FITTING SHOP

WORKSHOP MANUAL

LAB IN CHARGE
Dr.N YUVARAJ
CENTRAL WORKSHOP
DELHI TECHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

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LIST OF TOOLS/EQUIPMENTS IN FITTING SHOP
1. Surface grinder
2. Pedestal grinder
3. Power hack-saw
4. Bench vice
5. Hack saw frame
6. Files
7. Try-square
8. Hammers
9. Vernier caliper
10. Micro meter
11. Vernier height gauge
12. Surface plate
13. Bevel protector
14. Tap sets
15. Die sets

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 FITTING SHOP
CONTENTS
S. NO. Description Page No.
1 List of Equipments ii
2 Introduction 1
3 Details of Marking and Measuring Tools and Devices 1
4 Details or Description of Holding and Supporting Tools 6
5 Description of Cutting, Filing and Scraping Tools 9
6 Description of Striking Tools 14
7 Description of Drilling, Reaming, Dieing and Tapping Tools 15
8 Description of Miscellaneous Tools 17
9 Operations in Fitting Work 18
10 Summary 20
11 Exercises 21
12 Model for practices 25

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1. INTRODUCTION
The term “Bench Work” denotes the production of a job by hand on the bench while “Fitting” is the
proper assembling of two or more parts. In engineering fields, fitting and bench work play an important
role in yielding the desire shape and accuracy. We may finish jobs by using different types of automatic
machine, which might take less time and better results; they still require the hand operations, to be done
on them to finish the job by hand. Maximum parts of the raw materials go into the machine shop and
reappear as a finished job, ready for assembly. For assembly, tasks are required for machining and fitting
while some parts require fitting work only. A well machined surface through planner or shaper machine
may often require the use of file of hand scraper to finish out the projected spots left over it during
machining process. A fitter’s work has its own importance. When different finished parts are to be
assembled in its position like alignment of machine parts setting of bearing and engine slide valves
always call for a fitter’s work.

2. TOOLS AND DEVICES IN FITTING WORK

There are a large number of tools and devices which are commonly used in fitting work. Generally, all the
tools may be classified as follows:
(a) Marking and measuring tools.
(b) Holding and supporting tools.
(c) Cutting, filing and scraping tools.
(d) Striking tools.
(e) Drilling, dieing, reaming and tapping tools.
(f) Miscellaneous tools.

A. Details of Marking and Measuring Tools

Engineering Scale
It is used for taking linear measurements of any surface. It is made of stainless steel or spring steel,
having line graduation engraved at interval of fraction of standard unit of length (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 Engineering Scale

It is usually marked in centimeters and then sub-divided in millimeters. Scale of 300 mm is mostly used
in practice. All the scales are specified according to the length and least-count.
Surface Plate
It is used for marking out works and for testing the flatness or trueness of work. It is made of grey cast
iron, having a square or rectangular shape. Its top and bottom surfaces are truly machined to keep both in
a perfect horizontal plane (Figure 2.2). Surface plate is specified according to the size of top surface.

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 Figure 2.2 Surface Plate
Scriber
As shown in Figure 2.3 it is a piece of hardened steel about 150 mm to 300 mm in length and 3 to 5 mm
in diameter which is pointed out at one or both end. Scriber, having one end in straight shape and the
other in bent shape is also used along with surface-gauge.
It is used to scratch the lines on a given surface. The bent end is used to scratch line in that place where
the straight end cannot reach.

