron from a state n wavelengths A1, Ag and from the
energy level diagram shown below.
to the first excited state in a hydrogen
atom, irradiates a metallic cathode of AllIndia 2014
C
work function 2eV, in a photocell, with a
stopping potential of 0.55 V. Obtain the
value of the quantum number of the B
state n.AllIindia 2019
41. ) Draw the energy level diagram for
the line spectra representing 46. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard
Lyman series and Balmer series in
the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
hydrogen
gaseous at room temperature.
Upto which energy level the hydrogen
i) Using the Rydberg formula for the atoms would be excited?
spectrum of hydrogen atom, Calculate the
calculate the largest and shortest wavelengths of the first
member of Lyman and first member of
wavelengths of the emission lines of
Balmer series. Delhi
the Balmer series in the spectrum 2014
of hydrogen atom. 47. i) Using Bohr's total postulates, derive
(Use the value of Rydberg constant, the expression for the total energy ot
the electtron in the stationary states or
R 1.1x 10' m) AllIndia2019
hydrogen atom.
CHAPTER 12: Atoms
375

(i) Using Rydberg's formula, calculate 0 eV

the wavelength of spectral lines of D -2 eV
the first members of the Lyman
series and of the Balmer series.
- 4.5 eV
Foreign2014
48. The value of ground state energy of
hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. 10 eV
(i) Find the energy required to move
an electron from the ground state (i) Which transition corresponds to
emission of radiation of maximumn
to the first excited state of the
atom.
wavelength? Foreign 2013
(i) Determine (a) the kinetic energy 53. () Using Bohr's second postulate of
and (b) orbital radius in the first quantisation of orbital angular
excited state of the atom. momentum show that the circumference
(Given, the value of Bohr's of the electron in the nth orbital state in
hydrogen atom is n-times the de-Broglie
radius= 0.53 A) All India 2014C
wavelength associated with it.
49. ) The radius of the innermost i ) The electron in hydrogen atom is
electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is initially in the third excited state. What
5.3x1011 m. Calculate its radius in is the maximum number of spectrall
n = 3 orbit.
lines which can be emitted when it
i ) The total energy of an electron in finally moves to the ground state?
the first excited state of the Delhi 2012
hydrogen atom is -3.4 eV. Find out 54. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is
its (a) kinetic energy and (b)
13.6 eV. If an electron makes a transition
-

potential energy in this state.

from an energy level
Delhi 2014c -0.85 eV to - 1.51 eV, calculate the
50. Using Bohr's postulates, obtain the wavelength of the spectral line emitted. To
expression for the total energy of the
electron in the stationary states of the
which series of hydrogen spectrum does this
wavelength belong? All India 2012
hydrogen atom. Hence, draw the
energy level diagram showing how the 55. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, calculate
line spectra corresponding to Balmer the distance of closest approach to the
series occur due to transition between nucleus of Z = 80, when an a-particle of
energy levels. Delhi 2013 8 MeV energy impinges on it before it comes
to momentarily rest and reverses its
51. Using Bohr's postulates for hydrogen
atom, show that the total energy (E) of
direction.
the electron in the stationary states can How will the distance of closest approach be
be expressed as the sum of kinetic affected when the kinetic energy of the
energy (K) and potential energy (U), o-particle is doubled? All India 2012
where K =- 2U. Hence, deduce the
56. Using the postulates of Bohr's model of
expression for the total energy in the hydrogen atom, obtain an expression for the
nth energy level of hydrogen atom. frequency of radiation emitted when the
Foreign2012 atom makes a transition from the higher
52. (i) The energy levels of an atom are
as shown in figure below. Which of
energy state with quantum number n, to the
lower energy state with quantum number
them will result in the transition n,(n < ni)
of a photon of wavelength 275 nm?
Foreign2011
376 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

57. The electron in a given Bohr orbit

total energy of- 1.5 eV. Calculate its
has a 5 5 Marks Questions
) kinetic energy 63. Using Bohr's postulates, derive the
(ii) potential energy expression for the frequency of radiation
(i) wavelength of radiation emitted, emitted when electron in hydrogen atom
when this electron makes a undergoes transition from higher energy
transition to the ground state. state (quantum number n;) to the lower
[Given, energy in the ground state state, (n ,). When electron in hydrogen atom
= -

13.6 eV and Rydberg's constant jumps from energy state n; = 4 to n,

3,2,1. =

=
1.09 x 10' m'l pelhi Identify the spectral series to which the
2011C emission lines
58. Using postulates of Bohr's theory of belong.All India 2013
hydrogen atom, show that 64. () Using postulates of Bohr's theory of
i) radii of orbits increases as n and hydrogen atom, show that
(i) the total energy of electron increases (a) the radii of orbits increase as n
and
as where n is the principal (b) the total energy of the electron
n
quantum number of the atom. increases as 1/n", where n is the
AllIndia 2011C principal quantum number of the
59. Draw schematic atom
a
arrangement of the ii) Calculate the wavelength of H, -line
Geiger-Marsden experiment for in Balmer series of hydrogen atom.
studying a-particle scattering by a thin Given, Rydberg constant,
foil of gold. Describe briefly by drawing
R 1.097x 10 m. All
trajectories of the scattered a-particles. India 2011C
How this study can be used to estimate
the size of the nucleus?
Foreign 2010 Explanations
60. State the basic assumption of the
Rutherford model of the atom. Explain 1. Key idea In case of hydrogen atom, the kinetic energy
in brief why this model cannot account is equal to the negative of total energy and
potential
energy is equal to twice of the total energy.
for the stability of an atom? Delhi
2010C
61. Using the relevant Bohr's Given, total ground state energy
derive the expressions for the
postulates (TE) = (-13.6eV)

