IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000029 Rev G - Upstream Piping Comp. Select

Banyu Urip Project
Upstream Piping Component

Selection and System Design
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F 05 Aug 10 Re-issued for Bid M.Sampath Don P Delavan RCumow RCumow
E 12 July 10 Re-Issued for Bid M.Sampath Don P Delavan RCumow RCumow
D 18 Jan 10 Re-Issued for Bid M.Sampath Don P Delavan R.Cumow RCumow
C 7 Dee 09 Re·lssued for Bid M.Sampath Don P Delavan Richard Curnow Richard Curnow
B 06-Feb-08 Issued for Bid GS VMP DW DD
A 10-Dec-07 Issued for Client Review GS VMP DW AS
Rev Rev Date Description Prepared By Checked By Approved By Reviewed By

Upstream Piping Component Selection and IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000029
System Design 01 Sep 10
BANYU URIP Rev G
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MPI : Not classified Page 2 of 115
REVISION MODIFICATION LOG
Revision Section Description

A All Issued for ICR
B All Revised document title and content based on 03-01-01 Version 2.0.0 (August
2007) “Upstream Piping Component Selection and System Design” as per
MCL comments. The earlier title was “Piping General Design”.
C All Revised the content based on 03-01-01 Version 7.0.0 (April 2009) “Upstream
Piping Component Selection and System Design”
D 1.1 Specification IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000071,72,78,80,81,82 added
Table 13 E25A – Piping class removed, 0 mm CA specified for A45B.
A6A(JAC) removed, Note-1 added.
Table -16 Letter I changed to J.
E 12 Table 9 note 4 modified.
1.1 Project specification added
1.15 WRC 107 & 297 added
2.1 Terms added
2.2 Abbreviations are added
4.1,4.4.5 Notes added
6.7,6.7.1.6 Notes added
6.7.2,6.8,6.10 Notes added
6.17 Section added
7.1,7.3 Notes added
9.1 Notes revised and added
9.2 Section revised and notes added
9.3 Notes added
9.4 Section revised
9.6 Notes added
9.10 Notes revised and added
9.13 Section added
12.1,12.2 Notes added
13.1,13.4 Notes added
14,18 Notes added
App-E Notes revised and added
F Table 13 Materials and services updated, and F25C is replaced with F25A
G Table 13 A45B is replaced with A45C
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000029 Rev G
BANYU URIP Rev G
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IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000029
Upstream Piping Component Selection and
System Design
Based on Specification 03-01-01 Version 8.0.0 (June 2010)
Scope
1. This Banyu Urip Project Specification covers the basic requirements for the design of piping systems
for onshore and offshore production and processing facilities covered by ASME B31.3.
2. This Specification includes most piping within such facilities, except boiler external piping (ASME
B31.1), platform risers, piping associated with drilling operations, and pipelines and related facilities
(ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8) or government-regulated pipelines and/or piping.
3. For offshore piping, which falls under the jurisdiction of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), Det
Norske Veritas (DNV), or other agencies which may require use of ASME B31.1 for fire water, safety,
and/or utility piping, the equivalent marine piping Global Practice shall apply. Final decision on
applicability of the marine piping specification shall be agreed upon between the project/affiliate and
the governing body.
4. Individual piping line class requirements are contained in IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000002 through IDBU-
CW-LSPDS-000028, IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000070 through IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000072,IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000076 through IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000078, and IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000080 through IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000082. Additional valve information for all classes is contained in IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061.
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Table of Contents
Table of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 8
1. Required References ...................................................................................................................... 10

1.1. Banyu Urip Project Specifications ........................................................................................ 10
1.2. API–American Petroleum Institute ....................................................................................... 12
1.3. ASME–American Society of Mechanical Engineers ............................................................ 13
1.4. ASTM–American Society for Testing and Materials ............................................................ 13
1.5. AWWA–American Water Works Association ....................................................................... 16
1.6. BSI–British Standards Institution.......................................................................................... 16
1.7. CFR–Code of Federal Regulation........................................................................................ 16
1.8. EJMA–Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association, Inc...................................................... 16
1.9. ISO–International Organization for Standardization ............................................................ 16
1.10. MSS–Manufacturers Standardization Society ..................................................................... 17
1.11. NACE–National Association of Corrosion Engineers........................................................... 17
1.12. NFPA–National Fire Protection Association......................................................................... 17
1.13. NEMA–National Electrical Manufacturers Association ........................................................ 17
1.14. Other References ................................................................................................................. 17
1.15. WRC – Welding Research Council ...................................................................................... 18
2. Definitions ........................................................................................................................................ 18
2.1. Terms ................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2. Abbreviations........................................................................................................................ 19
3. Design Standards............................................................................................................................ 24
4. Piping Design .................................................................................................................................. 25

4.1. Design Basis ........................................................................................................................ 25
4.2. Sizing Criteria ....................................................................................................................... 26
4.3. Pressure Design................................................................................................................... 27
4.4. Code Compliance Analysis .................................................................................................. 27
5. Piping Layout and Arrangement.................................................................................................... 31
5.1. General................................................................................................................................. 31
5.2. Maintenance and Operability ............................................................................................... 32
5.3. Clearances ........................................................................................................................... 32
6. Design Considerations for Specific Piping Systems .................................................................. 33
6.1. General................................................................................................................................. 33
6.2. Compressor Piping............................................................................................................... 33
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6.3. Pump Piping ......................................................................................................................... 34

6.4. Steam Turbine Piping........................................................................................................... 35
6.5. Vessel Piping........................................................................................................................ 35
6.6. Fired Heater Piping .............................................................................................................. 36
6.7. Relief Devices and Flare System Piping .............................................................................. 36
6.8. Vent and Drain Piping .......................................................................................................... 41
6.9. Injection Points and Sample Connection Piping .................................................................. 42
6.10. Utility Piping.......................................................................................................................... 43
6.11. Exchanger Piping ................................................................................................................. 43
6.12. Storage Tank Piping............................................................................................................. 43
6.13. Underground Piping ............................................................................................................. 43
6.14. Piping Containing Solids ...................................................................................................... 44
6.15. Drainage and Sewer Piping ................................................................................................. 45
6.16. Instrument Air System Piping............................................................................................... 45
6.17. High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping ............................................ 45
7. Pipe Supports .................................................................................................................................. 47
7.1. General................................................................................................................................. 47
7.2. Resting-Type Supports......................................................................................................... 48
7.3. Hanging-Type Supports ....................................................................................................... 49
7.4. Spring-Type Supports .......................................................................................................... 50
8. Line Blanks ...................................................................................................................................... 50
9. Valving.............................................................................................................................................. 52
9.1. General................................................................................................................................. 52
9.2. Valve Materials..................................................................................................................... 55
9.3. Valve Packing....................................................................................................................... 56
9.4. Valve Operators ................................................................................................................... 57
9.5. Gate Valves.......................................................................................................................... 59
9.6. Ball Valves............................................................................................................................ 60
9.7. Check Valves ....................................................................................................................... 61
9.8. Globe Valves ........................................................................................................................ 62
9.9. Plug Valves .......................................................................................................................... 62
9.10. Butterfly Valves .................................................................................................................... 62
9.11. Emergency Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves ................................................. 64
9.12. Special Application Valves ................................................................................................... 64
9.13. Wafer and Lug Type Valves................................................................................................. 65
10. Strainers ........................................................................................................................................... 65
10.1. General................................................................................................................................. 65
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10.2. Temporary Strainers............................................................................................................. 65

10.3. Permanent Strainers ............................................................................................................ 66
11. Pipe Joints ....................................................................................................................................... 66
11.1. Welded Joints....................................................................................................................... 66
11.2. Flanges and Flanged Joints ................................................................................................. 67
11.3. Threaded Joints.................................................................................................................... 69
11.4. Proprietary and Other Joints ................................................................................................ 69
12. Bolting and Gaskets........................................................................................................................ 70
12.1. Bolting................................................................................................................................... 70
12.2. Gaskets ................................................................................................................................ 73
13. Fittings, Nipples, Bends, Branch Connections, Miters and Closures, and Reducers ............. 75
13.1. Fittings .................................................................................................................................. 75
13.2. Nipples.................................................................................................................................. 76
13.3. Bends ................................................................................................................................... 76
13.4. Branch Connections ............................................................................................................. 77
13.5. Miters.................................................................................................................................... 78
13.6. Closures and Reducers........................................................................................................ 79
14. Pipe ................................................................................................................................................... 79
15. Materials and Marking..................................................................................................................... 81

15.1. Materials ............................................................................................................................... 81
15.2. Component Marking ............................................................................................................. 82
16. Piping Service Classifications ....................................................................................................... 82
17. Corrosion Allowances for Piping Systems................................................................................... 85
18. Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation ................................................................................................... 86
19. External Coatings............................................................................................................................ 88
Appendix A: Modifications to API RP 14E-5.......................................................................................... 89
Modifications to Section 1: General....................................................................................................... 89
Modifications to Section 2: Piping Design ............................................................................................ 89
Modifications to Section 5: Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems ......................... 90
Modifications to Section 6: Considerations of Related Items ............................................................. 91
Appendix B: Line Sizing Guidelines ...................................................................................................... 93
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B–1. Tower Drawoff Nozzles ................................................................................................................... 93
B–2. Pump Suction Lines (Except Cooling Water Pumps) .................................................................. 93
B–3. Pump Discharge Lines.................................................................................................................... 93

B–3.1. Allowable Pressure Drop ...................................................................................................... 93
B–3.2. Allowable Velocity (pumps)................................................................................................... 94
B–4. Reboiler Lines.................................................................................................................................. 94
B–5. Cooling Water Pump Suction Lines .............................................................................................. 95
B–6. Cooling Water Pump Discharge Lines .......................................................................................... 95
B–7. HC Vapor Lines................................................................................................................................ 95
B–8. Steam Condensate .......................................................................................................................... 96
B–9. Steam Lines ..................................................................................................................................... 97
B–10. Pressure Relief Valve Lines ......................................................................................................... 97
B–11. Miscellaneous Lines...................................................................................................................... 97
Appendix C: Pipe Support Spacing ....................................................................................................... 99
Appendix D: Grooved Piping Systems ................................................................................................ 102
D–1. Victaulic Systems .......................................................................................................................... 102

D–1.1. Service Restrictions............................................................................................................ 102
D–1.2. Specifications ..................................................................................................................... 102
D–1.3. Economics of Grooved Systems ........................................................................................ 103
D–1.4. Training............................................................................................................................... 103
Appendix E: Notes to Line Classification Sheets............................................................................... 104
Notes for Valves ...................................................................................................................................... 104
Notes for Piping Components and Special Materials ......................................................................... 108
Notes for Marine Line Classifications................................................................................................... 112
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Table of Tables
Table 1A: Criteria for Flexibility Analysis of Piping for Ferritic Materials.......................................... 29
Table 1B: Criteria for Flexibility Analysis of Piping for Austenitic Materials .................................... 30
Table 2: Onshore Equipment Clearances.............................................................................................. 32
Table 3: Pipe Reinforcing Pad or Saddle............................................................................................... 49
Table 4: Figure-Eight (Spectacle) Blind, Paddle Blank, and Paddle Spacer...................................... 51
Table 5: Guidelines for Piping System Configuration to Achieve Positive Isolation........................ 55
Table 6: Handwheel Forces for Manually Operated Valves ................................................................. 57
Table 7: Required Gear Operator Sizes ................................................................................................. 58
Table 8: Bolt Tensioning Method Selection .......................................................................................... 71
Table 9: Bolt Selection for Valves and Flanges (1)................................................................................. 72
Table 10: Inner Ring Requirements (graphite filled) ............................................................................ 74
Table 11: Size Range with Applicable Standards ................................................................................. 75
Table 12: Material Requirements............................................................................................................ 81
Table 13: Index of Line Classification Sheets ....................................................................................... 83
Table 14: Index of Marine Line Classification Sheets .......................................................................... 85
Table 15: Minimum Corrosion Allowances............................................................................................. 86
Table 16: Corrosion Allowance Coding for Piping Systems ............................................................... 86
Table 17: Minimum Retirement Thickness for Pipe.............................................................................. 87
Table 18: Sample Pipe Wall Thickness Calculations ........................................................................... 88
Table B–1: Not Used ................................................................................................................................ 93
Table B–2: Pump Suction Line Sizing Criteria ...................................................................................... 93
Table B–3: Allowable Velocity (pumps) ................................................................................................. 94
Table B–4: Reboiler Lines ....................................................................................................................... 94
Table B–5: Pump Suction Line Pressure Drop and Maximum Velocity ............................................. 95
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Table B–6: Pump Discharge Line Pressure Drop and Maximum Velocity ......................................... 95
Table B–7: Vapor Line Pressure and Pressure Drop ........................................................................... 95
Equation B–1: Maximum Allowable Velocity for Solids-Free Gas in Piping...................................... 96
Table B–8: Not Used ................................................................................................................................ 97
Table B–9: Steam Line Pressure and Pressure Drop........................................................................... 97
Table C–1: Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Pipe ...................................... 99
Table C–2: Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans for Stainless Steel Pipe ............................................. 100
Table E–1: Fitting Class Pipe Schedule Number ................................................................................ 109
Table E–2: Maximum Hardness and Identification Requirements for Ring Gaskets ...................... 110
Table E–3: Minimum Mechanical Properties ....................................................................................... 113
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1. Required References
This Section lists the Practices, codes, standards, specifications, and publications that shall be used with
this document. Unless otherwise specified herein, use the latest edition. In addition this Section includes
the definition of common terms used throughout this document.
1.1. Banyu Urip Project Specifications

IDBU-CW-FSPDS-000003 Upstream Fire Proofing Specification
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000002 Piping-Classifications Line Class A11A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000003 Piping-Classifications Line Class A6E
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000004 Piping-Classifications Line Class A1S
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000005 Piping-Classifications Line Class A6A(ALU)
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000006 Piping-Classifications Line Class A6J
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000007 Piping-Classifications Line Class A6J(JAC)
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000008 Piping-Classifications Line Class A3B
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000011 Piping-Classifications Line Class B11A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000012 Piping-Classifications Line Class B6E
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000013 Piping-Classifications Line Class B25A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000014 Piping-Classifications Line Class D11A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000015 Piping-Classifications Line Class D6E
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000016 Piping-Classifications Line Class D25A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000017 Piping-Classifications Line Class E6E
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000018 Piping-Classifications Line Class E11A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000019 Piping-Classifications Line Class F6E
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000020 Piping-Classifications Line Class F11A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000021 Piping-Classifications Line Class F25A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000022 Piping-Classifications Line Class G1S
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000023 Piping-Classifications Line Class G11A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000024 Piping-Classifications Line Class G25A
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000025 Piping-Classifications Line Class A45B
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000028 Piping-Classifications Line Class F1S
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000030 Upstream Process Piping Welding and Inspection
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000031 Piping Support Elements
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000033 Fiberglass Pipe System for Low Pressure
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IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000034 Fiberglass Pipe System for High Pressure

IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035 Shop and Field Fabrication and Handling – Process and Utility Piping
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000037 Thermal Insulation – Hot Service
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000038 Piping Flexibility
IDBU-CW-RBPDB-000001 Material Design Basis Memorandum
IDBU-ED-BSPDS-000002 Equipment Location and Tag Numbering Specification
IDBU-ED-CSPDS-000089 Plant Drainage & Sewer Systems
IDBU-ED-CSPDS-000090 Design of Building Plumbing System
IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 Relief, Flare & Vent Specification
IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000014 Human Factors Specification
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050 Piping for Pressure Relieving Systems - Flare and Vent Specification
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000056 Specification for Instrumentation Piping
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000060 Expansion Joints
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061 General Requirements for Valves
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000063 Piping Erection, Leak Testing, Flushing and Cleaning
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000070 Piping-Classifications Line Class A18A
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000076 Piping-Classifications Line Class A19A
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000077 Piping-Classifications Line Class B19A
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000071 Piping-Classifications Line Class B18A
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000072 Piping-Classifications Line Class D18A
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000078 Piping-Classifications Line Class D19A
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000080 Piping-Classifications Line Class E8C
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000081 Piping-Classifications Line Class E8E
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000082 Piping-Classifications Line Class F25C
IDBU-ED-MSPDS-000051 Facility Noise Design Criteria
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000015 Materials and Corrosion for Sour Service
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000016 Upstream Positive Materials Identification
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000017 Painting General Requirements - Onshore
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000020 Upstream Duplex Stainless Steel Requirements
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000021 Qualification of Manufacturers of Corrosion Resistant Material
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000023 Elastomer and Thermoplastic Selection Guidelines for Oil and Gas
Production
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000027 Fluoropolymer Coatings for Fasteners
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000038 Upstream Induction Bending of Pipe
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000107 Material Selection for Offshore Topside Facilities and Marine Systems
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000111 Painting General Requirements - Offshore
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000051 Suction and discharge piping for centrifugal Pumps
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IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000058 Utility Connections to Piping and Equipment

IDBU-ED-MSPDS-000001 Project specification for Pressure Vessels
IDBU-ED-MSPDS-000034 Manual sampling system
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000039 Fasteners for Pressure retaining service
IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000013 CPF- Cathodic protection – Onshore pipelines, Flowlines, well casing
and tanks
1.2. API–American Petroleum Institute

API RP 11PGT Recommended Practice for Packaged Combustion Gas Turbines
API RP 14C Recommended Practice for Analysis, Design, Installation, and Testing of
Basic Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms
API RP 14E-5 Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore Production
Platform Piping Systems - Fifth Edition
API RP 520 PT I Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in
Refineries; Part I - Sizing and Selection
API RP 520 PT II Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries
Part II - Installation
API SPEC 5L Specification for Line Pipe
API SPEC 5LD Specification for CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe
API SPEC 6A Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment
API SPEC 6D Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Pipeline Transportation Systems-
Pipeline Valves (ISO 14313)
API SPEC 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves
API STD 521 Pressure-relieving and Depressuring Systems
API STD 594 Check Valves: Wafer, Wafer-Lug, and Double Flanged Type
API STD 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
API STD 599 Metal Plug Valves - Flanged and Welding Ends
API STD 600 Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
(same as ISO 10434)
API STD 602 Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and Smaller for the
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API STD 607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
API STD 608 Metal Ball Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
API STD 609 Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type
API STD 616 Gas Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services
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1.3. ASME–American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)
ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 Metric/Inch
Standard
ASME B16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
ASME B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound, and Jacketed
ASME B16.21 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.24 Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 150, 300, 400,
600, 900, 1500, and 2500
ASME B16.25 Buttwelding Ends
ASME B16.34 Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
ASME B16.36 Orifice Flanges
ASME B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 Through NPS 60 Metric/Inch Standard
ASME B16.48 Line Blanks
ASME B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws (Inch Series)
ASME B18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts (Inch Series)
ASME B31.1 Power Piping
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe
ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)
ASME SEC VIII D1 BPVC Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division 1
ASME PTC 19.3 Part 3: Temperature Measurement Instruments and Apparatus
ASME SEC VIII D2 BPVC Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division 2
Alternative Rules
1.4. ASTM–American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM A 36/A 36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A 53/A 53M Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated,
Welded and Seamless
ASTM A 105/A 105M Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
ASTM A 106/A 106M Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-
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Temperature Service
ASTM A 182/A 182M Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A 193/A 193M Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials
for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose
Applications
ASTM A 194/A 194M Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High
Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
ASTM A 216/A 216M Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion
Welding, for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A 234/A 234M Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy
Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A 269 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubing for General Service
ASTM A 312/A 312M Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked
Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
ASTM A 320/A 320M Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials
for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A 333/A 333M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-
Temperature Service
ASTM A 350/A 350M Standard Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring
Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components
ASTM A 351/A 351M Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts
ASTM A 352/A 352M Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A 358/A 358M Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-
Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General
Applications
ASTM A 403/A 403M Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
ASTM A 420/A 420M Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy
Steel for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A 516/A 516M Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for
Moderate- and Lower-Temperature Service
ASTM A 519 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical
Tubing
ASTM A 530/A 530M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and
Alloy Steel Pipe
ASTM A 671 Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric
and Lower Temperatures
ASTM A 707/A 707M Standard Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-
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Temperature Service
ASTM A790/A790M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipe
ASTM A815/A815M Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and
Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
ASTM A 1011/A 1011M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon,
Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved
Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
ASTM B 98/B 98M Standard Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Rod, Bar and Shapes
ASTM B 148 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Bronze Sand Castings
ASTM B 151/B 151M Standard Specification for Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silver) and
Copper-Nickel Rod and Bar
ASTM B 171/B 171M Standard Specification for Copper-Alloy Plate and Sheet for Pressure
Vessels, Condensers, and Heat Exchangers
ASTM B 366 Standard Specification for Factory-Made Wrought Nickel and Nickel Alloy
Fittings
ASTM B 369 Standard Specification for Copper-Nickel Alloy Castings
ASTM B 425 Standard Specification for Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu Alloy (UNS N08825 and UNS
N08221) Rod and Bar
ASTM B 444 Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloys
(UNS N06625 and UNS N06852) and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum- Silicon
Alloy (UNS N06219) Pipe and Tube
ASTM B 462 Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled UNS N06030, UNS N06022,
UNS N06200, UNS N08020, UNS N08024, UNS N08026, UNS N08367,
UNS N10276, UNS N10665, UNS N10675 and UNS R20033 Alloy Pipe
Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for Corrosive High-
Temperature Service
ASTM B 466/B 466M Standard Specification for Seamless Copper-Nickel Pipe and Tube
ASTM B 467 Standard Specification for Welded Copper-Nickel Pipe
ASTM B 473 Standard Specification for UNS N08020, UNS N08024, and UNS N08026
Nickel Alloy Bar and Wire
ASTM B 564 Standard Specification for Nickel Alloy Forgings
ASTM B 584 Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General
Applications
ASTM B 705 Standard Specification for Nickel-Alloy (UNS N06625, N06219 and N08825)
Welded Pipe
ASTM D 2996 Standard Specification for Filament-Wound Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-
Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
ASTM D 4024 Standard Specification for Machine Made Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Thermosetting Resin) Flanges
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ASTM F 436 Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers

ASTM F 467 Standard Specification for Nonferrous Nuts for General Use
ASTM F 468 Standard Specification for Nonferrous Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and Studs for
General Use
1.5. AWWA–American Water Works Association

AWWA C300 Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type
AWWA C301 Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type
AWWA C302 Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Noncylinder Type
AWWA C303 Concrete Pressure Pipe, Bar-Wrapped, Steel-Cylinder Type
AWWA C504 Rubber-Seated Butterfly Valves
1.6. BSI–British Standards Institution

BSI BS 3381 Spiral Wound Gaskets for Steel Flanges to BS 1560
BSI BS 6364 Valves for Cryogenic Service
BSI BS EN ISO 10497 Testing of Valves Fire Type-Testing Requirements
BSI BS EN ISO 15761 Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and Smaller, for the
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
1.7. CFR–Code of Federal Regulation

29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards
1.8. EJMA–Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association, Inc.

EJMA 2 Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association, Inc.
1.9. ISO–International Organization for Standardization

ISO 10434 Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
(same as API STD 600)
ISO 13703 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Design and Installation of Piping
Systems on Offshore Production Platforms
ISO 14313 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Pipeline Transportation Systems -
Pipeline Valves (Same as API SPEC 6D)
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1.10. MSS–Manufacturers Standardization Society

MSS SP Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Unions
MSS SP Wrought Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Including Reference to Other
Corrosion Resistant Materials
MSS SP Steel Pipeline Flanges
MSS SP Bronze Gate, Globe, Angle and Check Valves
MSS SP Swage(d) Nipples and Bull Plugs
MSS SP Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings - Socket Welding,
Threaded and Buttwelding Ends
1.11. NACE–National Association of Corrosion Engineers

NACE MR0175/ISO Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Materials for Use in H2S-Containing
15156 Environments in Oil and Gas Production
1.12. NFPA–National Fire Protection Association

NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their
Appurtenances
1.13. NEMA–National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NEMA LI 1 Industrial Laminating Thermosetting Products
1.14. Other References

USCG United States Coast Guard applicable specifications.
ABS American Bureau of Shipping appropriate standards and regulations.
DNV Det Norske Veritas appropriate standards and specifications.
Victaulic 26.01 Grooved Piping System - Design Data
(http://www.victaulic.com/content/downloadvictaulicliterature.htm)
Victaulic 28.01 Typical Specifications - Grooved Piping Method
(http://www.victaulic.com/content/downloadvictaulicliterature.htm)
Victaulic I-100 Field Installation hand book. (http://www.victaulic.com/Docs/lit/I-100.pdf)
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1.15. WRC – Welding Research Council

WRC BUL 107 Local stress in Spherical Cylindrical shells due to external loading
WRC BUL 297 Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells due to External Loading on Nozzles-
Supplement to WRC Bulletin No. 107
2. Definitions
2.1. Terms
Term Description
AIV Acoustic Induced Vibration – Unique to gas and multiphase fluid flow. Is
usually caused by a rapid pressure decrease (i.e., blowdown valve, relief
valve discharge, etc.) exciting acoustic resonance in downstream piping. AIV
is characterized by frequencies > 300 Hz and can occur even though the gas
velocity is below 0.5 Mach. Although the amplitude is usually low, the high
frequency can lead to a rapid fatigue failure. See also FIV.
DBB Double Block and Bleed – A term used generically in the industry to
represent "double block and bleed." This term is often used to mean DIB
(see definition below). As defined by API SPEC 6D: "single valve with two
seating surfaces that, in the closed position, provides a seal against pressure
from both ends of the valve with a means of venting/ bleeding the cavity
between the seating surfaces. This valve does not provide positive double
isolation when only one side is under pressure."
DIB Double Isolation and Bleed – A term adopted from the API SPEC 6D/ISO
14313: "single valve with two seating surfaces, each of which, in the closed
position, provides a seal against pressure from a single source, with a means
of venting/bleeding the cavity between the seating surfaces. This feature can
be provided in one direction or in both directions." This term is sometimes
confused with DBB (see definition above). Within this document, this refers
to a Type C valve as defined in Table 5 of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
DPI Double positive Isolation – As used in this document, this is a term used
generically to represent valve Types C or D valve configurations as defined in
Table 5 of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
FIV Flow Induced Vibration – Vibration in piping generated by turbulence in the flow
which excites the mechanical resonance of the pipe. High levels of vibration
can result when the Mach number exceeds 0.5 in gas systems. FIV is
characterized by its low frequency (< 300 Hz). See also AIV.
Flammable Liquid As defined in NFPA 30A Chapter 1, Section 1.7, "Definition and Classification
of Liquids." The intent of the term "flammable," as used in this document, is
to identify any fluid that, when mixed with air in the proper proportions, can be
ignited.
OEL See description in "toxic."
Sour As used in the Piping Global Practices, "sour" service is defined as any fluid
that meets the criteria for NACE as defined in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156.
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Term Description
TLV See description in "toxic."