Figure 2.3 Scriber

Universal Surface Gauge
It is used to scribe parallel lines at desired heights from a plane surface. It consists of a cast iron base,
perfectly machined and planed at the top, bottom and all sides. A rocker is also provided at the top of
base. Spindle can be swung and locked in any desired position with rocker by means of spindle nut.
Rocker may also be adjusted along the base with the help of rocker adjusting screw. Scriber is fitted on
the spindle by means of scriber nut and is capable of being adjusted at any inclination and height along
the spindle as shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Universal Surface Gauge

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Punch
It is used for marking out work and locating canters in a permanent manner. They are made of hardened
steel and may be classified in two types such as Prick or Dot Punch, and Centre Punch. As shown in
Figure 2.5, prick or dot punch is a sharply pointed tool. The tapered point of punch has an inclined angle
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of 30 to 40 , used to make small marks in shape of dots on layout lines in order to make them last longer.
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The centre punch has an inclined angle of about 60 . It is used only to make the prick punch marks larger
at the centers of holes that are to be drilled.

Figure 2.5 Punch

V-Block
It is a block of steel with V-shaped grooves (Figure 2.6). For marking or drilling on a cylindrical
workpiece, it serves as a useful support to the workpiece. Usually, it works in conjunction with a U-
clamp. Cylindrical workpiece is placed longitudinally in block and the screw of clamp tightened to fix the
position of workpiece.

Figure 2.6 V-Block

Try-square
It is used to check the trueness of mutually normal surfaces or in other words we can say to check the 90˚
angle between two adjacent surfaces (Figure 2.7). In the absence of surface plate, flatness of any surface
may also be checked by it. Try-square has two parts, i.e. blade and stock. Blade is made of steel while the
stock of cast-iron. Both the parts are fastened to each other at 90˚ angle by riveting.

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 Figure 2.7 Try-square
Callipers
The main function of calliper is to transfer and compare a dimension from one surface to another or from
a part to scale or micrometer where the measurement cannot be m
i. outside caliper
ii. inside caliper
iii. Hermaphrodite or odd-leg caliper.
All the three types of calliper are shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8 Calipers

Vernier calipers and Vernier height gauge

Vernier calipers (Fig 2.9) can measure internal dimensions (using the uppermost jaws in the picture at
right), external dimensions using the pictured lower jaws, and depending on the manufacturer, depth
measurements by the use of a probe that is attached to the movable head and slides along the centre of the
body. This probe is slender and can get into deep grooves that may prove difficult for other measuring
tools. The vernier scales will often include both metric and imperial measurements on the upper and
lower part of the scale. Vernier gauge is used for measuring the height components.

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 Figure 2.9 Vernier Caliper

Figure 2.10 Vernier height gauge

Micro meter

The basic operating principles of a micrometer (Fig 2.11) are as follows: The amount of rotation of an
accurately made screw can be directly and precisely correlated to a certain amount of axial movement
(and vice versa), through the constant known as the screw's lead. A screw's lead is the distance it moves
forward axially with one complete turn (360°). In most threads that is, in all single-start threads, lead and
pitch refer to essentially the same concept.) With an appropriate lead and major diameter of the screw, a
given amount of axial movement will be amplified in the resulting circumferential movement.

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 Figure 2.11 Micrometer

B. Details or Description of Holding and Supporting Tools

The tools which are used for holding and supporting of jobs are known as holding and supporting tools.
Different types of vices such as bench-vice, pipe-vice, hand-vice, pin-vice and leg-vice are included in
this category as main tools.
Bench-vice
It is firmly fixed to the fitter’s bench with the help of nuts and bolts and also known as fitter’s vice. It
consists of cast-iron body with two jaws, a handle of mild steel, a square threaded screw of high carbon
steel and a box nut of gun-metal. Separate tin plates or cast-steel plates known as jaw-plates are fixed to
the jaws by means of set screws. The holding faces of the jaw plates have teeth for gripping the work
firmly (Figure 2.12). The movement of the movable jaw is caused by the movement of screw through the
boxnut, already arranged in the body of fixed jaw. Vices are generally specified according to the width of
jaws.

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 Figure 2.12 Bench Vice
Pipe-vice
It consists of a cast-iron frame and base. The frame is made in two halves, i.e. top and bottom parts. The
top part is hinged to the bottom at one end. Two jaws are provided with both the parts for holding the
work. Inner part of both jaws is made serrated to ensure a positive grip (Figure 2.13). It is used for
holding the round section metal like pipes and tubes etc. In this case screw is vertical and the moveable
jaw works vertically.