) speed of the electron in the nth . Kinetic energy =- Total Energy

orbit, =-(-13.6 eV) = 13.6 ev
(ii) radius of the nth orbit of the Potential energy =2 (TE) 2x (-13.6)
=

electron in hydrogen atom. = - 27.2 eV

(1)
Delhi2010c 2. H-line of the Balmer series in the emission spectrum
62. State any two postulates of Bohr's of hydrogen atom is obtained when an electron makes
theory of hydrogen atom. What is the a transition from third lowest
energy level to second
maximum possible number of spectral lowest energy level.
(1
lines observed when the hydrogen atoom 3. Number of spectral lines obtained due to transition of
is in its second excited state? Justify electron from n=4 (3 excited state) ton=l (ground
state) is according to formula
your answer. Calculate the ratio of the
maximum and minimum wavelengths N {n-1)
of the radiations emitted in this 2

process. All India 2010C N= 94)= 6

2 (1)
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 377

4. The classical model could not explain the stability 10. According to Bohr's quantisation condition,
of an atom as in this atomic structure the electron electrons are permitted to revolve in only those
revolving around the nucleus are accelerated and orbits in which the angular momentum of electron
emits energy. As the result, the radius of the is an integral multiple ofi e .
circular paths goes on decreasing. Ultimately 21t
electrons fall into the nudeus, which is not practical mvr = nh/27 where, n =1, 2, 3,..
possible. (1) m, v, r are mass, speed and radius of electron and
5. lonisation energy The minimum amount of h being Planck's constant. (1
energy required to remove an electron from the
ground state of the atom is known as ionisation
11. According to Rutherford's experiment, following
observations were mode.
energy.
(i) Most of the a-particles passed through the
lonisation energy for hydrogen atom E. = -

E gold foil without any appreciable deflection.

-(-13.6eV) =+13.6eVv (1) () Only 014% of incident &-particles scattered by
6. (i) Since, the second permitted energy level to more than l1°. But about l a-particle in every
the first level = E2 - E,
8000 particles deflected by more than 90°. (1)
= energy of photon released
Thus, all these leads to the conclusion that atom
= (-34eV)--13.6 eV)= 10.2 ev (1/2) has a lot of empty space and practically the entire
(i) The highest permitted energy level to the first mass of the atom is confined to an
extremely
permitted level small centered core called nucleus, whose size is
E.-E =0--13.6)= 13.6 ev of the order from 107m to 104m. (1)
Ratio of energies of photon==2=3:4
13.6 4 (1/2)
12. We know that, A==
mV
7. For first excited state n = 2
mv=
Ground state occurs for n= 1,
mvr=4

2
on
: =0.53 A=Xhr =21tr
/ = (m /n) = (2/1)2
nh
4:1 AS, r ox n
where, and r, are radii
excited state and
corresponding to first
ground state of the atom, n
respectively. (1)
(1)
8. The radius of atom
whose
number is nis given by r= n't%
principal quantum
Thus, we can say
that.- -
Thus, wavelength decreases 3 times as an electron
where, o radius of innermost electron orbit for
=

hydrogen atom and ro = 5.3 x 107 m

jumps from third excited state to the ground state.

For second (1)

excited state, n 3 =
13. The energy absorbed
by it is
r= 3x
ro =9x5.3x 10 E,
-

136 +125= -1.1 eV

r=4.77x 107 m
(1) Energy, E, = - n = 2 0 =1236
9. Expression for Bohr's radius in hydrogen atom - 1.1

nh n-3
4t mkZe? (1)
where, Thus, number of transitions ==3
n =
principal quantum number,
m =mass of electron, n=3
k
=1/4te 9x10° N-m /C
=

Z atomic number of atom = l and

h =
Planck's constant. -n=2
(1)
h
4Tmke -n=1 (1)
378 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

14. For Bohr's quantisation condition Refer to 18. For electron in first excited state i.e. n 2.
=

Sol. 10 on page 377. (1)

So, if A be its wavelength (de-Broglie), then we

For Brackett-series, R have

na= 21tr
n 5, 6, 7,.. where, , is the radius of second orbit.
For shortest wavelength, n = 5
T=0.5x n (in Å) = 0.5x 4 =2ÅA