Toxic [*] Chemicals that cause damage to humans and for which an exposure limit,
Threshold Limit Values (TLV), or Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) has been
established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the
ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. (EMBSI), or other relevant regulatory
agency. ACGIH TLVs are available at: http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-
bin/hazmap_cgi?level=0&tree=Agent. EMBSI OELs are available at the
following Company intranet site:
http://emre.na.xom.com/OEL/OEL/currentoel.htm. Alternatively, the TLV or OEL
may be specified by the Company.
Company Mobil Cepu Limited
Purchaser The Organization that issues the purchase order and specifications to the
Vendor. The Purchaser is Company's appointed agent or Contractor
Vendor The Manufacturer of the equipment or the Manufacturer's agent
Emergency Block Valve Valve used for emergency isolation but requires manual intervention to
(EBV) actuate the valve (i.e., no automatic sensing and actuation). EBV may be
operated by a powered or non-powered actuator.
Emergency Shutdown Valve is actuated by an automated system. This type of valve is always fitted
Valve (ESDV) with a powered actuator and requires no manual intervention for actuation.
Positive Isolation Isolation with the level of integrity required to permit safe access inside the
pressure boundary for maintenance or operational reasons. The level of
integrity required typically varies with the composition and
pressure/temperature of the contained fluid, and the length of time that the
pressure boundary will open, etc. See Table 5 of this Project Specification
for details.
2.2. Abbreviations
Common abbreviations used in piping documents and in the Line Classification Sheets are listed below.
Abbrev. Description
BB bolted bonnet
BC bolted cover
BE bevel end (used to describe pipe ready for buttwelding)
BRT buttweld reducing tee
Brz bronze
BW buttweld end
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Abbrev. Description
BWT buttweld tee
C and W coated and wrapped
C.A. corrosion allowance
CL. class
Cr chromium
CRA corrosion-resistant alloy
CS carbon steel
CSCC chloride stress corrosion cracking
Cu copper
CWP cold working pressure
DI ductile iron
Ditto means "same as noted above"
DSAW Double submerged arc welded
D/S Downstream
EFW electric fusion welded
ENP electroless nickel plating
ERW electric resistance welded
FCS forged carbon steel
FEED Front End Engineering Design
FF flat face
Flg flange
FNPT female national pipe thread
FPT female pipe thread
FRT reducing tee (flange x flange)
FS forged steel
FT tee (flange x flange)
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Abbrev. Description
Galv galvanized
Gr. grade
H horizontal
HAZ heat-affected zone
HF hard faced
HRC Rockwell hardness on "C" scale
IBBM iron body brass mounted
ID inside diameter
ISRS inside screw rising stem
ITCS impact tested carbon steel
JT joint
LJF lap joint flange
LPG liquefied petroleum gas
LT low temperature
LTCS low temperature carbon steel
MDMT minimum design metal temperature
MI malleable iron
MMS Minerals Management Service
MNPT male national pipe thread
Mo molybdenum
MPT male pipe thread
MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society
N As suffix to A105 indicates that material has been "normalized"
Ni nickel
Nominal Pipe Size (given in inches as the standard industry reference;
NPS
for metric equivalent [mm], multiply by 25.4).
NPT National Pipe Thread
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Abbrev. Description
NRS nonrising stem
OD outside diameter
OE one end
OS&Y outside screw and yoke
PE plain end–refers to end of pipe–to be used for socket welding
PMI positive material identification
PRV pressure relief valve
PSB pressure seal bonnet
P-T pressure-temperature
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®)–(see also TFE). PTFE use is preferred.
PWHT postweld heat treatment
RB reinforced branch
RF raised face
RPTFE Reinforced Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
RT radiographic testing
RTF reducing tee (flange x bell)
RTJ ring-type joint
RX reducing tee with reducer (bell x bell)
RXF reducing tee with reducer (flange x bell)
RZF reducing tee with 2 reducers (flange x bell)
S saddle with socket outlet

The suffix "S" in the Schedule Number is used to differentiate ASME
S (pipe schedule suffix)
B36.19M pipe from ASME B36.10M pipe.
In parenthesis as part of a line identification number, denotes a socket
(S)
welded type joint
SAW submerged arc welded
SB saddle with Class 3000 forged fitting, Cu-Ni, threaded (NPT) bushing
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Abbrev. Description
Sch schedule
SCRD screwed
SE screwed ends
SMLS seamless
SO slip-on
SOL socket weld O-let fitting
SRT socket weld reducing tee
SS stainless steel
STD standard
Stl steel
SW socket weld
SWT socket weld tee
T tee
In parenthesis as part of a line identification number, denotes a threaded
(T)
type joint
T&C threaded and coupled
Temp temperature
TFE tetrafluoroethylene (see also PTFE)
Thk thickness
TP type
U/G underground
UB union bonnet
URB unreinforced branch
USCG United States Coast Guard
U/S Upstream
V vertical
VA valve
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Abbrev. Description
WB welded bonnet
WC welded cover
WE welding end
WOL buttweld O-let fitting
WN welding neck
XH extra heavy (pipe)
XS extra strong (fittings)
XXH double extra heavy (pipe)
XXS double extra strong (fittings)
3. Design Standards
1. Piping design shall be in accordance with requirements of this Specification and ASME B31.3, except
where superseded by more stringent local codes or regulations. In case of conflict, Company shall be
contacted for resolution.
2. This Specification modifies and supplements the requirements of ASME B31.3. Note that in cases
where API RP 14E-5 (offshore) is applicable, there are additional wall thickness requirements. See
Note 35 in Appendix E of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
3. Boiler external piping between the boiler and the first block valve shall be in accordance with ASME
B31.1. All piping outside of the first block valve (for example, non-boiler external piping) shall be in
accordance with this Specification and ASME B31.3.
4. Piping fabrication, erection, and testing shall be in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035.
5. All piping materials shall satisfy the requirements specified in each applicable ASTM standard and
any additional requirements specified in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION. Piping components shall
conform to the design and dimensional standards referenced in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION, as
well as any additional requirements listed.
6. Materials for sour service shall also comply with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000015. Sour service is defined in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156. Clean service involves "sweet fluid,"
containing no suspended solids (including post-construction debris).
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4. Piping Design
4.1. Design Basis
1. The design pressure of each component in a piping system shall not be less than the following:
a) When the pressure is not limited by a relieving device, the design pressure shall not be less than
the maximum pressure that can be attained in service. Allowances for occasional pressure
variations as permitted by Section 302.2.4, "Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations,"
of ASME B31.3 are not permitted except on a case-by-case basis with Company approval.
Overpressure associated with the operation of a relief device (i.e., 10 percent overpressure) as
permitted by Section 322.6.3, "Pressure Relieving Devices," of ASME B31.3 is acceptable.
b) When the pressure is limited by a relieving device, the design pressure shall not be less than the
set pressure of the pressure-relieving device.
c) The installation pressure relief devices (pressure relief valve (PRV), process safety element
(PSE), buckling pin etc.) is the preferred option for overpressure protection of pipe systems.
However, in instances where release of fluids through a pressure relief device is impractical or
objectionable (i.e., toxic, no flare, air emission restrictions, etc.), with COMPANY approval, the
provisions of ASME SEC VIII DIV.1, UG-140 “ Over pressure Protection by System Design”
(pertaining to instrument system in lieu of PRV) may be implemented for piping system
overpressure protection.
2. The design pressure of a piping system (including all valves, joints, and associated instrumentation
equipment) shall include a normal operating window with a sufficient gap between the normal
operating pressure and the first device set point (pressure alarm, shutdown, and/or relief device).
The following device set point margins are suggested for consideration in establishing the design
pressure of the piping system. Any deviations to these requirements, as well as any design pressure
that causes a need to switch to a higher pressure class or that causes substantial economic impact,
shall be reviewed by a Company. The criteria below reflect a stable operating system. Allowances
may be required for systems that are known to experience large pressure swings (e.g., slug flow).
a) Relief device set point at 100 percent of the system design pressure (ASME B31.3 equivalent of
maximum allowable working pressure in ASME SEC VIII D1).
b) High pressure shutdown (if present) at 90 percent of system design pressure.
c) High pressure alarm (if present) at 85 percent of system design pressure.
d) Normal operating pressure no greater than 75 percent of system design pressure.
e) Low pressure alarm and/or low pressure shutdown (as applicable) or lower operating limit at
approximately 40 percent of system design pressure.
f) If any of the above margins are modified or devices eliminated, then the lower set points shall
likewise be modified based on operating margin criteria described above.
3. The design pressure of lines containing liquefied gases (propane, butane, ammonia, and similar
products) shall have a design pressure no lower than the pressure rating of the flanges in the system.
4. Piping downstream of equipment, such as heat exchangers and control valves, shall be designed for
the same pressure requirements as that of the inlet piping to such devices. This includes piping up to
and including the last block valve downstream of the equipment unless an overpressure protection
device is present.
5. Piping pressure designs shall accommodate the scenario where backflow occurs through a check
valve when an upstream block valve is closed. Furthermore, check valves shall not be used to define
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a change in piping pressure class. See additional information in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050,
6. Thermal relief valves shall also be considered anywhere else that overpressure situations can
develop [for example, between emergency shut down (ESD) valves in natural gas liquids (NGL)
service, or in the cavity of any double-sealing valve capable of trapping liquid]. See "Relief Devices
and Flare System Piping" in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for additional information.
7. When designing for external pressure (for example, subsea or jacketed piping), the maximum
differential (∆) (external to internal) pressure on the pipe shall be taken into consideration.
8. A maximum and minimum design temperature for each component in a piping system shall be
established. These temperatures shall be based on the maximum and the minimum temperatures to
which the piping shall be subjected to, including start-up, ambient effects, depressurizing for
maintenance, and other non-normal operations. The design temperature of the system shall be as
follows:
a) The maximum operating temperature plus 28°C (50°F) as a safety factor to address solar
radiation and other ambient effects
b) The minimum predicted operating temperature, minus 14°C (25°F) as a safety factor to cover
potential effects of auto refrigeration, but no warmer than –29°C (–20°F)
9. The design criteria shall consider future operating conditions, such as the following:
a) An increase in production temperatures as a result of future applications of heat
b) Changes in wellhead pressures and temperatures due to changing reservoir conditions,
production rates, or artificial lift
10. The use of nonmetallic piping materials, except as permitted by PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-LSPDS-000033& 000034, and PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDB-000001, shall be
subject to Company approval.
4.2. Sizing Criteria

1. Pipe sizes of NPS 3/8, 11/4, 21/2, 31/2, 41/2, 5, 7, and 9 shall not be used unless required for mating to
equipment. The Equipment Supplier is required to provide mating flanges and any associated
hardware for nonstandard flanges in the event that a connection to offskid equipment must connect to
a nonstandard flange.
2. Pipe sizes shall be used as follows:
a) Process lines in pipe racks shall be NPS 11/2 and larger, unless it is critical to maintain flow
velocity above some minimum value.
b) Utility lines installed on main pipe racks shall be a minimum of NPS 2 to provide for future
takeoffs and to reduce the need for intermediate supports.
c) Vent, drain, instrument, heat tracing supply, and equipment auxiliary piping shall be NPS 3/4
minimum, except orifice taps, which may be NPS 1/2.
d) The minimum size of buried lines shall be NPS 1 for steel, NPS 4 for ductile/cast iron, and NPS 2
for nonmetallic materials.
e) Minimum bore (ID) of piping shall be 6.35 mm (0.250 in.).
3. In general, sizing criteria shall follow the guidelines in API RP 14E-5 as supplemented by Appendix A
of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION. Reciprocating and centrifugal compressor piping shall be sized
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to minimize pulsation, vibration, and noise. The selection of allowable velocity and pressure drop
requires an engineering study for each specific application.
4. Guidelines on sizing of lines are also included in Appendix B of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
Note that more complex methods (process simulators, dynamic flow programs, computational fluid
dynamics, etc.) should be utilized to evaluate the hydraulics and dynamics of a piping system.
5. Flowlines, production manifolds, process headers, and other lines transporting gas and liquid in two-
phase flow shall be sized primarily on the basis of flow velocity. The erosional velocity guidelines in
API RP 14E-5 shall be followed for these types of lines in both onshore and offshore applications.
4.3. Pressure Design

1. The thickness of pipe and other components not having specific pressure ratings shall be determined
using the piping design conditions and the formulas in ASME B31.3 and the requirements of API RP
14E-5 if applicable. The minimum required pipe wall thickness shall be the greater of the items
below:
a) Pressure containment (per ASME B31.3, including corrosion allowance and thread depth
allowances) shall meet the criteria defined in Section 18 "Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation" of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION, including the requirements to address mechanical strength (either
between pipe supports, to support external loads, thermal expansion and contraction, dynamic
loads, etc.) after corrosion allowance depletion.
b) Piping 3 in. or smaller, but larger than 3/4 in., nominal diameter shall be minimum Schedule 80 for
all offshore applications or any application where compliance with API RP 14E is required.
c) Piping 3/4 in. nominal diameter in process services shall be a minimum of Schedule 160. Piping
1
/2 in. nominal diameter shall not be used for process applications. Note: instrument connections
such as orifice taps may be NPS 1/2.
d) Consideration shall be given to wall thickness requirements and ASME Class rating of flanges, for
pipe systems subjected to external blast overpressure scenarios.
2. Manufacturer's mill tolerance, as well as mechanical allowances for thread or groove depth, shall be
included in determining the appropriate minimum required wall thickness of the pipe for pressure
containment.
3. Allowances for corrosion or erosion shall be determined by the intended service and shall be added
to all surfaces exposed to the flowing medium. Unless stated otherwise in the project specifications,
the minimum values for corrosion allowance shall be as given in Section 17 "Corrosion Allowances for
Piping Systems" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
4.4. Code Compliance Analysis

The following shall be considered when analyzing stresses and external loads on the piping system:
1. Weight of pipe, components, and fluid (including test fluid)
2. External loads such as wind, seismic, snow, or ice
3. Loads due to slug flow or pressure surges
4. Thermal expansion, contraction, or settlement of end connections at equipment, etc.
5. Loads on connected equipment, support points, anchors, and guides
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4.4.1. Stress Calculation

Piping expansion stresses and end reactions shall be calculated using the conditions that result in the
largest differential temperature, when comparing average ambient temperature (or installation
temperature) to the following:
1. Design temperature (as defined in Section 4.1 "Design Basis" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION),
including any short-term condition, such as regeneration. For rotating equipment piping reaction load
considerations, see Section 4.4.4 "Analysis of Piping Connected to Rotating Equipment" of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
2. Possible upset temperatures (both maximum and minimum).
3. Steamout temperature (for expansion stresses only, not end reactions), if applicable. Use 150°C
(300°F), unless stated otherwise in the project specifications.
4. Heat tracing [for steam-traced lines, assume a temperature 28°C (50°F) less than the steam
temperature].
4.4.2. Use of Bellows-Type Expansion Joints

1. The use of bellows-type expansion joints shall be avoided. Special Company approval is required for
their use in any fluid service. Approval for their use shall be granted only after careful consideration
of other alternatives (expansion loops, offsets, etc.). If used, close attention shall be given to their
specification, design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance. See additional requirements in
PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000060.
2. When approved, bellows-type expansion joints shall be equipped with adequate tie-rods or restraints
and designed to meet the requirements from Appendix X of ASME B31.3 and from EJMA 2. They
shall have a minimum design life of 1000 cycles. Bellows expansion joints for turbine exhausts shall
comply with API STD 616.
4.4.3. Analysis of Piping Not Connected to Rotating Equipment

1. Piping systems not connected to rotating equipment shall be analyzed in accordance with Table 1A
(ferritic) or Table 1B (austenitic), below, as applicable.
2. Piping loads on fixed equipment (vessels, tanks, heaters, exchangers, etc.) shall be calculated using
the combined thermal, pressure, and weight loads (including applicable wind and seismic) at piping
design conditions. Loads shall be within acceptable limits for the applicable equipment.
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Table 1A: Criteria for Flexibility Analysis of Piping for Ferritic

Materials
Pipe Size DESIGN TEMPERATURE (°C)
NPS -46 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 >400
1 I I I I I I I I I I I I M M M
2 I I I I I I I I I I I M M M M
3 I I I I I I I I I M M M M C C
4 I I I I I I I I M M M M C C C
6 M I I I I I M M M M M C C C C
8 M I I I I I M M M M M C C C C
10 M M I I I M M M M C C C C C C
12 M M M I M M M M C C C C C C C
14 M M M I M M M M C C C C C C C
16 M M M I M M M C C C C C C C C
18 M M M I M M M C C C C C C C C
20 M M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
22 M M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
24 C M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
≥26 C C M I M C C C C C C C C C C
Legend to Table 1A:
I Neither manual nor computer is generally required. A visual review of the piping drawing or sketch shall be
made to ensure that the piping system has flexibility.
M A simplified or approximate analysis method may be used (see Section 319.4, "Flexibility Analysis," of
ASME B31.3).
C A computer analysis is generally required.
Notes to Table 1A:
(1) Systems that duplicate or replace piping systems with a successful service record need not be analyzed.
(2) Pump, compressor, turbine, and air cooler piping is not included in the above table.
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Table 1B: Criteria for Flexibility Analysis of Piping for Austenitic