Figure 2.13 Pipe-vice

Hand-vice
This type of vice is usually employed for gripping very small jobs. It consists of two steel legs which are
hinged together at the bottom and carrying the two hardened steel jaws at the top end. This is illustrated in
Figure 2.14. A flat spring held between the legs tends to keep the jaws open. The jaws can be opened and
closed by a wing nut which moves through a screw that is fastened to one leg and passes through the
other. Small jobs such as rivets, screws and keys are gripped by this hand-vice.

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 Figure 2.14 Hand-vice
Pin-vice
It is used for holding round jobs of small diameter such as pins and wire etc. This is illustrated in Figure
2.15. It consists of a handle and a taper nose carrying a small collect chuck at its end. The chuck carries
the jaws which are operated by turning the chuck.

Figure 2.15 Pin-vice

Tools Maker’s-vice
As shown in Figure 2.16, this type of vice is particularly useful for holding small sizes of jobs which
require filing or drilling etc. It is made of mild-steel.

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 Figure 2.16 Tool Maker’s-vice
C. Description of Cutting, Filing and Scraping Tools
In this category, different types of tool are used to perform the cutting, filing and scraping operations like
chisels, files and scrapers etc.
Chisels
For cutting and chipping away pieces of metal, cold types of chisel are used. These are made of high
carbon steel usually in rectangular, hexagonal or octagonal cross section. The cutting edge is roughly
ground by forging and then sharpened to the correct cutting angles on grinder or on oil-stone.

Figure 2.17 Some common types of chisels

Flat Chisel
Its cutting edge is given a slight curve so as to prevent the corners from digging into the metal.
Cross-cut Chisel
It is used for cutting grooves in large surfaces and keyways in shafts or wheels.

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Round Nose Chisel
The specific use of this type of chisel is in cutting oil-grooves in bearing, bosses and pulleys etc.
Diamond Point Chisel
One end of this chisel is drawn to a small square section by using forging operation and then this end is
ground off at an angle producing the “Diamond” shape.
Files
It is the most widely used hand tools in fitting work. Files are made by high carbon steel. The main
functions of file are to:
(a) remove the extra metal from any surface,
(b) finish the final shape of a work-piece,
(c) remove the burr from cuts,
(d) make a surface smooth, and
(e) Fit metal parts.

Figure 2.18 Different Parts of a File

Files are generally classified according to the following factors:

(a) Effective length, i.e. excluding the length of tang.
(b) Shape or cross-section.
(c) Cut of teeth.
(d) Grade.
Effective Length
It is measured from point tip to the heel (without including tang). Files of length between 100 mm to
150mm are used for fine work, between 150 mm to 250 mm for medium sized work and above 250 mm
for heavy and large sized of work.
Shape or Cross-section
The files are manufactured in different shapes to suit the variety of shapes which they have to work on.
The most common types of files as per cross-section are shown in Figure 2.19.

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 Figure 2.19 Shapes of files
Flat File
This is tapered in width and thickness both. Flat file is always double-cut on the faces and single-cut on
the edge. It is used for general work only.
Hand File
This is tapered in thickness and parallel in its width. They are always double-cut on the faces and single-
cut on one edge only, i.e. its one edge does not have any teeth. Being one edge without teeth, this hand
file is also known as “safe edge file”. It is very useful in filing a surface, which is at right angle to an
already finished surface. The safe edge is kept facing the finished surface during the operation so that it is
not spoiled.
Square File
It is square in cross-section, double-cut and tapered towards the point used for finishing or enlarging
square or rectangular sections as splines and keyways.
Pillar File
This is double-cut, narrow and of rectangular section. It has one safe edge, and is used for narrow work
such as slots, grooves and keyways.
Round File