1.09710" 2x= 2xT x2Å

A 21tÅ = 6.28 Å (2)
=1.097x 10' x = 0.0246 x 107
16x 25 19. Given, energy of electron beam, E = 12. 5eV
= 40.514x 10= 4051 nm Comparing with E = hc /A, we get
It lies in infrared region of electromagnetic E-(1240 eV- rim =12.5eV
spectrum. (1) (1)
h c = 1240 eV nm]
15. The velocity of electron, v, =
n 2heo Wavelength, A = 1240/12.5nm
= 99.2 nm = 992 Å
Here, Z = 1,e =1.6x 10-1 C,
This wavelength corresponds to Lyman series of
Eg8.85 x 10-12NC m? hydrogen atom. (1)
h = 6.62x 1074 J-s and n = 2 (in 1st excited state) 20. Lyman series, n =2, 3, 4... to n =1|
1x(1.6x 10-12 For short wavelength, n = o to n =1
x 2x (6.62 x 10-4) x (8.85x 10) Energy, E =437_12375 eV = 13.54 eV
=1.09x 10° m/s (1)
MÅ) 9134 (1)
Also, energy of nth orbit, E =13.54/n?
Radius of orbit, r, = "nh'e
u to
Ttme So, energy ofn =1, energy level =13.54 eV
Here, m =91 x10 kg Energy ofn =2, energy level =13.54/2=3 387 ev
2)x (6.62x 10)x(8.85 x 10-12) So, short wavelength of Balmer series =
23 387
3.14x (9.1x 10)x (1.6x 10-192
= 3653A (1
212x 107 m
21. Energy levels of H-atom are as shown below
Time period or orbital period, -1.51 eV
n-3
T 212 2x314 x 212x 10-10 =1.22x 107 s
-3.4 eV
V2 1.09x10 (1 n=2

16. Refer to Sol. 6 on page 377. (1)

-13.6 eV
Ratio of energies of photon, n=1

Wavelength of spectral line emitted

E'' hv2 4
= hc/ AE
Ratio of the frequencies of
Taking, hc = 1240 eV-nm,
photon is , : V2 = 3:4 () We have, AE 1.51-
=-
(-3.4) =1.89 cV
17. For an electron revolving in nth orbit of radius , -
then, we have nd = 21t,
= 656 nm
1.89
This belongs to Balmer spectral series.
where, is the wavelength of electron. (2)
For electron orbiting in ground state n = 1. 22. Frequency condition An atom can emit or absorb
1- 21t,, = 2 t x ntro radiation in the form of discrete
energy photons
only when an electron jumps from a higher to a
= 21t x 0.5Å = nÅ lower orbit or from lower orbil
3.14 A (2)
a to a higher
A respectively. (1)
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 379

hv =
E, -E We obtain, m. nh
where, v is frequency of radiation emitted, E, and
r4T = 4T mkze2
E are the energies associated with stationary orbits The relation for the nth radius of Bohr orbit in
of principal quantum numbers n, and n, respectively terms of Bohr's quantization condition of orbital
(where n, > n,). (1)
angular momentum =.4Tmkze2 (1)
23. Number of spectral lines obtained due to transition
of electron from n = 4 (3 excited state) ton=1 26. Kinetic energy of a-particle is given as
(ground state) is
K= 2e.Ze
N=(4)(41)/2= 6 (
n=4 (3 excited state) where, dis the distance of closest approach.
n=3 (2d excited state) 2Ze2
d=2Ze2
-n=2 (1 excited state) 4TeK d4TEgK
This is the required expression for the distance of
-n=1 (Ground state) closest approach d in terms of kinetic energy K. (2)
These lines correspond to Lyman series. (1) 27. For Balmer series,
24. Energy of electron at n = 2states is
For highest energy n> o
E ==-
n
-34cv
(1)
Now, de-Broglie wavelength of electron is given by (1)
h For Paschen series,
2mk ,
P
=h/2mE E:|K= |E| For highest energy n>
6.62 x 10-34
2x 91 x10-3! x 34x1.6 x 10-19 (1)
6.62 x 10-34 28. According to question, shortest wavelength of the
10x10-25 0662x1l0-9 spectral lines emitted in Balmer series is given by

6.62x1010 =6.62Å (1) 10

4
F:R 10'1
25. According to de-Broglie's hypothesis, for any
permissible orbit 4 x 10-7
2Ttr = na 10
= 4000Å (2)
As, h 29.
mv Trajectory of
an a-particles in the Coulomb field of
the target nucleus is given below as
mvr nh
27t
(1)
(where, mvr = angular momentum of an electron
and n is an integer). e<90
Thus, the centripetal force, mv*/r (experienced by 6>90°
2
the electron) is due to the electrostatic
Incident Atomic
attraction, *kZe2 -particles 2 nucleus

where, Z= atomic number of the atom. (1) 3-

Therefore, 2 KZZe*
r
iTo (1)
Substituting the value of v from Eq. (i),
380 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

From this experiment, the following is observed

(i) Most of the a-particles pass straight
through
he gold foil. It means that they do not suffer

(ii)
any collision with gold atoms.
About one a-particle in
Rx*i*
every 8000 a-particles
deflects by more than 90°. As most of the 4 I: R =1.097 x 10' m'
1.097 x l10'
a-particles go undeflected and only a few get
deflected, this shows that most of the space in l = 364 x 10 m.
an atom is empty and at the centre of the atom,
The lines of Balmer series are found in the visible
there is a heavy mass, which is most commonly
part of the spectrum. (
known as nucleus. Thus, with the help of these
observations regarding the deflection of 32. (i) Given, A=496 nm=496x10"m
a-particles, the size of the nucleus was predicted. 3x10*
E = "= 662x10**" x