Materials
Pipe DESIGN TEMPERATURE (°C)
Size
- - - - -
NPS 200 175 150 125 100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 ≥400
1 M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M M M
2 M M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M M M M
3 M M M M I I I I I I I I I I I M M M M M M
4 C M M M M I I I I I I I I I M M M M C C C
6 C C C C C M M I I I I I M M M M C C C C C
8 C C C C C M M I I I I I M M C C C C C C C
10 C C C C C C M M I I I M M C C C C C C C C
12 C C C C C C M M M I M M M C C C C C C C C
14 C C C C C C C M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
20 C C C C C C C C M I M C C C C C C C C C C
22 C C C C C C C C M I M C C C C C C C C C C
≥24 C C C C C C C C M I M C C C C C C C C C C
Legend to Table 1B:
I Neither manual nor computer is generally required. A visual review of the piping drawing or sketch shall be
made to ensure that the piping system has flexibility.
M A simplified or approximate analysis method may be used (see Section 319.4, "Flexibility Analysis," of
ASME B31.3).
C A computer analysis is generally required.
Notes to Table 1B:
(1) Systems that duplicate or replace piping systems with a successful service record need not be analyzed.
(2) Pump, compressor, turbine, and air cooler piping is not included in the above table.
4.4.4. Analysis of Piping Connected to Rotating Equipment

1. A computerized analysis of stresses and reactions is required for all piping NPS 2 and larger
connected to rotating equipment.
2. When pumps, compressors, or turbines are connected with common headers, all likely variation in
piping temperature that results from combinations of operating and non-operating equipment shall be
considered (e.g., spared equipment and compressor recycle).
3. Piping loads exerted on rotating equipment, such as pumps, compressors, and turbines, shall not exceed
the Manufacturer's recommendations. As a minimum, the thermal, pressure, and weight loads at
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operating conditions shall be combined to calculate the nozzle loads on rotating equipment and air
coolers.
4. The use of cold spring for piping systems that connect to rotating equipment is prohibited.
4.4.5. Additional Analysis

1. In addition to static stress analysis, piping systems shall be reviewed for the possibility of flow-
induced vibration, pressure pulse-induced vibration, hydraulic surge (water hammer), and slug flow.
This requirement applies, but is not limited to, compressor piping, reciprocating pumps, high-velocity
gas lines (including relief valve discharge lines), loading lines, sea water lines, liquid lines with quick
closing valves, etc.
2. The integrity of flanged joints shall be verified (by computerized or similar stress analysis) whenever
the bending stresses (due to either sustained or displacement loading) exceed 50 percent of the
allowable stress value. The method used shall be approved by the Company.
3. Piping on packaged units associated with fixed or rotating equipment packages shall be considered in
any piping stress analysis of connecting piping.
4. Branch connections with external bracing shall be analyzed for associated stresses in any system
that is to be operated at differential temperature > 10°C (50°F) between the original fabrication
temperature (i.e., ambient) and the operating temperature of the pipe temperature, by the piping
stress Engineer. See details regarding bracing in IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035 Section titled "Bracing
of Pipe Connections Less Than NPS 2 (50 mm)."
5. For bracing to be welded directly to the branch and/or header pipe wall, an analysis shall be made of
the pipe to ensure that there are no local overstresses from forces applied by the bracing of the pipe
wall.
5. Piping Layout and Arrangement

5.1. General
1. Piping shall be designed with sufficient random lengths and field welds, especially at rotating
equipment, to permit the efficient installation of spool pieces and completion of tie-ins without strain to
equipment or piping.
2. Unless stipulated otherwise in the project specifications, 20 percent of the available width of all new
pipe racks (pipeways) in onshore processing units shall be unused. This space is intended for future
addition of lines and may not be occupied during the initial pipeway installation.
3. Lines shall be routed in groups or banks when feasible, as is consistent with pressure loss, safety,
and maintenance considerations. Unit areas shall not be cluttered with scattered pipe support
columns because of randomly placed overhead lines.
4. Piping layout shall avoid pockets in lines carrying corrosive fluids, such as caustic or acid, or where
corrosive condensate or solids may accumulate.
5. Both insulated and uninsulated lines passing through concrete (such as walls, decks, and paving)
shall be installed in sleeves. Both the pipe and sleeve shall be coated for corrosion protection. Each
end of the sleeve shall be sealed by material with the appropriate fire rating.
6. Process lines and utility lines critical to safe operation or shutdown of a process unit shall not pass
through another unit that will be shut down independently. Such lines shall be located at least 4.5 m
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(15 ft) from other process areas, with the exception that a 6 m (20 ft) spacing from light end units or
fired heaters is required.
5.2. Maintenance and Operability

1. Piping shall be arranged to allow removal of equipment without removing or providing temporary
support of equipment block valves. Consideration shall be given to the installation of break out spool
sections of piping to facilitate line cleaning, especially during system static commissioning (formerly
known as pre-commissioning) efforts. Disassembly instructions shall be provided where equipment
removal or maintenance is required.
2. Valves, instruments, and other piping components that shall be observed, adjusted, or serviced during
operation shall be located at grade or on an operating platform or deck. If the handwheel handles of
manual valves NPS 3 and larger are more than 1.8 m (6 ft) above a platform grade level, then the
valves shall be provided with an approved means of operation, possibly using gear operators, chain
operators, or extension handles. NPS 2 and smaller valves may be accessed from a fixed ladder.
Relief valves and valves with actuators shall be accessible from permanent platforms or grade.
3. Access to and workspace around pipework, valves, and instrumentation shall be provided in
accordance with the following sections of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000014:
a) Appendix E "Access to Equipment and Movement around Facility"
b) Section F–3 "Local Instruments"
c) Section F–4 "Pipework and Valves"
5.3. Clearances
1) Suitable clearance, both vertically and horizontally, shall be provided for the operation and
maintenance of equipment, including control valves. For minimum clearances for onshore
equipment, see Table 2.
2) The minimum clearance between the bottom of a drain valve and grade or platform shall be 150 mm
(6 in.).
Table 2: Onshore Equipment Clearances

Minimum Clearances (1)
Item
m ft
Headroom–main roads used by large trucks, cranes, etc. 6.4 21
Headroom–Under Pipe rack/Pipeway for vehicular equipment 3.65 12
Headroom–secondary roads used only by cars and pickups 3.0 10
Horizontal clearance from edge of all roads to nearest obstruction 1.5 5.0
Headroom–railroads (from top of rail, subject to local regulations) 6.5 21.5
Horizontal clearance from track centerline to nearest obstruction 2.6 8.5
Headroom–craneways (for cranes on wheels) in process areas 5.3 17.5
Headroom–accessways (for forklifts, etc.) for pump maintenance 3.0 10.0
Horizontal clearance for accessways for pump maintenance 3.0 10.0
Headroom–aisle overhead clearance for personnel 2.3 7.5
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Minimum Clearances (1)

Item
m ft
(2)
Horizontal–aisle width for personnel 1.0 3.0
Clearance above grade to top of skid bases and slabs 150 mm 6 in.
Clearance between bottom pipe in sleepers and finished grade 0.4 1.3
Clearance between outside diameter of flange and the outside 25 mm 1 in.
diameter of pipe insulation (considering thermal movements)
Clearance between outside diameter of flange, pipe, or insulation 25 mm 1 in.
and structural member (considering thermal movements)
Notes to Table 2:
(1) Clearance is defined as the clear space between extreme projections. Company
maintenance or operations personnel may modify the minimum clearances, depending on
equipment that shall be used at the specific plant site. In all instances, compliance with 29
CFR 1910 is the minimum requirement.
(2) For infrequently used aisles for personnel, aisle width may be 0.75 m (2.5 ft).
6. Design Considerations for Specific Piping Systems

6.1. General
This Section covers some requirements for specific equipment piping systems. These requirements are
in addition to piping requirements listed elsewhere in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION. Reference
information for connection types is contained in Section 11 "Pipe Joints" of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION.
6.2. Compressor Piping

1) The following special precautions shall be taken in the design and fabrication of the piping at and near
compressors to reduce fatigue failures as well as fit-up problems during initial installation.
a) Flanged spools, with field weld(s) to permit proper fit-up, shall be provided at the compressor to
facilitate construction, machinery alignment, and future maintenance of the compressor.
b) Connections for instruments, etc., shall be a minimum of NPS 3/4 and shall be made with integrally
reinforced branch connections ("o-let") fittings or "extended body" forged valves. Unless specified
otherwise, connections meeting the criteria of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035
shall be braced as specified in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035. Branch
connections shall meet the requirements specified in Section 13.4 "Branch Connections" of this
2. Compressor suction piping between the knockout vessel and the compressor shall be laid out to
prevent the possibility of trapping or collecting liquid. Piping shall be designed with a straight length,
equal or exceeding that required by Manufacturer.
3. As a minimum, a final stage discharge check valve and inlet/outlet block valve(s) [actuated and
redundant for emergency shutdown valves (ESDV) service as required] shall be installed on all
compressors, as near to the compressor as practical to minimize gas inventory within the unit, unless
otherwise specified by the Company. The types of check valves to be used are specified in this
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PROJECT SPECIFICATION under Section 9.7 "Check Valves." The check valve type shall be
approved by the Company.
4. Compressor suction piping, up to and including the first upstream block valve, pressure rating shall be
at least equal to that of the final stage discharge system. Alternatively, the suction pressure may be
designed to the maximum calculated "settle out" pressure. The settle out pressure calculations must
be included as part of the permanent compressor documentation. If this condition cannot be met,
then the suction pipe system will need to be protected against overpressure by a pressure relief
device. No credit may be taken for check valves installed in the discharge piping or within the
compressor (i.e., the valves in a reciprocating compressor). See additional information in PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050, "Relief of Backflow
Through Leaking Check Valves."
5. Automatic blowdown valves for compressor piping shall be installed as close as possible to the main
piping that is being blown down. All blowdown lines shall avoid liquid traps (pockets).
6. Compressor blowdown valve discharge piping shall be designed such that a scenario where the
blowdown valve opens up unintentionally while the unit is still running will not result in overpressure of
the piping. If there is an intervening stop valve that is downstream of the blowdown valve but
upstream of a flare header, then the piping between the two valves must be rated to full compressor
discharge pressure.
7. Valves shall be in accordance with this PROJECT SPECIFICATION & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061
8. Conventional swing-type check valves shall not be used for reciprocating compressor service. When
check valves are installed on multiple units sharing a common header, consideration should be given
to their placement relative to the shutdown block valves (i.e., upstream versus downstream of the
shutdown block valve).
9. Emergency isolation valves are required on all compressors, unless approved by Company. The
requirements regarding remote operation, fireproofing, etc. shall be reviewed with Company Loss
Prevention personnel.
10. A pulsation analysis shall be performed on the piping system for all positive displacement
compressors. The recommended pulsation damping equipment is subject to approval by Company.
The suction and discharge piping shall be securely anchored to control vibration.
11. Suction strainers are required on all compressors in accordance with Section 10 "Strainers" of this
6.3. Pump Piping

1. Block valves shall be provided in the suction and discharge lines of pumps. They shall be located
within 3 m (10 ft) of the pump nozzle and shall be accessible for hand operation without the use of
chains or extension stems.
2. Pump suction lines shall be arranged so that the flow is as smooth (non-turbulent) as practical at the
pump suction nozzle. Suction piping shall be designed to avoid pocketing of vapor or gas. Reducers
in horizontal suction lines shall be eccentric with the straight side up.
3. Suction piping block valves shall be line size. However, where a centrifugal pump suction nozzle is
two or more sizes smaller than the suction line size, the valve may be one size larger than the pump
suction nozzle, if pressure drop or pump suction head considerations permit.
4. For double-suction centrifugal pumps, the piping layout shall be in accordance with the Pump
Manufacturer recommendations.
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5. A relief valve shall be provided upstream of the first valve on the discharge line of positive
displacement pumps, unless the pump and equipment downstream of the pump are designed to
withstand the shutoff or stalling pressures.
6. The suction and discharge lines of all reciprocating pumps shall be designed to accommodate
pulsation-damping equipment.
7. Pump suction piping, up to and including the first upstream block valve, pressure rating shall be at
least equal to that of the discharge system. If this design condition cannot be met, then the suction
pipe system will need to be protected against overpressure by a pressure relief device. No credit
may be taken for any pump internal check valves which may be present. See additional information
in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050, "Relief of
Backflow Through Leaking Check Valves."
8. Casing drains, vents, and baseplate drains shall be piped to the appropriate drainage or flare system
(PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050), as shall
cooling water that is not returned to a cooling system. Cooling water shall be piped to open drain
funnels. Fluids shall not be discharged onto pump bases.
6.4. Steam Turbine Piping

1. Steam driver piping, including drains, shall be designed to avoid pockets and to minimize
condensation. Piping to turbines and other steam drivers shall branch from the top of the supply
header and shall contain a block valve in the horizontal run near and above the header.
2. Inlet piping to each turbine shall be equipped with a throttling valve and an in-line steam separator
with a scale trap section. For inlet piping, a globe valve shall be used for throttling.
3. Connections to exhaust headers shall be made to the top of the header unless the line from the driver
is at least one size smaller than the header. If it is smaller, it is permissible to make a centerline
connection to the side of the header, providing that such routing does not obstruct space available for
future lines.
4. A gate valve shall be provided in the exhaust line of each steam driver that does not exhaust directly
to atmosphere or directly into an individual condenser. Valves are required where two or more
drivers that shall be shut down separately exhaust to the same condenser.
5. If the steam driver casing is not designed for full steam supply pressure, a relief valve shall be
provided on the exhaust piping between the driver and the first block valve.
6.5. Vessel Piping

1. Piping at vessel nozzles shall be arranged so that blanks can be readily installed and valves can be
easily removed for maintenance.
2. Valves, flanged joints, and threaded joints shall not be located inside vessel skirts.
3. Piping connections shall not be made to manway covers.
4. The need for emergency shutoff valves for vessels containing liquids shall be reviewed with Company
Loss Prevention personnel.
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6.6. Fired Heater Piping