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A round file has a circular cross-section and carries single-cut teeth all around its surface. They are used
for filing curved surfaces and enlarging round holes and forming fillets.
Triangular File
It carries single-cut teeth on all the faces and is made tapered towards the end. The cross section of this
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file is an equilateral triangle. They are used for filing corners less than 90 and filing on rectangular cuts.
Half Round
It normally has single-cut teeth on the curved surface and double-cut teeth on flat surface. This file is used
for filing on round or curved surfaces.
Knife Edge File
It carries double-cut teeth on two broad faces and single cut teeth on the edge. Specifically used in filing
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narrow and intricate sharp corners having an inclined angle of less than 90 .
Cut of Teeth
According to cut of teeth, files may be classified in two main groups, i.e. single cut, and double cut as
shown in Figure 2.20.

Figure 2.20 Single Cut and Double Cut

Single Cut
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Teeth are cut parallel to each other at an angle of 60 to the centre line of file. Single cut files are
commonly used on very hard metal.
Double Cut
In double-cut, there are two sets of teeth; one similar to those of a single-cut file and the other running
diagonally across the first set and inclined at an angle of about 75o to 80o to the centre line of face on
which the teeth are cut. It is used for filing on surfaces steel and softer materials.
Grade
It is defined as the number of teeth per unit of length. It shows the roughness of file. As per grade, files
are classified as follows:
1. Rough : 8 Teeth per cm
2. Bastered : 8-12 Teeth per cm
3. Second cut : 12-16 Teeth per cm
4. Smooth : 16-24 Teeth per cm

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Rough files are used for soft metals, bastered type for shaping work and second cut for harder metals. The
specific use of smooth file is to give a high degree of accuracy with a very high finish.

Scrapers
Scrapers are used for scraping purpose. Scraping means shaving for obtaining a fine surface finish on the
work and the tools used for doing this operation are known as “scrapers”. They are generally made from
rejected files. By using forging process, the point end side is formed in desired shape of edge and then
after sharpening, this edge is used for cutting purpose. Flat and curve shapes of scrapers are shown in
Figure 2.21.

Figure 2.21 Scrapers

Hacksaw
It is used for parting off operation or in making a slot on metallic surface. It consists of a metallic frame
either fixed type or adjustable type which is fitted with a wooden handle. Two metallic prongs or sleeves
are provided at both the ends of frame, carrying holding pins and a tightening screw known as wing nut.
Hacksaw blade is held between two prongs by adjusting wing nut. In fixed or solid type of frame, the
length of blade cannot be changed and the adjustable frame has a back that can be lengthened or
shortened to hold blades of different length as shown in Figure 2.22. Hacksaw blades are made of high
carbon steel or high speed steel. For cutting the harder metals, blade of high speed steel is preferred.
Hacksaw Flat Curve blades are specified according to width and length. The length of the blade is the
distance between the centers of holes.

Figure 2.22(a) Hacksaw frame (Fixed)

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 Figure 2.22(b) Hacksaw frame (Adjustable)

D. Description of Striking Tools

Striking tools have a wide use in fitting work like chipping, cutting and punching etc. These types of
operation need striking on chisel and punch. Normally, this light type of striking is done by striking tools,
known as hand hammer. All the hand hammers used in fitter’s work are similar in design to the smith’s
hand hammers as such as ball peen, cross peen and straight peen etc. The only difference lies in weight.
The hammers which are used in fitter’s work are comparatively lighter than the smith’s hand hammers.
Ball peen Hammer
The peen has a shape of ball which is hardened and polished. Particularly this type of hammer is used
for riveting and chipping purpose.
Cross Peen Hammer:
It is similar to ball peen hammer except the peen which is across the handle. It is mainly used for bending
and hammering into shoulders etc.
Straight Peen Hammer:
It has a peen straight with the handle that is parallel to the handle and is specially used for peening or
stretching the metal.