(1) 496X10
30. According to the Bohr's theory
of hydrogen atom,
the angular momentum of revolving clectron is
6.6X10x3x10* 2.5eV
given by 496x10x1.6x10-
mvr = nlh/2n 0.85 eVA B n4
.(i) - 1.51 oV
where, m= mass of the electron, v = velocity of - 3.40 eV
nn 23
the electron, r = radius of the orbit, h = Planck's
constant
and n= principal quantum number of the atom. - 136 eV- n 1
If an elecron of mass m and velocity v is movingi
a circular orbit of radius r, then the This energy corresponds to the
centripetal ransition B(n = 4 1on = 2) for which the
force is given by
energy change = 2 eV (1)
F, mv/r ..(i)
(ii) Energy of emitted photon is given by.
(1) Ic
Also, if the charge on the nucleus is Ze, then the E
force of electrostatic attraction between the nucleus
and the electron will provide the necessary gmax
centripetal force. Emin
F F Transition A, for which the energy emission is
minimum, corresponds to the emission ol
:Z =1] radiation of maximum wavelength. (1)
33. The Rutherford nuclear model of the atom
...(ii) describes the atom as an electrically neutral sphhere
mv
consisting of a very small, massive and positively
From Eq. (i), we get v= nh/27unr charged nucleus at the centre surrounded by he
Putting this value is Eq. (ii), we get revolving electrons in their respective dynamically
stable orbits. The electrostatic force
r- ke 4n?m'r2
r=
of attraction
between the revolving electrons and the nucleus
m nh
provides the requisite centripetal force (F) to keep
F nh >r«n
them in their orbits. Thus, for a dynamically stable
orbit in a hydrogen atom
ke4r m (UJ
F = F
31. Sincc, we know that for Balmer series,
mv :Z = |
4 TTEr (1/2)
(1)
Thus, the relation between the orbit radius and
For shortest wavelength in Balmer series, the electron velocity is
th
spectral series is given by
r=
n =
2, n2 = oo

4 TTE mv
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 381

The kinetic energy (K) and electrostatic potential This is the equation for the radii of the permitted
o« n*
energy (U) of the electron in hydrogen atom are orbits. According to this equation, ,
Since, n = 1, 2, 3, it follows that the radii of the
...

K=m= in the ratio 1: 4:9: 16:

2 8TTET permitted orbits increase (1/2)
from the first orbit.
.
The radius of the first orbit (n =1) of hydrogen
and
U-
4 TEr (1/2) atom (Z 1)will be, n =he,/ume
(The negative sign in U signifies that the This is called Bohr's radius and its value is 0.53.
electrostatic force is attractive in nature.) Since r oe , the radius of the second orbit of
Thus, the total mechanical energy E of the electron hydrogen atom will be (4x0.53)A and that of the
in a hydrogen atom is third orbit (9x 0.53) A. (1/2)

E =K+U= 35. The ionisation energy (IE) is qualitatively defined

8TTE 4TE,r 87TEr (1/2) as the amount of energy required to remove the
most loosely bound electron, the valence electron
The total energy of the electron is negative. This of an isolated gaseous atom to form a cation. Since,
implies the fact that the electron is bound to the total energy is directly proportional to the mass of
nucleus. If E were positive, an 'electron will not
electron. (1)
follow a closed orbit around the nucleus and it
me*
would leave the atom. (1/2)
E 8e
e. E, «m

34. A hydrogen like atom consists of a tiny positively

revolving in a So, the ionisation energy becomes 200 times on
charged nucleus and an electron
stable circular orbit around the nucleus. replacing an electron by a particle of mass 200
times of the electron and of same charge. (1)
36. (i) Given, i = 5.3x10 m r= 212x107 m

Electron e =1
We know that, r ocn

Nucleus 5.3x10-11
+Ze. 2 21.2x1071
n= 4 n=2 (1)
(1/2) (ii) We know that, E = =20=-34 eV
Let e, m and v be respectively the charge, mass and n 4 (1)
velocity of the electron and r the radius of the orbit. 37. (i) An electron undergoes transition from second
The positive charge on the nucleus is Ze, where Z is excited state to the first excited state belong
the atomic number (in case of hydrogen atom, to Balmer series and then to the ground state
Z =1 ). As, the centripetal force is provided by the belongs to Lyman series. (1/2)
electrostatic force of attraction, we have (ii) The wavelength of the emitted radiations in
mv (Ze)x e the two cases.
4Tte -0.85 eV n4

or -1.5 eV- n = 3
4Tte Balmer (2nd excited state)
From the first postulate of Bohr's atomic model, the series n = 2
-3.4 eV
angular momentum of the electron is (1st excited state)
mvr=n ..(i) Lyman series
n = 1
2T -13.6 eV
(Ground state)
where, n (= 1, 2, 3, . ) is principal quantum
number. (1/2) For n n
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
AE = (-3.40+ 13.6)= 10.20 eVV
r=n? (ii) 12.43 x 10=1.218 x 10 m
TImZe =

10.2
382 Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

A =1218A (1) For shortcst wavelength,

n= 3
For n n ,
AE = (-1.5+ 34) =1.9eV

Ag 12.43x107 =l1 x107x2

1.9
6.54 x
10- m =
6540 Å A , x107
6540 Å
1281 A (1/2)
6.545 x 107 m

38. The following are the drawbacks of Rutherford's model 6545 A

(i) A moving charge in a circular path must 42. (i) Bohr's second postulate defines the stable
radiate energy because it is.continuously orbits. This postulate states that the electron
to a force. Due to this, continuous
subjected
loss of energy of electrons, the radii of the
revolves around the nucleus only in those
orbits for which the angular momentum is
orbits should be decreasing continuously. So, some integral multiple of h/2r, where h is the
the concept of fixed orbit is erroneous. (1) Planck's constant (= 6.63 x 10" J - s).
(i) Due to this continuous decrease in radii of
orbit, a charge moves over a spiral path must
radiates a continuous spectrum. Hence, line
emission spectrum of H-atom is not explained
by Rutherford's model. (1)
39. Refer to Sol. 34 on page 381. (2)
Nucleus
40. Here, - 2eV,