1. Heaters shall have manual burner control (throttling) valves for fuel gas, oil, and steam. Burner
throttling valves shall be located so that adjustments can be made while observing the flame from a
working level, without entering the area beneath the heater.
2. Fuel gas piping shall be arranged so that there are no pockets in which condensate can collect.
Valves for throttling fuel gas shall be of the globe or needle type. The remainder shall be ball valves,
except a double isolation and bleed valve (with blank) that shall be provided in the fuel gas line to
each heater.
3. Fuel gas headers shall be fed at the center and burner leads taken from the top. The headers shall
be located above the burners and provided with drains placed at low points.
4. The fuel oil header shall be located at an elevation above the burners. Globe-type burner line valves
shall be connected to the side or top of the header, with the lines draining to the burners. The fuel oil
header shall not be dead-ended. If residual fuel oil is used, all lines shall be heat-traced and
insulated.
5. Purge and steamout lines to heaters shall be supplied from a remote manifold located at grade level
and in a "safe" area. Block and bleed valves shall be installed on each line to the heater.
6.7. Relief Devices and Flare System Piping

1. The sizing, selection, and installation of pressure relief devices are covered in PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050.
2. The design of flare and vent system piping shall be in accordance with the requirements of this
project specification 6.17 “ High pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping” plus the
applicable sections of Project specification IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050.
3. Particular attention must be given to requirements aimed at mitigating acoustically induced vibration.
The requirements of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000050, Section "Acoustically Induced Vibration" shall be observed.
4. Pressure relief device redundancy requirements are covered in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050.
5. Bypasses installed (typically in vicinity of the pressure relief device) for purposes of manually blowing
down pressure from the facility into the flare header system for maintenance shall not be used for
manual overpressure protection applications [i.e., person assigned to monitor system pressure during
pressure relief valve (PRV) maintenance and open blowdown if pressure is exceeded]. See
additional information regarding maintenance blowdowns in Section 6.7.2 "Flare Systems" of this
6. Piping from pressure relief devices discharging to the atmosphere shall have no liquid traps.
Pressure relief devices discharging flammable vapors to the atmosphere shall be equipped with risers
discharging a minimum of 10 ft (3 m) above platforms and any equipment within a horizontal distance
of 50 ft (15 m) with design considerations as described in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-
FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050. Discharge of toxic vapors to atmosphere is generally
not permitted. If permitted by Company, air dispersion modeling shall demonstrate that the release
does not expose workers to toxic materials at any location on the facility at any time. A drain hole, 3/4
in. (20 mm) size, shall be provided at the lowest point in the riser, with design considerations as
described in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050.
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7. Thermal relief valves shall be used to protect piping when it can be blocked in and overpressured by
solar heat. Short sections of piping [less than 30 m (100 ft) in length but not exceeding 250 gallons
(~900 liters) in volume] that can be blocked in generally do not need thermal relief valves. Where a
thermal relief valve is installed, its discharge must be piped to a closed system or other suitable
collection system.
8. Pressure relief devices shall be located where they are readily accessible for service and/or testing in
place from a deck, mezzanine, or walkway.
6.7.1. Relief Devices and Associated Piping

6.7.1.1. Pressure Relief Valves
1. Information pertaining to use of PRVs can be found in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-
FSPDS-000012.
2. For conventional PRVs, the inlet line actual length shall be less than or equal to the following:
a) 3.0 m (10 ft) in vapor or vapor/liquid service
b) 9.1 m (30 ft) in liquid-full service
Note: Where inlet line actual length exceeds the limit for conventional PRV, pilot operated PRV is
recommended but subject to Company's approval.
3. Flanged PRVs shall not be gagged to permit hydrostatic testing of equipment or piping. Blinds shall
be installed as required to facilitate piping system hydrotesting after installation.
4. Unless prohibited by local laws or regulations or if determined unnecessary by the COMPANY, block
valves and testing/bleed connections shall be installed on the inlet and outlet of relief valves to permit
PRV maintenance. Refer to Project specification IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 for additional
information. Drip rings (bleed rings) shall not be used unless approved by the COMPANY If there is
a special situation for which their use is approved, then the lug-type or full diameter (i.e., OD
comparable to that of the flange) shall be used to minimize length of exposed bolting. All bleed
valves, and associated piping, shall be as short as possible (minimal projection from the pipe) and
adequately braced per IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035 and the requirements (full encirclement pad, etc.)
of Section 6.17 "High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping" of this Project
Specification as applicable
6.7.1.2. Rupture Disks

1. Information on selection and use of rupture disks (RDs) can be found in this Section and PROJECT
2. RDs may be used in conjunction with, or as a substitute for, PRVs only with the approval of the
Company.
a) Acceptable types of RDs are as follows:
i) Pre-scored tension loaded conventional (forward acting) for both liquid, gas, or two-phase
service.
ii) Pre-scored (cross-scored) reverse buckling for gas or two-phase only service.
iii) Pre-scored (semi-circular) reverse buckling for gas, liquid, or two-phase service. Pre-scored
(semi-circular) may not be used under PRVs due to possible fragmentation unless a special
holder is used.
b) The manufacturing range for all RDs shall be the lowest available from the Manufacturer,
preferably zero. The full amount of the manufacturing range shall be applied below the design
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pressure of the equipment. Use of other types of RDs with larger manufacturing ranges shall be
3. RD tests: Representative samples of the RDs shall be tested by the Manufacturer at the rated
temperature per the certification provisions of ASME SEC VIII D1 and ASME SEC VIII D2. At least
one test shall be made with the RD installed upside-down. RD fails the test if the upside-down test
burst pressure exceeds the proof test pressure or 1.5 times the design pressure (whichever is lower)
of the rated equipment. If the RD is to be used in liquid filled systems, the test system shall also be
liquid filled.
6.7.1.3. Buckling Pin Valves

Buckling pin valves (BPV) may be used in conjunction with, or as a substitute for, PRVs only with
approval by the Company. Conventional or balanced BPVs are acceptable. If the BPV contains an
internal check valve, it shall be used in clean service only. BPVs are recognized by ASME Code Case
2091.
6.7.2. Flare Systems

1. Relief valve discharge piping shall be designed and restrained to accommodate axial and lateral
reaction loads due to discharge forces and resulting loading used as a basis for associated structural
support design described in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000031. It also shall be
designed to accommodate the thermal effects of discharge, such as autorefrigeration of expanding
gases or sudden heating during a high-temperature release.
2. All closed header systems shall have a minimum flange rating of Class 150 and shall observe the
requirements of Section 6.17 "High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping" in this
Project Specification. In addition, these systems shall be designed for the larger of either of the
following:
d) Worst-case process design conditions
e) A minimum design pressure of 1035 kPag (150 psig)
3. Pressure relief devices that discharge primarily liquid or mixed phase fluids shall not discharge
directly into a vapor disposal system unless the piping system has been designed to absorb the
reaction forces arising from liquid or mixed phase flow. The magnitude of the reaction forces shall be
estimated from the following equation:
Equation 1: Reaction Forces
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⎛W⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
F = 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ V cos ⎜ θ ⎟ D F
⎝ g ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
Where:
F = Force, kg
W = Flow rate, kg/sec
g = 9.81 m/sec2
V = Fluid velocity, m/sec
θ = Included angle of the direction change
DF = Dynamic Factor, equal to 2, unless otherwise justified
Note: This is a "slug type flow" condition, and the reaction force is applied at a 45 degree angle on
the 90 degree bend, or at 1/2 angle on an arbitrary angled bend. Reaction force, F, is independent of
slug length. Slug length affects duration of the force.
An alternative equation may be used with the approval of the Company.
4. Pressure relief devices which may discharge liquid shall be discharged to a closed system except
where atmospheric discharge is permitted.
5. Discharge piping for pressure relief devices relieving to a closed system shall be installed to
continuously slope downward. The line shall connect into the top of the flare header or into the vapor
space of process/collection equipment to prevent liquid from entering the line. If the discharge piping
cannot be continuously sloped, a 3/4 in. NPS (20 mm) drain line shall be installed from the lowest
point in the discharge piping to a small drain pot equipped with a high level alarm. The drain line and
pot shall be winterized when appropriate. A 3/4 in. NPS (20 mm) drain line, with a normally closed
block valve, shall be installed from the drain pot to a catch basin or other safe location. Toxic gas
liquid drains shall be piped to the closed drain or other suitable closed system. Such piping
arrangements require approval by the Company.
6. To prevent accumulation of liquids in the system, all flare headers entering or leaving a flare knockout
drum (or equivalent) shall be sloped downward toward the knockout drum as follows:
a) For onshore facilities, 1:480 (1:500 metric) as a minimum to and from the drum.
b) For offshore facilities, 1:190 (1:200 metric) as a minimum. This slope should be increased as
deemed necessary for floating production, storage, and offloading vessels (FPSOs) and other
facilities where the pipe's angle has the potential to vary and result in inadequate angle for free
draining.
7. See additional requirements concerning pipe systems, which must withstand external blast
overpressure scenarios, in Section 4.3 "Pressure Design" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
8. The requirements pertaining to flare system pipe configuration in Section 4.2 "Sizing Criteria" and
Section 6.17 "High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping" of this Project
Specification shall be observed.
9. Where there is potential for acoustically induced vibration, branch connections shall be made using
smooth contour inserts (e.g., "Sweepolet" by Bonney Forge). See Section 4.2 "Sizing Criteria" in this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION for additional information.
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10. The relief system piping (flare line) shall contain expansion loops as required to accommodate
thermal expansion and contraction. Use of bellows to permit expansion and contraction in relief valve
inlet or outlet lines and relief system piping is not permitted.
11. The design pressure rating of relief valve discharges, flare headers, and associated piping is
specified in Section 7 "Flare and Vent Systems" of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-
000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050.
12. The following requirements apply to flare lines (including "dry" gas flares) if there is a possibility that
the line will be subjected to condensed liquids during relief conditions.
a) Both static and slug flow analysis at upset conditions shall be conducted to determine system
forces, displacements, and stresses. The piping shall be designed, in accordance with ASME
B31.3, to withstand the dynamic effects of liquid flow.
b) Design of pipe supports and restraints shall assume the presence of condensed liquid in the dry
gas flare system during relief conditions.
c) Line anchor points shall be designed for the maximum calculated loads (worst case, including
impact force). Additionally, at support points near each change in direction for onshore flare lines
(for example, near elbows and tees), the flare line shall be "boxed in" with structural members
acting as "retainers" on each side and above the line. There shall be a minimum clearance of 50
mm (2 in.) between the pipe and structural members in addition to the clearance required for
thermal displacements of the piping. Alternately, vertical restraints on the pipe shoes should be
considered. The structural members and supports shall be designed per the requirements of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION and PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000031 with
adequate reinforcement of the pipe external wall where it could come into contact with the
retaining member(s).
d) Flare piping which is supported by pipe shoes shall have shoes no shorter than twice the
calculated growth of the piping or a minimum of 450 mm (18 in.), including allowance for dynamic
movement, and pipe shoes shall be designed sufficiently robust (i.e., with stiffeners) to withstand
lateral forces due to the impact loads.
e) Guides shall be positioned to ensure that contraction/expansion occurs effectively at the piping
loops while maintaining piping stability during an event which results in impact loading.
f) Clamp-on (i.e., bolted on) type pipe shoes are not permitted at guide and anchor locations.
g) For nominal pipe sizes 48 in. and larger, the pipe supports, restraints, and bracing shall be
designed to meet the requirements of the calculated system maximum loads, but in no case shall
they be designed for less than a 150 kN (~33,700 lbf) reaction force.
13. All flare lines, regardless of the determination regarding the lack of condensed liquids, shall meet the
following minimum design requirements. In each case below, the design shall be robust enough such
as to withstand the forces associated with liquid flow in the piping system.
a) Lines shall not be supported on cantilevered supports.
b) Slide plates shall not be used, except near the knockout drum and the flare, if required to reduce
piping loads on the connected equipment. Information regarding frictional coefficients for slide
plates is located in Section 7.2.1 "Slide Plates" within this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
c) Lines having welded shoes shall have guided pipe shoes, with heavy duty gussets, at the
supports near the upstream and downstream elbows of each expansion loop.
d) Structural supports for piping shall meet the design requirements listed in PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000031.
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14. Gate valves in flare lines, and relief valve inlet and discharge piping, shall be installed with stems in
the horizontal position. For NPS 10 or greater gate valves installed in horizontal position, valve
internals shall be designed to avoid wedge jamming. The design shall be approved by Company.
15. Valves used for the inlet and discharge of pressure relief devices shall be full port gate, ball, or plug
type. Block valves used to isolate PRVs shall include provisions for locking or car sealing the valve in
the open and closed positions.
16. Block valves used for inlet and discharge of PRVs should be painted a distinguishing color to easily
identify them within the facility.
17. For flare flame front generators, the piping that connects the generator and the pilot shall be stainless
steel (e.g., Line Class A11).
18. Manual blowdowns, used for release of pressure to the flare system prior to maintenance, shall be
installed as deemed appropriate by an engineering analysis to ensure that each major piece of
equipment can be safely prepared for maintenance. If the capacity of the manual blowdown exceeds
that of the relief valve for this same system, an analysis of discharge header back-pressure, flare
capacity, and acoustically induced vibration (AIV) potential must be performed to ensure that the
operation of the manual blowdown does not negatively affect the relief system.
6.8. Vent and Drain Piping

See PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS , and the following, for requirements on the arrangement and
installation of vents, drains, and flushing and cleaning connections in piping, equipment, and instruments.
1. Valved vent connections shall be installed at trapped high points of all NPS 3 and larger piping. High-
point vents that are used for hydrostatic testing purposes only are an exception and shall be provided
with either a seal-welded solid threaded plug or a blind flange but no valve. Vent and drain valves
shall be of the same line class as the main line.
2. See Section 13 "Fittings, Nipples, Bends, Branch Connections, Miters and Closures, and Reducers"
of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for branch connection and nipple requirements.
3. Valved drain connections shall be installed at low points of all lines above grade, on each side of
control valves, and on all lines at battery limit block valves (on the unit side).
4. Valved vent and/or drain connections shall be installed at blanking locations to permit blowdown
and/or draining of pressurized fluids prior to removing or installing the line blank or during freezing
ambient conditions when system is out of service.
5. Two block valves are required for all Class 600 and higher vents and drains (refer to Table 5 of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION) that can be opened to the atmosphere (for example, blanking locations
and drains). Valves that are blinded or plugged and will not be opened to line pressure during
operations do not require two block valves. The preferred primary block valve for drains shall be a
gate valve. However, in offshore environments, other types of valves are acceptable to address
corrosion concerns. Drain valves at control valves require only a single block valve, since the block
valve on each side of the control valve shall be closed prior to opening the drain valves.
6. Vent connections shall be NPS 3/4 minimum. Smaller sized connections directly on Manufacturer's
standard equipment are acceptable with Company approval. Minimum drain sizes shall be NPS 3/4
for lines NPS 14 and smaller and NPS 1 for lines NPS 16 and larger. Larger drains shall be provided
where needed because of special considerations, such as flushing, cleaning, and vessel draining.
7. Vents and drains piped to closed systems or in sour service shall be double-valved in all pressure
classes. Consideration shall be given to the need for thermal/external fire overpressure protection
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between the two block valves when in liquid or condensing vapor services. Drains on pig launchers
and receivers piped to closed systems shall also include an in-line check valve.
8. Where the possibility of autorefrigeration exists when venting or draining, all vents/drains shall be
provided with two valves in a series. The primary valve shall be a nonthrottling valve (gate or ball),
and the second valve shall be a throttling valve (globe), located a minimum distance of 1 m (3 ft)
downstream of the first valve.
9. Installation of vents at the bottom of piping systems should be avoided where possible.
10. The discharge of all atmospheric vents shall be at a safe location away from personnel and areas
where personnel may be present and away from areas where vented vapors can collect or
accumulate. This requirement shall apply to any vent, including temporary vents, which may be
installed in enclosures or buildings.
11. Manual or automated blowdown valve discharges or other high velocity pipe systems, in vapor and
multiphase fluid systems, shall be screened for potential AIV and FIV concerns. See Section 6.17
“High Pressure Vapor Let down or Other High Velocity Piping” of this Project Specification for
additional information.
6.9. Injection Points and Sample Connection Piping

1. Sample connections shall consist of a NPS 3/4 shutoff valve. For applications where throttling is
required, a secondary throttling (globe) valve shall be installed. Sample connections shall be installed
in the side of the pipe rather than the top or bottom. Provisions shall be made to collect excess fluid
from the sample point in a drain or sump.
2. Injection, sample, and test points shall be in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS and
Section "Test and Sample Points" of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000014.
3. Sample coolers shall be provided for all sampling connections from piping or equipment when the
service temperature is higher than 60°C (140°F). Sample lines shall be as short as feasible and
braced for protection against mechanical damage.
4. Injection points where a fluid (such as additive, corrosion inhibitor, etc.) is to be injected into a line
shall be designed to mitigate corrosion potential in and around the injection point. The following
minimum requirements shall apply:
a) The fluid shall be injected into the center of the pipe using a quill or Company-approved
equivalent device.
b) The location of the injection point shall not be immediately upstream of an elbow or tee.
c) The material used for the injection point shall be a corrosion-resistant alloy suitable for the
chemical and service.
a) Injection quills shall have natural and wake frequency checks conducted per ASME PTC 19.3.
5. Check valves shall be required at all chemical injection points to hydrocarbon systems to prevent
hydrocarbons from entering the chemical system.
6. Corrosion monitoring coupons shall be installed per the Manufacturer's recommendations. However,
consideration shall be given to orientation of the coupon holder and the weight of the extraction
equipment. Unless Manufacturer requires otherwise, corrosion coupons should be installed at the top
of horizontal runs of pipe.
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6.10. Utility Piping

See IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000058 and the following requirements for utility piping and connections to piping
and equipment.
1. Branch connections in utility lines shall be valved.
2. Branch connection valves for utility piping shall be located in the horizontal section of the line as close
to the header as possible unless, if by locating them at the edge of the pipe rack, they can be
grouped and made accessible from a platform.
3. For gases and vapors, including steam, the branch connection shall be to the top of the header.
Branch connections for liquid lines, including cooling water headers, shall be to the bottom of the
header.
4. Utility stations (water, air, steam, N2, etc.) shall be located so that the entire area to be serviced may
be reached with a maximum hose length of 100 ft (30 m) for nitrogen and 50 ft (15 m) for all other
services. Each utility hose connection (water, air, steam, N2 etc.) shall be of a unique joining
mechanism to prevent inadvertent connection to the unintended service.
5. Utility connections (utility air, water, electricity, etc.) shall be in accordance with PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000014, Appendix I-1, "Utilities and Services" Section.
6.11. Exchanger Piping

1. Symmetrical piping shall be used to keep the pressure drop equal in lines to and from all exchangers
operating in parallel.
2. For air-cooled exchangers, the branch piping between the headers and the exchanger header boxes
shall accommodate the thermal expansion of the headers. Piping loads on exchanger nozzles shall
not exceed Manufacturer recommendations.
3. For shell-and-tube exchangers using water for cooling, the need for backwash and/or chemical
cleaning connections shall be evaluated and addressed, if needed.
4. For shell-and-tube exchangers using steam, a check valve shall be installed in the steam line to the
exchanger if the steam side of the exchanger has a lower pressure than the other side.
6.12. Storage Tank Piping

1. All storage tank nozzles below the roofline shall be equipped with a steel block valve, unless
approved by Company.
2. Storage tank piping shall be designed to accommodate any expected tank settlement, thermal
expansion, and seismic load, without overstressing the tank or piping.
6.13. Underground Piping

1. Generally, hydrocarbon and chemical piping, within a plant or station's limits, shall be placed above
grade. When they must be buried, metallic underground piping shall be protected from corrosion by
wrapping and/or coating, or some other means approved by the Company, and their location shall be
marked by signs spaced along the route of the line. Valve boxes (pits) shall not be used unless
approved by Company. Additionally, local regulations, such as secondary containment (if required),
shall be followed.
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2. All piping below plant roads and all nonmetallic piping below accessways shall be run in carbon steel
pipe-sleeves. Where used, sleeves shall be vented. Pipe and sleeves shall be coated for external
corrosion protection.
3. Lines under railroad tracks or roadways shall be installed in steel pipe sleeves. The sleeves for these
lines shall be vented and shall conform to the requirements of local regulations.
4. Uninsulated lines passing through earth firewalls/dikes shall be coated for corrosion protection. If the
lines are installed in sleeves, the sleeves also shall be coated and each end of the sleeve shall be
provided with a seal with the appropriate fire rating.
5. Insulated lines in hot services, passing through earth firewalls/dikes shall be installed by either of the
following methods:
a) Insulate with the appropriate insulation and cover with a moisture-proof jacketing, such as
stainless steel or glass reinforced plastic (GRP). If a pipe sleeve is not used, the stress analysis
of the piping system shall consider the earth dike as a fixed point (anchor) in the system.
b) Insulate with the appropriate insulation and/or covering and install in a pipe sleeve with an
appropriate fire rating on each end of the sleeve.
6. Insulated lines, in cold services, are not permitted to pass through earth firewalls/dikes. These lines
may pass through a concrete section designed to accommodate the insulated piping, provide a seal
and support, plus permit thermal expansion.
7. To define cathodic protection requirements (temporary and permanent as appropriate), the
engineering Contractor shall be responsible for identifying and mitigating all interference anticipated
on the facility, including interference generated by "external sources." The term "external sources"
includes, but is not limited to, earth currents (telluric currents), AC interference, shielding, and stray
current from foreign equipment, adjacent facilities, other foreign structures or traction systems.
8. Cathodic protection of the facility shall be provided by an impressed current cathodic protection
(ICCP) system. Sacrificial (galvanic) cathodic protection (SACP) systems shall be required to provide
temporary protection during construction and prior to commissioning. Supplementary galvanic
systems shall be considered for providing protection to discreet locations requiring local protection
from interference or shielding.
6.14. Piping Containing Solids

Where sand and other solids (i.e., slurry) are expected in the fluid, the following practices are required:
1. Piping depressurizing points shall be located at the top side of the piping, away from potential solids
collection areas.
2. Takeoffs from a header shall all come off the top of the pipe.
3. Where erosion due to sand/solids is likely, standard pipe elbows shall not be used. Instead, pipe
bends with a minimum 5D radius or "target" (e.g., "cushion") tees shall be installed.
4. The erosional flow equation of API RP 14E-5 must not be used for predicting effects of fluids flow
within presence of solids. The use of the SPPS Tulsa Erosion model (available on Company
engineering computing tech set and in public market) is permissible to predict effects of sand/solids
deposition and erosion.
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6.15. Drainage and Sewer Piping

5. All vessel drains and drains from gauge glasses and other instruments discharging into an oily water
drain system shall have permanently installed piping system.
6. In the presence of > 10 ppm H2S, all drains required for start-up, operation, or shutdown shall be hard
piped to a dedicated sour closed drain system. Consideration shall be given to H2S content increases
in liquids condensing from vapors containing H2S concentrations < 10 ppm.
7. Onshore plant drainage systems shall be in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-
CSPDS-000089.
8. See Section 5.9 "Addition: Drain Systems" in Appendix A
9. (API 14E supplement) of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for drainage system requirements for
offshore platforms.
6.16. Instrument Air System Piping

1. All piping, including (but not limited to) interstage piping, shall be per PROJECT SPECIFICATION
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000056 and ASME B31.3. In the case of portable packaged units, pipe
specifications must be approved by Company representative prior to acceptance.
2. Drain connections shall be as follows:
a) Drain connections shall be provided on the casing low point of rotary units.
b) Drain connections shall be provided on the low point of air receivers. The drain connection shall
be fitted with a moisture trap valve. Manually operated moisture trap valves are preferred.
Automatic moisture trap valves are permitted as an alternative if approved by Company
representative. Drain opening shall be 3/4 in. NPT minimum.
6.17. High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping
1. Piping located downstream of high differential pressure devices (control valves, blowdown valves,
chokes, relief valves, etc.), in vapor or multiphase fluid service, is to be designed per the
requirements of this Project Specification and shall include a specific screening for acoustically
induced vibration (AIV) and flow-induced vibration (FIV)
2. All larger diameter (> NPS 2 in.) branch connections, in vapor or multiphase fluid service, to flare
headers or subheaders shall be made at a 45 degree angle along the long axis of the main pipe
centerline (smaller pipe-to-branch angle on upstream side of flow).
3. All small bore connections (NPS 2 in. and smaller), to/from flare headers, shall be made using
sweepolets.
4. Small bore connections (NPS 2 in. and smaller) shall be connected to a larger diameter branch pipe
upstream of the main header (i.e., shall not be connected directly to the main header). If connection
to the main header is required, then the connection shall be NPS 4 in. minimum size oriented at a 45
degree angle along the long axis of the main pipe (smaller pipe-to-branch angle on upstream side of
flow).
5. Screening for Acoustically Induced Vibration AIV shall be per IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012, Section
7.1.2 "Acoustically Induced Vibration," which includes the following steps:
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a) Pressure letdown systems meeting any of the following criteria shall be evaluated further for AIV
potential. Note that "downstream line size" here refers to the largest pipe diameter anywhere
downstream of the particular pressure letdown system.
iv) Downstream line size NPS 16 in. and greater: mass flow rate greater than 91,000 kg/hr
(200,000 lb/hr) or upstream to downstream pressure ratio greater than 3.
v) Downstream line size NPS 8 to 14 in.: downstream line velocity greater than 50 percent
sonic and upstream to downstream pressure ratio greater than 3.
vi) Downstream line size less than NPS 8 in. swaged up or "Teed" to NPS 8 in. or larger line:
downstream line velocity greater than 50 percent sonic and upstream to downstream
pressure ratio greater than 3.
vii) Branch connections having a run size NPS 16 in. and greater: mass flow rate greater than
91,000 kg/hr (200,000 lb/hr) and sonic velocity at the branch to run intersection point.
b) Piping meeting one of the above screening criteria shall have its flow source's sound power level
calculated. COMPANY shall be contacted for assistance in calculating the sound power level for
this evaluation.
i) If sound power level is ≤ 155 dB, then there are no concerns.
ii) If the sound power level is > 155 dB, then seek guidance from the COMPANY.
6. The following measures are considered acceptable in mitigation of AIV concerns. COMPANY shall
approve these or alternative measures prior to their implementation.
a) Use of smooth contour pipe connections (i.e., sweepolet) for NPS 2 in. and smaller branches.
b) Use of full encirclement pad for > NPS 2 in. and larger branch connections, except that branch
connections to the main header shall be made using NPS 4 in. minimum pipe size.
c) Attachment of all bracing from branch to pipe using full encirclement pads.
7. In all flare and vent systems, and in other piping systems in which high pressure drop and/or high
flow velocity are expected, the following design criteria shall be met. The criteria shall be satisfied in
all new facilities and in all new piping systems in existing facilities. For existing piping systems where
these criteria are not satisfied, consultation with the Owner's Engineer should be sought concerning
mitigation of potential FIV effects.
a) The maximum ratio of pipe outer diameter to wall thickness shall be 100 (i.e., all D/t ≤ 100).
b) The flow velocities and hydraulic performance of all flare and vent piping systems shall be
modeled using software (e.g., Aspen Flarenet) approved by the COMPANY.. The results of these
modeling calculations shall be presented to the Owner's Engineer for review and approval. In
performing velocity evaluations, the source flow used in the hydraulic modeling calculations shall
be the maximum credible flow, as follows:
i) For pressure relief devices, the flow shall be the rated capacity of the device (not the
"required" or "design" load).
ii) For control valves and blowdown valves, the valve shall be taken as wide open, with the
upstream pressure taken as the maximum credible operating pressure, but not less than
the greater of either the high pressure shutdown set pressure, or 90 percent of the
upstream design pressure.
iii) Piping segments that can carry flow from multiple devices shall meet the stated velocity
criteria for all flow scenarios, including those involving simultaneous flow from a credible
combination of source devices.
c) Furthermore, the calculated flow velocities shall also meet the following criteria, as relevant:
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i) When the source of flow is a pressure relief device (pressure relief valve, rupture disk,
rupture pin device), the velocity shall not exceed Mach 0.75.
ii) When the source of flow is any other device (control valve, blowdown valve, manual
valve, etc.), the velocity shall not exceed Mach 0.5.
7. Pipe Supports
7.1. General
1. The pipe to structural member interface (pipe support) shall be designed per the criteria in this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION. The structural framework (i.e., pipe rack) used to hold one or more
pipes shall be designed per PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000031.
2. Piping shall be supported, anchored, and guided to prevent undue line deflection, stresses, and
excessive vibration, and to protect piping and connected equipment from excessive loads and
expansion stresses. The maximum sag between supports shall be 19 mm (3/4 in.), except lines NPS
1 and smaller, which shall be limited to a maximum sag of 1/2 the pipe nominal diameter.
3. If Contractor or Vendor pipe support (span) tables are used, then these tables shall be submitted to
Company for approval. If span tables are not available, the tables in Appendix C of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION shall be used. However, if manual calculations or computerized stress analysis
indicates a need for spans shorter than those in Contractor or Vendor tables or those in Appendix C,
then the shorter spans shall be used. In process units (common pipe racks in a plant, major facility,
etc.) the maximum spacing for pipe supports shall not exceed 6 m (20 ft) unless approved by the
Company and designed based on the structural criteria of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-
LSPDS-000031.
4. The design of all pipe supports and pipe-supporting elements shall assume that the piping shall be
subjected to hydrostatic testing. Supports for certain large lines (for example, flare lines and flue gas
piping) may be designed for pneumatic testing when approved by Company. However, special
consideration shall be given to large vapor lines that are attached to vessels and towers and that are
subject to water washing and flushing for process purposes.
5. Contractors' standard pipe support details shall be submitted to Company for approval. Calculations
shall include results of maximum allowable forces and moments for each type and size of support,
guide, trunnion, and anchor.Hanger rods and U-bolts less than 13 mm (1/2 in.) in diameter, clamps less
than 4.5 mm (3/16 in.) thick, and similar thin support components that do not provide an adequate
corrosion allowance shall not be used.
6. Use of U-bolts for support of vertical lines is limited to NPS 2 and smaller lines with a design
temperature of −30°C to +150°C (−20°F to +300°F). U-bolts shall not be used as pipe anchors.
When U-bolts are used as guides, they shall be double-nutted to provide a minimum of 2 mm (0.08
in.) clearance between pipe and U-bolt. U-bolts used as supports for horizontal piping clamped to the
side of structural members are limited to NPS 11/2 and smaller.
7. U-bolts for carbon steel lines shall be hot-dip galvanized, with a neoprene covering. Stainless steel
U-bolts shall be used for stainless steel lines.
8. The use of trunnions (dummy pipe extensions) shall be subject to Company approval. When
trunnions are approved, they shall be attached to the pipe with a continuous full-penetration weld and
a 6 mm (1/4 in.) drain hole shall be provided in the bottom of the trunnion near the pipe elbow. For
vertically installed trunnions, the 6 mm (1/4 in.) drain hole shall be provided in the bottom of the
trunnion support away from the pipe elbow.
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9. The end of the trunnion shall be seal-welded to a structural steel plate attached with a continuous weld.
10. If shims are required under pipe or pipe shoes, the shims shall be welded to the support beams to
ensure they remain in place.
11. The use of welded attachments of a material different from that of the pipe requires Company
approval. Welding of galvanized steel to stainless steel piping is not permitted. Galvanized steel (for
example, pipe clamps) shall not be in direct contact with stainless steel piping.
12. Lines in pipe racks shall have guides for lateral restraint.
13. Where the environment makes a galvanic cell possible, insulating material is required between
dissimilar clamp-type supports and the pipe (for example, carbon steel clamps and cupro-nickel pipe).
14. For steel pipe lined with a nonmetallic material, attachments shall not be welded to the pipe without
Company approval.
15. Pipe shall not come in direct contact with the structural support members. Nylon "half-round" (such
as InterResources "I-Rod") is one method for separating pipe and support and is subject to
temperature and other considerations.
16. For piping identified as having potential risk of exposure to AIV, the following shall apply:
a) Attachments to process piping for the purpose of bracing and support of other branch
connections or pipe supports, shall be made with the use of a full encirclement reinforcing pad on
both the branch and header piping. Bracing shall support in two planes using a minimum of one
brace in each plane oriented at no less than 45 and no more than 90 degree apart. See IDBU-
CW-LSPDS-000035, Fig.3 “ Bracing Design” for additional details.
b) For elbows requiring external support (e.g., trunnions, dummy legs, etc), a fitting with a wall
thickness greater than that required to contain pressure shall be used. The required thickness of
the elbow is to be determined by calculation and approved by COMPANY AIV Subject Matter
Expert (SME)
c) A full encirclement pad ( i.e., in lieu of a localized reinforcement pad) shall be installed at all pipe
support locations. The pad length shall meet the criteria, applicable to the type of support, found
in “Pipe Supports” of this Project Specification.
7.2. Resting-Type Supports