Fig 2.23 Hammers

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E. Description of Drilling, Reaming, Dieing and Tapping Tools

All these tools have their great importance for making a hole, to finish a drilled-hole and for cutting
external or internal threads on a given metallic piece. Drill bits, reamer, dies and taps are the main tools to
perform drilling, reaming, dieing and tapping types of operation.
Drill
It is a tool for making hole in a given metallic piece. Drills are made of high carbon steel or high speed
steel. All the drills are specified according to maximum size of hole that can be drilled by a drill. There
are three types of drill such as flat drill, straight fluted drill, and twist drill. All the three types of drill are
shown in Figure 2.24. Generally, flat and straight fluted drills are not preferred in fitter’s work. They are
simply used in carpentry work.
Twist Drill
It is usually made of high speed steel. Twist drill has a cylindrical body carrying the spiral flutes cut on its
surface. The drill should be ground with both lips at 59˚ to the axis of drill so that the lip angle or cutting
angle may be obtained 118˚, i.e. the best cutting angle.

Figure 2.24 Different Types of Drill

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Reamer
It is used just to finish a drilled hole or to bring it to the correct size as shown in Figure 2.24.

Figure 2.25 Reamer

It consists of two main parts which are Shank and Body. The hand reamer has a square shank for holding
in a tap wrench. Body is also in cylindrical shape carrying straight flutes cut on its surface. Reamers are
made of high speed or high carbon steel.
Die
It is used for cutting external thread on a cylindrical surface such as bolt and stud etc. Dies are made of
high carbon or high speed steel as shown in Figure 2.26.
Two types of dies – solid die and adjustable or slip die – are in common use these days.

Figure 2.26 Different Types of Die

Solid die has fixed dimension and cannot be adjusted for larger and smaller diameter. Adjustable
means it can be set to cut larger or smaller diameter. The tool used for holding the die is known as
die-stock is depicted in Figure 2.27.

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 Figure 2.27 Die Stock

Tap
It is used for cutting internal thread in a cylindrical hollow surface such as nut and hollow shaft. Taps are
also made of high carbon or high speed steel (Figure 2.28). Hand Taps are usually made in sets of three
pieces. They are usually known as taper, second or intermediate and plug or bottoming.

Figure 2.28 Tapping tools

Taper tap is used to start the thread so that the threads are formed gradually. Tapered surface of this tap
enables the tap to enter the hole easily. After full length of the toothed body of the tap has been screwed
down in the hole, this is withdrawn and then follows the intermediate tap. It is also screwed down to its
full length and thus the threads are cut and finished to the desired size. Plug or bottoming tap is especially
used to cut the threads in a blind hole. Tool used for holding the taps is known as tap wrench.
2.6 Description of Miscellaneous Tools
There are so many other tools used in fitting work on time to time, which are not related directly with any
of the above categories of tools. A few commonly used of these are the following:
(a) Screw Drivers
(b) Spanners
(c) Pliers

Screw Driver is very useful for rotating the screws. Loose and tight position of a screw is adjusted by it.

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Spanners are made of forged steel. They are used for holding and adjusting nuts and bolts in their exact
positions.
Open Type
Both single ended or double ended types of open spanner are used in practice. Single ended spanners are
capable of fitting to only one size of nut or bolt while double ended for two different sizes of nuts and
bolts.
Box Type
They are also single ended or double ended, having end shape totally enclosed.
Adjustable Type
It has two jaws, one fixed and other movable. The movable jaw can be adjusted at a desired distance from
the fixed jaw.

3. OPERATIONS IN FITTING WORK

There are different types of operation performed in fitting work to finish a job in its desired shape. They
are listed and described below.