E-ha KE According to de-Broglie hypothesis, wavelength of

moving electron, ^ =

Also, KE = eV%
mV
n = 2, nz = n
whre, v, is speed of electron revolving in nth orbit.

hcR =2x1.6x 1o-1 + 1.6 x 10-1 x 0.55 As, 21tr, = na

nh
[From figure]
21t
662x10 x 3x10* x1097 x 107 mVn
or
mv,n = n(h/210)
=
(32+0.88) x 107l 21t

21.786 x10-19| = 4.08 x10 i.e.Angular momentum of electron revolving in

nth orbit must be an integral multiple of h/21t,
which is the quantum condition proposed by Bohr
- =0187 n=4 in his second postulate. (1%)
(3)
(i) We know that, energy of electron in th orbit
41. (i) Refer to diagram on page 371. is
(Line Spectrum of the H-atom) (1)
(i) For largest wavelength, n = o

For n =l, E =-136eV

* 136
Similarly, for n =
4, E^ =-*(4)2 eV
11x107
4
Energy difference, AE =
E^ -

E
m x107 = 3636 x10*7 m
1 --139 ev (i)

3636 Å (1)
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 383

(i)
Also, ener8y of photonnis E-EA = hc/n2
. (iii)
AE = hv = v=4
h
.. (ii) E EA=hc/h
On adding Eqs. (i), (i) and (ii), we get
Ec E + Es E A + Ec - EA
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

X1.6x 10 2(Bc-EA) =he / +1/22 +1/A,)

v-- 136 6.63x 104
V 3lx10" Hz (1%)
43. When an a-particle is bombarded over a gold
nucleus, it is repelled by electrostatic repulsion.
As a result KE of a-particle is converted into (1%)
This is the required expression.
electrostatic PE. At a certain distance between the
a-particle and nucleus at which the moving 46. Here, AE =12.5 eV
charge loses all its kinetic energy and becomes Energy of an electron in orbit of hydrogen
stationary momentarily. This distance () is known atom is E =-eV
as distance of closest approach. In this process, all
the kinetic energy (K) of moving particle is
converted into potential energy. (1) In ground state, n=1 = E =-13.6 eV
Energy of an electron in the excited state after
From the given data,
absorbing a photon of 12.5 eV energY will be
Initially, 12 xZ =K ..i) E,=-13.6 +12.5 = -1.1 ev
4Tte
Let r be the new distance of closest approach for a 136 -136 12.36
twice energetic a-particle. Then, we have, E -11

1 x 2e Xx Ze = 2K (i)
n =3.5 (1)
4Tte Here, state of electron cannot be fraction.
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (i), we get So, n 3 (2nd excited state).
Lyman Serles
r (1)
For Limitations of Rútherford Nuclear Model For first member, n =2
Refer to Sol. 33 on pages 380 and 381. (1)
- 11.097 x10'
44. For longest wavelength of Lyman series, n,= 2
A = 1.215x 107 m

4
Balmer Series
max3R
3R
--
3x1.097x10' For first member, n =3
= 1.215x10 m

max1215 Å
The lines of the Lyman series are found in = 1.097 xl
ulraviolet region. (3)
45. (i) Refer to Sol. 42 (i) on pages 382 and 383. (1%) = 6.56 x 10 m
(2)
(i) According to question,
47. (i) According to Bohr's postulates, in a hydrogen
atom, as single electron revolves around a
nucleus of charge +e. For an electron moving
with a uniform speed in a circular orbit of a
-B given radius, the centripetal force is provided
- A by coulomb force of attraction between the
2 electron and the nucleus. The gravitational
attraction may be neglected as the mass of
electron and proton is very small. (1/2)
Ec E hc/ ...(i)
384 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

So, mvIr = ke ir2 Total energy of an clectron in first cxcited state

(where, k =1/4Teg)
= - 3.4 cV
or mv = ke?/r (1/2)
) (i) Radius of orbit is given by, r, = *'to
where, m= mass
of electron
r= radius of electronic orbit For n = 3 r = (3)* x 53x 10-!
V=velocity of electron 4.77 1070
47.747.7 x107 or r = x m
(1)
Again, by Bohr's second postulates (ii) (a) Kinetic energy = - Total cnergy
mvr = nh/2n
--3.4 eV)= 34 ev
where, n =1, 2 3,... or v= nh/2T mr (b) Potential energy =-2xKinetic energy
Putting the value of v in Eq. (i), = -

2x 34= -

6.8 eV (1%)
m = »r= 4Tkme2
...() 50. Refer to Sol. 47(i) on pages 383 and 384. (1)
When the electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from
Kinetic energy of electron, higher energy level to the lower energy level, the
difference of energies of the two energy levcls is
m emitted as a radiation of particular wavelength. It is
called a spectral line.
Using Eq. (ii), we get In H-atom, when an electron jumps from the orbit
Ex 4rkme 2nk'me nto orbit n^, the wavelength of the emitted
2 nh (1/2) radiation is given by
Potential energy of electron, 1/%=R0/ -1/)
Ep =-R@) x (e)_ke where, R =Rydberg's constant = 1.09678 x 10' m

(1/2)
Using Eq. (ii), we get
For Balmer series, n = 2and n, = 3, 4, 5,...