1. Where possible, pipe shall be supported by resting-type supports instead of hanging-type supports.
2. Insulated pipe NPS 11/2 and larger, supported by resting-type supports, shall have steel sliding
supports (pipe shoes) that extend at least 75 mm (3 in.) on either side of the support member or shall
be a minimum of 300 mm (12 in.) long. Longer shoes shall be used when the displacement of the
pipe exceeds 100 mm (4 in.) at the support location. For NPS 12 and larger lines, the sliding shoe
shall consist of two parallel structural members. The portion of the shoe welded to the pipe shall be
of the same nominal material as the pipe and shall be continuously welded (i.e., seal-welded; no tack
or skip welding) to the pipe.
3. Pipe reinforcing at support locations for horizontal pipe runs shall be according to Table 3 below:
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Table 3: Pipe Reinforcing Pad or Saddle

Pipe Diameter (D) Diameter/Thickness (1) Minimum Reinforcing
D < 20 in. (500 mm) All None

20 in. ≤ D ≤ 40 in. (500, 1000 D/t < 95 Pad or Saddle (2)(3)(4)
mm)
D/t ≥ 95 Saddle (3)
D > 40 in. (1000 mm) All Saddle (3)
Notes:
(1) D = outside diameter, t = minimum wall thickness for the fully corroded condition.
(2) Pads shall be installed with continuous welding, have a thickness equal to the
uncorroded pipe wall thickness, wrap around 1/3 of the pipe circumference, have a 3 mm
(1/8 in.) vent hole plugged with sealant, and have a minimum length of 300 mm (12 in.).
(3) Saddles (normally designed as an integral with the shoe) shall be designed considering
the stress distribution at the support points, and stiffener rings shall be employed if
necessary, to distribute support point stresses around pipe circumference.
(4) Saddles are required for support spans greater than 12 m (40 ft).
7.2.1. Slide Plates

1. Teflon- or graphite-lubricated slide plates for sliding shoes shall only be used where required to
reduce piping loads on connected equipment.
a) The following coefficients of static friction shall be used to determine forces at sliding surfaces:
PTFE on PTFE See Note 1
PTFE on Stainless See Note 1
Steel
Steel on Steel 0.30
Steel on Concrete 0.45
Note (1): If such slide plates are used, the coefficient of friction used for design calculation
purposes shall be evaluated at 0.0 (frictionless) and 0.3.
b) Coefficients of static friction to be used for other material combinations shall be reviewed with the
Company. See IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000038.
c) Where low friction bearing pads are used at pipe supports, the top pad shall overlap the bottom
pad in all positions. Such bearing pads shall be permanently bonded to the support plates.
2. Uninsulated pipe shall not rest directly on concrete.
7.3. Hanging-Type Supports

Hanging-type supports (hangers) shall be used only at locations where it is not possible to install resting-
type supports and with the consideration of the following
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1. If the hangers are used, then welded trunnions and lugs are preferred to bolted clamps, especially for
uninsulated (bare) lines where corrosion is a concern and for insulated lines above 260 deg C (500
Deg F) Where the clamps tend to loosen with temperature cycles. Attachments welded to the pipe
shall be of the same nominal material as the pipe
2. Where used, the need for emergency support beams or fireproofing of supports and rods shall be
evaluated.
3. For offshore applications, combination pipe and cable tray supports are generally acceptable.
7.4. Spring-Type Supports

1. Variable and constant spring supports shall be preset by the Manufacturer. They shall be provided
with limit stops that preset the spring to the installed (cold) load.
2. All spring supports shall be hot-dip galvanized, except the spring coil shall be coated with neoprene
or plastic for corrosion protection. Some Manufacturers have developed and tested corrosion
protection systems for spring supports that are superior to galvanizing (e.g., Lisega). Springs with
these systems are acceptable for use. Supports shall be provided with a position indicator and load
scale marked with the installed and operating loads.
3. The selection of spring supports shall be based on operating conditions.
4. For variable springs, the maximum allowable load variation between the cold and the hot positions
shall be 25 percent.
5. When the deflection is 50 mm (2 in.) or greater, constant load springs shall be used.
8. Line Blanks
1. Line blanking (blinding) locations shall be provided as follows:
a) At battery limits in all process, utility, relief, and blowdown lines. Platforms shall be provided for
easy installation and removal of battery limit blanks.
b) As required for inspection, maintenance, testing, or alternative operation of equipment, such as
vessels, heaters, rotating equipment, or exchangers.
c) Where segregation of fluids is required.
d) Other locations shown on the P&ID.
2. Line blanks (blinds) shall conform to ASME B16.48. Blanks in a size not listed in ASME B16.48 or in
a nonlisted material shall conform to the requirements of ASME B31.3. They shall be one of the three
types (Figure-8, Paddle Blank, Paddle Spacer), as specified in Table 4.
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Table 4: Figure-Eight (Spectacle) Blind, Paddle Blank, and Paddle

Spacer
Flange Pressure Class
NPS
150 300 600 900 1500 2500
1 PB PB PB PB PB PB
1
1 /2 PB PB PB PB PB PB
2 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8
3 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8
4 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8
6 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8 PS
8 F8 F8 F8 PS PS PS
10 F8 F8 PS PS PS PS
12 F8 F8 PS PS PS PS
14 F8 PS PS PS PS PS
≥ 16 larger PS PS PS PS PS PS
Legend PB: Paddle Blank (Skillet Blind) only
: F8: Figure-Eight (Spectacle Blind)
PS: Paddle Spacer and Paddle Blank
3. Blanks shall be accessible from grade, operating platform levels, or permanent platforms. Blanks for
pumps shall not be located at the pump flanges. Blanks shall be installed in horizontal lines where
possible.
4. Blanks for rotating equipment and the tube-side of shell-and-tube heat exchanges shall not be located
at the equipment flanges.
5. Piping at blanks shall be arranged (with spool pieces if necessary) to permit removal of the bolting
and swinging of the blanks. Supports to maintain joint alignment during blanking are required when
heavy piping components, such as valves, are located at or near the blanking location.
6. Permanent handling equipment shall be provided for all blanks weighing more than 45 kg (100 lb)
unless Company lifting equipment can be used.
7. Vents and/or drains at blanking locations shall be per Section 6.8 "Vent and Drain Piping" of this
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9. Valving
9.1. General
1. All valves shall be in accordance with this Specification and Project Specification IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000061.
2. All body and trim components of a valve shall be suitable for the full range of temperatures expected
in service. This shall apply to all nonmetallic (soft) materials, such as seat/stem sealing materials,
used within the valve. Valves shall meet the requirements of Project Specification IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000061. To avoid mixing valves with different internals, procedures should be used that are
consistent with the valve tagging instructions..
3. Valves required to be operated at a process temperature below −29°C (−20°F) shall be subjected to
low temperature [−46°C (−50°F)] or cryogenic [−196°C (−320°F)] testing done to a Company-
approved procedure. The percentage of valves to be low temperature or cryogenic tested shall be in
accordance with project specifications. For ball valves with self-relieving seats for cavity relief,
Manufacturers shall submit documentation certifying that the cavity relief system has been tested and
proven to be acceptable.
4. Isolation valves for independent facility units shall be installed at unit battery limits. Unit isolation
valves shall be grouped together and provided with a permanent platform for access to the valves
and for blanking.
5. For gate, globe, and ball valves installed in horizontal cryogenic service piping (excluding cryogenic
flare, relief, and blowdown discharge piping), the stem shall be installed preferably at a 90 degree
angle, relative to horizontal, to prevent liquid from accumulating in the upper valve cavity which could
render the valve temporarily inoperable. If installation at 90 degrees is impractical, then the valve
may be installed as low as 45 degrees relative to horizontal. For installations with valve stem angles
less than 45 degrees, approval by the Owner's Engineer is required. Use of gate, globe, or ball
valves in cryogenic vertical pipe services (i.e., have extended bonnets) is not permitted.
6. Valves that are open to the atmosphere shall have their outboard connection either plugged or
blinded.
7. Where segregation of fluids and/or pressure systems is essential, two block valves with a bleeder
between them shall be provided. In some applications, it is permissible to substitute a double-seated
block and bleed valve designed to seal upstream and downstream. See Table 5 for positive isolation
and bleed valve application guidelines.
8. Double block valves, or single valve alternatives, shall be provided for onstream equipment isolation
when specified in Table 5, unless a risk assessment conducted by Company for the specific
application justifies a deviation.
9. With exception of autorefrigeration applications, where double block valves are recommended by
Table 5, two valves separated by a short spool piece fitted with a bleeder shall be provided;
alternatively, two valves bolted together with an intervening bleeder installed (on either valve) in
position C or D per Figure 1 "Method of Designating Location of Auxiliary Connections When
Specified" of ASME B16.34 is acceptable.
10. Any valve in liquid or condensing fluid service with potential to positively trap liquid between its seals
and overpressure its cavity due to thermal expansion, assuming the valve is not of a self-relieving
design (such as a trunnion ball with conventional seals), shall be provided with a means for relief of
overpressure caused by thermal expansion. Valve types having potential for this scenario include, but
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are not limited to, Type C valves (see Table 5), expanding gate valves, ball valves with double piston
effect seats on both sides, General Twin Seal plug valve, etc. Pressure relief, if utilized, shall
discharge to the upstream side of the valve unless otherwise specified. Acceptable pressure relief
options are listed in the next paragraph. Company shall approve final overpressure relief design.
11. Type D (see Table 5) valve configurations [two positively sealing mechanisms in series; configured as
two valves in series or a single bodied valve with twin obturators (balls, plugs, etc.)], in liquid or
condensing fluid services (LNG, CO2, etc.), must also include overpressure protection for the space
between the two sealing members. For liquid and condensing fluid services, utilizing dual ball valves
(Type B) in series to create a Type D configuration, a conventional self-relieving seal may be
specified on the upstream side of each ball with a double piston effect (DPE) type seal (where DPE is
permitted; see Section 9.6. "Ball Valves" of this Project Specification) on the downstream side of each
ball. With this configuration, and assuming that an overpressure protection device is installed
between the two valve assemblies, no additional overpressure protection is required since the
upstream seal of each ball valve can relieve any overpressure to the upstream side of each ball
valve. Acceptable forms of cavity overpressure protection devices include the following:
f) Relief valves:
i) The discharge shall not be piped to the upstream or downstream side of the valve's process
piping since the main line pressure will affect the pressure at which relief valve actually lifts.
ii) The relief valve discharge shall be hard piped to a safe location (closed drain, flare, etc.) to
ensure that flammable and toxic fluids are not released to the atmosphere or endanger
personnel. Consideration shall be given to the closed system's pressure to ensure that the
relief valve's capacity is not reduced below its required rate (i.e., due to excessive back-
pressure). Consideration shall also be given to the functionality of the "safe location" system
during maintenance.
g) Spring loaded check valves:
i) As a minimum requirement, a single block valve between the check valve and the valve's
cavity is required. This block valve shall be car sealed open (CSO'd) since it classified as a
relief flow path during operation. Furthermore, the use of another block valve downstream of
the check valve is not permitted. All valve/check valve combinations used for overpressure
protection shall be evaluated for potential overpressure associated with thermal expansion of
trapped fluid.
ii) The check valve discharge should be hard piped to the upstream side (i.e., pressurized
process) of the block valve. Alternatively, the check valve discharge may be hard piped to a
closed system. However, consideration shall be given to the closed system's operating
pressure maximum, and functionality status during maintenance, to ensure the check valve
can operate properly.
iii) The pressure rating of the check valve shall be suitable for the fluid service. Furthermore, the
maximum differential required to open the check valve shall not exceed 5 percent of the
pressure rating of the valve body.
12. It is required that all valve cavity bleeds (Type B, C, or D), which are expected to be vented as part of
the isolation procedure, be hard piped to a safe location (closed drain, flare, etc.) to ensure that
flammable and toxic fluids are not released to the atmosphere or endanger personnel. Provisions for
monitoring of the pressure in the valve cavity must also be included. All valves, in any fluid service,
which can trap pressure in their cavities (i.e., ball valves, expanding gate valves, etc.), must be
equipped with a means to release trapped pressure.
13. Block valves shall be installed to isolate equipment where indicated on the P&IDs. In general, block
valves isolating a plant or major subfacility within a plant should be of the double positive isolation
(DPI) type. The decision to include DPI provisions for equipment within a subfacility (i.e., for on-line
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control valve trim or reciprocating compressor valve changes, etc.) shall be based on factors such as
economics of a shutdown, regulatory emissions limits, risks associated with venting a gas, etc. A
Project Isolation Philosophy must be developed for each facility outlining the particulars of how
equipment maintenance will be performed (i.e., facility on-line, shutdown, short-term vs long-term
maintenance, etc.). Additional requirements for DPI valve installation include local country laws,
codes, or other similar justification. See Table 5 of this Project Specification.
14. Piping isolation valves for instrument takeoff (i.e., root valve), in hydrocarbon and flammable fluid
services, shall utilize a single body double isolation type valve employing a Type D configuration for
pressures greater than Class 300 as defined in Table 5 of this Project Specification. This valve
consists of dual blocking elements with a bleeder between them. For Class 300 and lower pressure
instrument takeoff in hydrocarbon and flammable fluid services, a Type B valve (per Table 5 of this
Specification) may be utilized. See IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000056 sections titled "Take-Off Connections"
and "Connecting Piping and Tubing" for additional valving requirements and for requirements for the
piping and tubing between the block valve(s) and the instrument.
15. All manual block valves shall include a mechanism capable of accepting a padlock for purposes of
locking the valve in its open or closed position. The lock itself shall be supplied by Company
operations personnel.
16. Where a failure of connected piping could empty a hydrocarbon or other hazardous liquid from
equipment (such as vessels and tanks), block valves shall be installed at the equipment nozzles.
17. Check valves shall not be used in vertical lines with downward flow. Wafer-type check valves shall
not be installed directly against block valves or equipment.
18. In Class 600 and higher valves, where weight and/or space is a limiting factor, consideration shall be
given to the use of pressure seal bonnet valves.
19. Gate, globe, and check valves shall be in accordance with API specifications referenced in the line
classes. Use of equivalent British Standards Institute (BSI) or International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) standards is acceptable, subject to Company approval.
20. All NPS 2 and larger valves shall have flanged ends, unless specified otherwise in the line classes or
project specifications.
21. If Class 150, NPS 11/2 and smaller, flanged valves are mated to socket-weld pipe flanges, then
flexible graphite sheet gaskets shall be used (alternate gasket listed in Class 150 line classes). If
spiral wound gaskets are to be used, then either Class 300 flanges or welding neck (WN) pipe
flanges shall be used.
22. Use of valves with a bellows stem seal shall be considered only when no external leakage can be
tolerated, even in very small amounts.
23. Valves with threaded body joints (such as end closures and other joints that could leak to the
atmosphere; excluding end connections) are not permitted in any fluid service at any pressure. See
also Section 11.3 "Threaded Joints" in this Project Specification. In addition, see Section 9.6 "Ball
Valves" of this Project Specification for additional information regarding threaded body ball valves.
24. Non-fire-tested type ball, plug, or butterfly valves shall not be used in flammable material or other
dangerous material services regardless of operating temperature, except for certain acid services as
specified by the COMPANY.
25. Valve orientation, location, layout, etc., shall be in accordance with the following Sections of Project
Specification IDBU-ED-FSPDS-00014
a) Appendix E "Access to Equipment and Movement around Facility"
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b) Section F–4 "Pipework and Valves"