(a) Marking and Measuring

(b) Chipping
(c) Filing
(d) Hacksawing
(e) Scraping
(f) Grinding
(g) Drilling
(h) Reaming
(i) Dieing
(j) Tapping
Marking and Measuring
Basically it is one of the most important operation in fitting work as the accuracy of finished job totally
depends upon it. The different types of tool, which are widely used in performing this operation are
already discussed in this unit.
Chipping
It is the operation of removing thick layers of metal from any metallic piece by means of cold chisel and
hammer. In chipping operation, the workpiece is firmly held in a vice and the metal of workpiece is
removed by striking the chisel on to the surface of the work-piece by a hammer. The chisel should be held
at such an angle with the workpiece that an even chip of right depth can be obtained. In removing large
volume of metal frequent lubrication of the cutting edge will be necessary to ensure long tool life and to
make the cutting action quicker and smoother. While chipping, the workman should always keep his eyes
on the cutting-edge of the tool and not on its head. This process includes cutting key-ways, slots, channels
and grooves etc.
Filing
Filing serves to remove the burr from cuts, clean the face of the cuts and finish the final shape of a
workpiece. Filing is a very important operation and requires special skill in order to have satisfactory
filing work. Most of the files have its teeth pointing away from the workman such that they cut during the
forward stroke only not in return stroke. So the pressure of the hand in filing should be applied only
during the forward stroke and for return stroke it should be relieved.

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Methods of Filing
Generally, there are three methods of filing process as under
(a) Cross filing
(b) Straight filing
(c) Draw filing
Cross Filing: In this method, the file strokes run alternately from right to left and then left to right. File is
held inclined to the axis of job as shown in Figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 Cross Filing

It is the commonest form of filing to remove the maximum amount of extra metal from any surface. This
method of filing is preferred for general shaping purpose.
Straight Filing: This method of filing is preferred on long and narrow piece or work whose width is less
than that of the file. Movement is given only in forward direction while on the back stroke, the file should
be lifted clear of the work not to blunt the teeth.
Draw Filing: In this filing method, the handle of file is not held. Instead, both hands are placed together
on the blade as shown in Figure 3.2. The position of file is placed at right angle to the axis of work. File
moves up and down along the length of metal and finish the surface in both forward and backward
strokes.

Figure 3.2 Draw Filing

Hack-sawing
Hack-sawing operation on a metallic piece is performed by means of a tool denoted as hacksaw. Placing
the hacksaw on the workpiece with the right-hand on the hacksaw handle and the left hand on the other

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end of hacksaw frame firmly, the hacksawing begins with a backward stroke. The pressure is applied on
the forward stroke only while a little lift is necessary on the return stroke, because the blade cuts only on
the forward stroke.
Scraping
Hand scraping is an important operation done in fitting work for producing more accurately finished
surfaces than those which can be produced by filing. As a tool, different types of scraper are used.
Grinding
Grinding operation is done by using grinding wheel. Through this operation, usually 0.25 to 0.5 mm
metal can be removed from any surface. It may be used to finish almost all surfaces either soft or hard
metals, which has been previously rough shaped by some other method.
Drilling
It is the operation of producing standard sizes of circular holes, through or blind in a metal piece. In
fitting work, the holes are produced by means of drill bits which are fitted in a chuck of drilling machine.
Reaming
Reaming is done when an accurate given size of hole with a smoother finish is required. For that a reamer
as a tool is used which removes a little metal from the drilled hole and to bring it to the correct size.
Dieing
To cut external threads on a round bar by means of die is known as “Dieing Operation”. During dieing
operation, die is held in Die stock.
Tapping

To cut internal threads in a round hollow section by means of tap is known as “Tapping operation”.
During tapping operation, tap is held in Tap-wrench.

4. SUMMARY

Bench work and fitting have important roles to play to complete and finish a job to the required shape and
size. Although majority of the work can be finished to fairly good degree of accuracy in reasonable time
through various operations by using automatic machines. They still require some operations to be done on
them to finish the job by hand as chipping, filing, scraping, hacksawing, dieing and tapping etc. To
perform all these operations, there are number of tools such as chisel, different types of files, scrapers,
bench-vices etc. Matter regarding the function and specification of each tool has already been discussed in
this unit.