Ep - ke2x 4Tkme_4rkme
h
1/ = R 0/2-1/n)
Hence, total energy of the electron in the nth where, n, 3,4, 5,..
=

orbit These spectral lines lie in the visible region.

4Tk°me"27nkme*
E
=Ep + E, = -

nh2
Line spectra for the Balmer series is shown below

=-27tk*me 136 y n = 5
(1/2)
This is the required expression. n 4

(ii) Refer to Sol. 46 on page 383. (1%)

48. (i) Energy of clectron in nth orbit of hydrógen -0.85
n = 3
atom. -1.5
E, =30 ey
(1/2) O-3.40 = 2
For n =l E, = -136 eV
Balmer
For n =2 E, = -136/4= - 34 eV (1/2) series
Energy required to move an electron
E-E =-34--13
- 34+136 = 10.2eV
13.6 1 Ground state
(1)
(ii) (a) Kinetic energy = - (Total energy of the
electron in first excited state). (1)
(-3.4) = 34 eV 51. According to Bohr's
= -

(1/2) postulates for hydrogen atom

(b) Orbital radius in the excited state, r = ro* electron revolves in a circular orbit around the

For first excited state, n = 2]

heavy positively charged nucleus. These are the
= 4x 0.53 = 2.12Å
stationary (orbits) states of the atom.
(1/2) For a particular orbit, electron moves there, so
49. Given, Bohr's radius (r) = 53x10m
possess both kinetic energy and
n 3
potential energy.
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 385

Hence, total energy (E) of atom is sum of kinctic 52. (i) Energy of photon and associatcd
energy (K) and potential energy (U). wavelength A are given by
i.e. E K+ Uy (1/2) E=,
1242 ev nm
Let us assume that the nucleus has positive charge a (in nm)
Ze. An clectron moving with a constant specd v 2
along a circle of radius r with centre at the nucleus.
Here, a =
275 nm ^ E=*275 =4.5 cV
to
Force acting on electron due to nucleus is given This energy of photon exist corresponding
by, F Ze14Te,r2 the transition B.

The acceleration of electron = / r (towards the (i) The maximum wavelength occurs
level
centre) corresponding to the transition of energy
their energies.
If m= mass of an electron, then from Newton's having minimum difference of
It is possible for transition A. (1 2)
second law
For details Refer to Sol. 32 (ii) on
ze
F m (v1r)
r= Ze/4e^ mv
4TtE2

-) page 380.
53. (i) Bohr's second postulate (quantum condition)
states that the electron revolves around the
(1)

From Bohr's quantisation rules, nucleus in certain privileged orbit which

satisly certain quantum condition that angular
mvr = n (ii) momentum of an electron is an integral
27T
multiple of h/27, where, h is Planck's
where, n is a positive integer. (1/2)
constant,
Substituting the value of r from Eq. (i) in Eq. (ii). L = mvr = nh/2Tt (1)
i.e.
we get
where, m =mass of electron, v = speed of

mv.- Ze electron and r = radius of orbit of electron

47te (m) 27tr= n(h/m) (1)
v= Ze/2e hn (ii) Since, de-Broglie wavelength associated with

So, kincticenergy, K = m =. z ...(iv)

an electron is given as
8eh'n
mv
Potential energy of the atom,
Circumference of electron in nth orbit
..(V) = nx de-Broglie wavelength associated with
U _ Z e 2

4Tter electron.
Using Bq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get (ii) Refer to Sol. 3 on page 376. (1)
r
Ze
54. Key ldea Photon is emitted when electron transits
4TE m (Ze from higher energy state to lower energy state, the
(2e n difference of energy of the state appear in form of
energy of photon.
4ehn
(4t eg) m Ze According to Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom,
energy of photon released, E2- E = hv (1/2)
r ohn
Given, E = -
1.15 eV
TmZe (1)
B2=- 0.85 eV
Using value of r in Eq. (v), we get E2 - E, - 0.85 (-1.51) = 1.51 085
U =-
-Ze2 -zem E2- E, = 0.66 eV (1/2 x 2 = 1)

4Te (e It n*/ TmZe*) 4ehn So, the wavelength of nitted spectral line,
This implies, K = -2U 1242 eV - nm. 1.88 x10
a=1242eV -n m m
So, the total energy in energy level of hydrogen E (in eV) 0.66 eV
(1/2)
atom is As here, a = 1.88 x 10m= 18751 x 10- m
nZ"e" mz'e zem
E = K + U= +
The waveleng1h belongs to Paschen series of
8e n 4eh' 8eh' hydrogen spectrum. (1)
386 Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICs

55. Given, Z = 80,

where, n=1, 2, 3.
KE = K 8 MeV 10°x 1.6x10"" J
=
8x For n= B,
Encrgy, K = Ze) (2)
Rhc

where,
4TE o
=
distance of closest
(1) En
o approach.. Rhc
2Ze14Te, (K) (1/2)
and
En
9 x 10 x 2x 80x (1.6x 107"
8x 10°x 1.6x 10-19 By Bohr's postulates, E,, -En, = hv
(1/2)
Rhe D/-1/ng] = iv
o 2.88x 101m
(1/2)
As, o1/K) where, c = velocity of light
If KE gets
reduces to half.
doubled, distance of closest approach v=Re D/-1/n]
(1/2) This is required expression for frequency associated
56. Let an electron revolves around the nucleus of with photon. (1)
hydrogen atom. The necessary centripetal force is
57. (i) The kinetic energy (E) of the electron in an
provided by electrostatic force of attraction.
orbit is equal to negative of its total energy (E).
Ex -E=--15) = 1.5ev (1)
(ii) The potential energy (Ep) of the electron in an
+Ze orbit is equal to twice its total energy (E).
e, m
Nucleus i.e. Ep 2E =-1.5x 2 = -3 eV (1)
(ii) As, a result of transition of electron from
excited state to ground state.
Energy of radiation = -1.5- (- 13.6)
.(i) (:Ground state energy of H-atom = - 13.6 eV)
m
where, m is mass of electron and v is its speed of a
E =hv=h
circular path of radius r.
By Bohrs second postulates, hc/n =12.1 eV = energy of radiation
avr = nh/21t where, n =1, 2, 3.
r= nh/27tmv 12.1x 1.6x 1071
...(ii)
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
6.62 x 10** x 3x 10
ke2 nh = =1.025 x 107 m
v ZTke
= 1025 Å
21tmv nh (1)
Substituting in Eq. (ii), we get 58. (i) Refer to Sol. 34 on page 381.
As, radius of electron's th orbit in hydrogen
r=
4T mke2
.ii) atom

rocn (1) n
TT me
Now, kinetic energy of electron
KE = 1/2 m = ke2/2r n (1%)
Also, potential energy, PE = - ke /2r (ii) Refer to Sol. 51 on pages 384 and 385.
Energy of electron in nth orbit, Also, the total energy of an electron belonging
to nth orbit,
E, = - = - ke. 4nmke? me
2r 2 h E =
8e nn E,J
27t mke4
(iv)
nh i.e. total energy of electron increases as
(1%)
R 2n mke1 Rhc
where, E, =- (v) 59. Given figure shows a schematic diagram of
ch n (1) Gciger-Marsden experiment.
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 387

Beam of Most
a-particles a-particles
pass

Gold foil
stralght
(10- mthick)
a e
Lead /ZnS
cavity Collimator screen Instability of Atom .
(1)
About 1 in 8000 of
particle is reflected back
Microscope 61. (i) Speed of the electron in rth orbit.
Rotatable Centripetal force of revolution is provided
detector
(1/2) by electrostatic force of attraction.
Trajectories of the scattered o-particdes mir =ke?i?
where, m = mass of electron

V=speed of electron
100 r=radius of orbit of the electron
rkeIm
Also, from Bohr's postulates,
mvr = = r=_h
21t 27Tmv
20 On comparing Eqs. (i) and (i), we get
ke2 nh
2.5 = 27Tmvy = 2Tke* ...(ii)
Distance (m)
my nh (/2)
Target nucleus
(1/2) or v2mke2
Refer to Sol. 29 on pages 379 and 380. ch 4TTE (1/2)
(2)
60. Basic assumptions of Rutherford atomic model are given where, c =velocity of light or v = a . . .(iv)
below: n
(i) Atom consists of small central core, called where, a = 21tkes / ch and known as fine
atomic nucleus in which whole mass and structure constant.
positive charge is assumed to be concentrated.
(i) The size of the nucleus is much smaller than Also,
so, a= 137 >V= 137n ..(V)
size of the atom.
(ii) The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. Atoms
For
n=1,v=xC
are electrically neutral as total negative charge In K-shell of hydrogen atom, electron
of electrons surrounding the nucleus is equal
to total positive charge on the nucleus.
revolves withtimes
137
of speed of light.
(1/2)
(iv) Electrons revolves around the nucdeus in various (ii) For radius of nth orbit of electron Refer to
ircular orbits and necessary centripetal force Sol. 34 on page 381. (1%)
is provided by electrostatic force of attraction
between positively charged nucleus and 62. Key Idea For minimum (i.e. maximum energy)
negatively charged electrons. (2) wavelength, electron will transit from ground to
highest energy level and for maximum wavelength
Stability of atom When an electron revolves
around the nucleus, then it radiates electro- i.e. minimum energy) electron will transit to first
immediate energy state.
magnetic energy and hence, radius of orbit of
electron decreases gradually. Thus, electron For Bohr's Postulates Refer to text on pages 368
revolve on spiral path of decreasing radius and and 369 (Bohr's Model of Hydrogen Atom). (1%)
finally, it should fall into nucleus, but this does In second excited state, i.e. n = 3 the number
not happen. Thus, Rutherford atomic model of spectral lines obtained would be
cannot account for stability of atom.
 388 Solved Papers PHYSICs
Chapterwise CBSE

N -) 30-) *2-3
2 2
- 64. (i) (a) Refer to Sol. 58(i) on page 386.
(b) Refer to Sol. 58(ii) on page 386. (3)
3 spectral lines would be obtained.
(ii) Refer to Sol. 28 on page 379. (2)
For minimum wavelength, the transition
would be from n 3to n =1| =