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5. EXERCISES JOB – 1: T JOINT
AIM:
To prepare a T - joint.
TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED:
1. Bench Vice, 2. Hack Saw Frame, 3. Files, 4. Try Square and marking Tools, 5. Punches, 6. Drilling
machine and Drill

MATERIAL:
Mild Steel Plate 5mm thickness

All dimensions are in mm

PROCEDURE:
(1) First to cut the two MS work pieces using hacksaw. (2) Filing of the two work pieces to desired
shape. (3) At appropriate intervals, check the right angle edge using try square. (4) Paste wet chalk on the
pieces. (5) When the chalk is dry, mark using vernier calipers. (6) Punching is done at appropriate
markings. (7) Make holes by drilling the work piece. (8)Make the T out of the 2 nd piece using a hacksaw

RESULT: The T – joint of appropriate dimensions is prepared.

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 JOB – 2 DOVE TAIL FITTING
AIM: To prepare a Dove Tail - joint.
TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED: (1) Hack saw frame, (2) Files (3) Try square, (4) Vernier Height
Gauge, (5) Punches, (6) Drilling Machine and Drill, (7) Tap set
MATERIAL: Mild Steel Plate 5mm thickness

All dimensions are in mm

PROCEDURE: (1) First to cut the two MS work pieces using hacksaw.(2) Filing of the two work pieces
to desired shape. (3) At appropriate intervals, check the right angle edge using try square. (4) Paste wet
chalk on the pieces. (5) When the chalk is dry, mark using vernier calipers.(6) Punching is done at
appropriate markings. (7) Make holes by drilling the work piece. (8) Make the Dove Tail out of the 2nd
piece using a hacksaw. (9) The hole of Dove Tail shape is perfected by filing. (10) Fit the Dove Tail into
the Dove Tail shaped hole of work piece.
RESULT:
The DOVE TAIL joint of appropriate dimensions is prepared.

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 JOB – 3 V JOINT

AIM:
To prepare a V - joint.
TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED:
1. Bench Vice, 2. Hack Saw Frame, 3. Files, 4. Marking Tools, 5. Punches, 6. Drilling Machine and drill
bit, 7. Tap Set
MATERIAL:
Mild Steel Plate 5mm thickness

All dimensions are on mm

PROCEDURE: (1) First to cut the two MS work pieces using hacksaw. (2) Filing of the two work
pieces to desired shape. (3) At appropriate intervals, check the right angle edge using try square. (4) Paste
wet chalk on the pieces. (5) When the chalk is dry, mark using vernier calipers. (6) Punching is done at
appropriate markings. (7) Make holes by drilling the work piece. (8) Make the V out of the 2 nd piece using
a hacksaw. (9) The hole of V shape is perfected by filing (10) Fit the V into the V shaped hole of work
piece.
RESULT:
The V – joint of appropriate dimensions is prepared.

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 JOB – 4 T JOINT

AIM: To prepare a T (Internal Fit) joint.

TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED: (1) Hack-Saw frame (2) Files (3) Bench Vice (4) Try-Square and
Marking Tools (5) Drilling machine, drills & taps

MATERIAL: MS Plate 5mm thickness

All dimensions are in mm

PROCEDURE: (1) First to cut the two MS work pieces using hacksaw. (2) Filing of the two work pieces
to desired shape. (3)At appropriate intervals, check the right angle edge using try square. (4) Paste wet
chalk on the pieces. (5) When the chalk is dry, mark using vernier calipers. (6) Punching is done at
appropriate markings. (7) Make holes by drilling the work piece. (8) Make the T out of the 2 nd piece using
a hacksaw. (9) The hole of T shape is perfected by filing. (10) Fit the T into the T shaped hole of work
piece.
RESULT: The T – joint of appropriate dimensions is prepared.

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Models for fitting practices

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