For maximum wavelength, the transition

Objective Questions
would be from
n 3to n = 2
1Mark Questions
1. The existance of a positively charged
max nucleus in an atom first
was
suggestedby
the experiment of
i) (a) J J Thomson
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get (b) Rutherford
Amax8R/9 (c)Chadwick
(d) Hahn and Strassman
gnin SR/36 SR

max min = 32:5 2. Rutherford's atomic model could account

(1%) for
63. Refer to Sol. 56 on page 386.
(1%) (a) stability of atoms
But AE = hv
(6) origin of spectra
(c) the positive charged central core of an
v =Re

When electron in
or v= me
(1)
atom
(d) concept of stationary orbits
hydrogen atom jumps from 3. In the lowest energy level of
energy state n= 4 to n,= 3, 2, 1, the Paschen, hydrogen
Balmer and atom, the electron has the angular
Lyman spectral series are found. momentum
Total energy, E(eV)
Series limit
n 6)
Q.
-1.0 n
TL Pfund series =5
4. According to Bohr's
n
=3 Brackett series
=4 ä theory (assuming
-2.0
Paschen series -n =3 infinite mass of the nucleus), the
3.0 frequency of the second line of the Balmer
-3.4 in=2 n=2
series is
-4.0 Balmer series
(a) 6.16x 104 Hz b) 6.16x 10 Hz
-5.0 (c) 6.16x 100 Hz (d) 6.16x 106 Hz
-6.0 -
5. The transition from the state n 3 to n = = 1
-7.0 in a hydrogen like atom results in
-8.0 ultraviolet radiation. Infrared radiation
-9.0 will be obtained in the transition from
-10.0 (a) 21 (b)3>2 (c) 4>2 (d)43
6. According to theBohr's atomic model, the
-11.0

12.0-
relation between principa quantum
number (n) and radius of orbit (r) is
-13.0
13.6
-14.0 Lyman series
Ground Sia n = 1 (a)r n 6)r«(c)
n2 r«(d)ren
(22)
CHAPTER 12: Atoms 389

a central
According to cvery atom consists of
him,
7. When
n 2 to
an
electron jumps from the orbit
n = 4, then wavelength of the core, called the atomic nucleus in which the
entire positive charge and mass of the atom is
radiations absorbed will be (R is Rydberg's
concentrated.
constant))
16 16 3. (c) Angular momentum of clectron in nh orbil is
a)3R
BR (a) given by
8. An electron of a stationary hydrogen atom mvr 2Tt
passes from the 5th energy level to the
In the lowest energy level, n =
ground level. The velocity that the atom
acquired as a result of photon emission Then, mvr=1 E4
will be
(a)24hR 25hR 4. (a) Wavelength of the Balmer series is given by
25m
(b) 24m
25m 24m
94hR (d25hR
9. If v is the frequeney of the series limit of
(C = VAa)

Lyman series, v2 is the frequency of the

first line of Lyman series and vz is the
frequency of the series limit of the Balmer
series. Then, For second line of Balmer series, n = 2, n = 4

(a)v-V2=Va (b) V =V2-Vs

v=3x10 x10967800
V3 V2 Va = 6.16x10" Hz

10. Which state of triply ionised Beryllium 5. (d) Infrared radiation found in Paschen, Brackett
(Be3*) has the same orbital radius as that and Pfund series and it is obtained when electron
of the ground state of hydrogen? transition high energy level to minimum third
level.
(a) n =3 (b) n =4 (¢) n =1 (d) n =2
6. (a) Electron angular momentum (rvr) about the
11. The orbital frequency of an electron in the
hydrogen atom is proportional to nucleus is anintegermultiple ofwhere h is
27t
(a)n (b) n3 (c)n (d) n Planck's constant.
12. The angular momentum (L) of an electron Thus, angular momentum,
moving in a stable orbit around nucleus is T=mvr = nh (i)
(a) half integral multiple of 27t
2T kZe2
b) integral multiple of h Also,
r r

(c) integral multiple of or mv Ze . (i1)

27t
(d) half integral multiple of h 4TE
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
roc n

Explanations 7. (a) Wavelength is given by

1. (b) A positively charged nucleus in an atom was
first suggested by Rutherford through his gold
foil experiment.
2. (c) Rutherford's atomic model could account for
the positive charged central core of an atom.
390 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

10. (d) Radius of orbit of clectron in mh excited state

of hydrogen,
r = r ..(i)
TmZe2

3R
a 16
So,
3R
Z
8. (a) Here, Bs - E, = hc
Here, = l (ground state of hydrogen)
Z =1 (atomic number of hydrogen)
and Rhc Rhc = Z 4 (atomic number of beryllium)
25
n 0xor= 4orn, = 2
25R
11. (b) Time period of orbital motion electron,
But, P
T 46r'h
mZ T«n?

V=h_24 Rh
mn 25 m

Frequency (J)
9. (a) We know that, frequency, v =Re
12. (c) For an electron to remain orbiting around the
nucleus, the angular momentum (L) should be an
This gives, v, =R¢| integral multiple of h/21.
i.e. mvr= h
-Re-R 27T
where, n =principal quantum number
for clectron 1, 2...
and h = Planck's constant
V -V2 V3

Download Free Chapter Test

Visit: http:/tinyurl.com/y4ec2mzy oR Scan the Code

Note
For solution to this test mail your; Name, School Name, City, Test Name (chapter) at
[email protected]