26. All ball and plug valves shall be equipped with lubricant and sealant injection ports. The springs and
check balls used in the injection ports shall be of a metallurgy comparable to that of the valve trim and
suitable for the intended process fluid service. All injection ports shall be equipped with caps.
27. Top entry valves may be considered as an alternative for dealing with repair of valves which are
installed by welding directly to the pipe. Consideration shall be given to the incremental exposure
associated with the potential for leaks at the bonnet joints (i.e., LNG services).
Table 5: Guidelines for Piping System Configuration

to Achieve Positive Isolation
SEE-TABLE 4.1 ISOLATION PHILOSOPHY IDBU-ED-PBDES-000001.
9.2. Valve Materials

1. Material selection for valves including piping systems, shall observe the limitations of the paragraphs
below and of Piping classes.
2. All elastomer selections shall meet the requirements of Project Specification IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000023, and the following shall be observed:
a) All elastomers and thermoplastics shall be suitable for the chemical environment, temperature,
and pressure in which they will operate.
b) Seal material selection for methanol service and for systems that involve rapid gas
decompression (RGD) (also known as explosive decompression, or "ED") requires Company
approval. This applies to gases at approximately 40 barg (~600 psig) and higher.
c) Unreinforced PTFE (Teflon) shall not be used where it would be exposed to temperatures above
205°C (400°F). Reinforced PTFE (RPTFE) shall not be used above 232°C (450°F). The
following are temperature limitations for other common seal materials as shown in Project
Specification IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000023 Nitrile (Buna-N) 120°C (250°F); HNBR 135°C (275°F);
EPDM 150°C (300°F); and most Vitons 177°C (350°F).
3. All soft seated valves used in flammable or toxic service shall have met the fire-safe requirements of
API STD 607, API SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497. Metal seated valves, in toxic or flammable
fluid service, or where the service requires the use of a valve meeting the fire-safe requirements, shall
also be certified as fire-safe. If the same exact valve design is certified as fire-safe in its soft seat
configuration (or within size/pressure class ranges permitted by applicable standard), then the valve
design employing metal seats, subject to COMPANY approval (as permitted by local laws and
regulations), could be considered as fire-safe if it is identical to the soft seated version in all aspects,
including the stem seal.
4. All soft seated valves, or valves employing elastomeric body seals, that are required to be welded into
the line shall be provided with sufficient body extensions or welded-on nipples to allow field welding
without disassembly, distortion, or damage to nonmetallic internals. For NPS 2 and smaller valves,
the minimum body extension length shall be 150 mm (6 in.). The material of the extension shall be
the same as body material, and the minimum thickness shall be Schedule 160 for carbon steel and
Schedule 80 for stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA) material, unless stated
otherwise in the valve specifications.
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5. In corrosive services, carbon steel valve bodies fitted with seats that require nonmetallic O-rings/seals
behind them (to prevent bypassing between the seat and the body) shall have the body seat pockets
overlaid with a CRA material. Additionally the stem sealing area of the body shall be overlaid with the
same CRA material.
6. NPS 11/2 and smaller valves shall be as specified in the applicable line class. Threaded-end valves
made of cast iron, malleable iron, or ductile iron are prohibited.
7. Small diameter (typically < NPS 2 in.) bolted body (i.e., three-piece) valves employing stainless steel
bolts to be used in an offshore environment (i.e., marine) are not permitted unless a thorough review
of the application and intended bolting material specification is approved by a Company materials
specialist. Where use of this type of valve is permitted (i.e., non-marine environments), it shall be
subject to the following restrictions:
a) Material for bolting used in valve bodies shall be comparable in type to the valve body [i.e.,
carbon steel valves shall utilize carbon steel bolts; stainless steel valves shall utilize stainless
steel or comparable chloride stress corrosion cracking (CSCC) resistant alloy bolts].
i) 303 stainless steel should never be used in any valve components (wetted or non-wetted)
either offshore or onshore.
ii) Applications requiring use of 304 stainless steel valve components (wetted or unwetted)
require approval by a Company metallurgist.
b) The use of galvanized bolting with stainless steel valve bodies is not permitted.
c) The proper body bolt load must be confirmed using a torque wrench or similar fastener tensioning
device to prevent overloading.
8. When a restriction on use of 303 and/or 304 stainless steel materials is specified, the scope shall
include all valve components (nuts, bolts, washers, etc.), not just the wetted parts.
9. Where resistance to corrosion is required, small bore valve bodies shall be made of either 316 or
316L stainless steel for unwelded end connections and of 316L stainless steel when employing
welded end connections. In no case shall such valves, installed in offshore locations, be permitted to
operate at temperatures higher than 65°C (150°F).
10. Valves for sea water service shall be made of Nickel Aluminum Bronze (Ni-Al-Brz).
9.3. Valve Packing

1. Asbestos shall not be used for valve packing material.
2. Valve packing/stem seal material for "sliding-stem" valves (for example, gate and globe) shall be
flexible graphite. The packing configuration shall consist of two end retainer rings made of braided
graphite and three intermediate rings made from die-formed flexible graphite with a density of 1120
kg/m3 to 1280 kg/m3 (70 lb/ft3 to 80 lb/ft3).
3. Valve packing/stem seal material for "rotary-stem" valves (for example, ball, butterfly, and plug
valves) used in hydrocarbon service shall satisfy the fire test requirements of API STD 607, API
SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497. Additionally, the stem seal design and materials shall
minimize fugitive emissions. PTFE O-rings may be used in flammable services if the valve design
has a backup fire-resistant stem seal that has passed one of the fire tests listed above.
4. Except as permitted in the preceding paragraph, Teflon packing shall only be used in Category D
service or in certain chemical services when approved by Company.
5. Some valves may require use of extended bonnets for services below −50°F (−45°C) to prevent
freezing of gland packing/stem seal (renders valve inoperable and/or results in process fluid leakage).
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If required, the minimum extended bonnet length shall be in accordance with BSI BS 6364, Table 1.
Use of a drip/collar plate shall be considered for insulated valves.
a) For temperatures below –100°C (–150°F), all valves shall be of the extended bonnet/stem type
with sufficient length to maintain the gland packing/stem seal near ambient temperature.
b) For temperatures between –46°C (–50°F) and –100°C (–150°F), use of extended bonnets/stems
shall be evaluated. The gland packing/stem seal at operating temperature shall not
experience "icing" conditions.
c) The requirements for extended bonnet valves may not be necessary in flare and blowdown
discharge pipe systems where the valves are normally open, since the valves will not need
to be closed during flare event. COMPANY shall approve decision to deviate from the
extended bonnet requirement above.
9.4. Valve Operators

9.4.1. Levers/Handwheels
1. Levers for manual valves shall be sized so that a force of no more than 14 kg (30 lbs) on the end of
the lever (assuming one handed operation) will open or close the valve. The maximum lever length
shall be 500 mm (20 in.).
2. Handwheels for manual (gear reduction or direct drive) valves shall be sized based on the handwheel
force required to operate the valve as listed in Table 6. Gear operators shall be used when
necessary to meet the maximum permitted force criteria.
Table 6: Handwheel Forces for Manually Operated Valves

Handwheel Diameter Range (2) Maximum Force (1)(3)
(4)
Small Handwheel 150 mm–180 mm (6 in.–7 in.) 2.3 kg (5 lbs) total rim pull
Diameter (assumes two-handed
operation)
Large Handwheel 455 mm (18 in.) and larger 23 kg (50 lbs) total rim pull
Diameter (assumes two-handed
operation)
Notes:
(1) Forces for handwheel diameters between the size ranges shown may be interpolated.
(2) The handwheel diameter shall not exceed the lesser of either the valve face-to-face
(end-to-end) dimension or 1000 mm (39 in.).
(3) Forces shown represent the valve's normal turning force. Valve's initial "breakaway"
force shall not exceed the lesser of either twice the normal turning force or 36 kg (80 lbs)
force.
(4) Interpolation is permitted for handwheel diameters between the sizes specified in this
table.
3. Impact wheels shall not be used on valves made of cast iron or on valves with cast iron handwheels.
Impact wheels shall not be used on quarter-turn valves.
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9.4.2. Gear Operator

1. A gear operator shall be provided for valves in the sizes listed in Table 7. Sizes smaller than those
shown may be handwheel/lever operated, provided the torque to break open or close the valve at
maximum differential pressure does not exceed the criteria established in the next paragraphs
(including Table 7).
Table 7: Required Gear Operator Sizes

Class Gate Globe Ball Ball Plug Butterfly
(Floating) (Trunnion
)
150 14 10 8 (RP) 8 (RP) 8 8

150 – – 6 (FP) 8 (FP) – –
300 12 8 6 8 8 8
600 8 4 – 6 – 6
900 6 3 – 4 – –
1500 4 3 – 3 – –
2500 4 3 – 2 – –
Legend: RP = regular (reduced) bore; FP = full bore
2. Valve and gear operator design shall include provisions to prevent overpressure of the gear operator
case should the valve leak process fluid through its stem seal. If pressure relief vents are installed on
the gear operator case, provisions shall be included to prevent entry of debris and water into the
gearcase, thus contaminating the lubricant. Furthermore, the use of pressure relief vents should
include provisions to ensure that the hole is not plugged by insects or debris.
9.4.3. Powered Actuators

1. Motorized/actuated valves shall be utilized if any of the criteria listed below applies. Exceptions may
be granted, to the frequency of operation criteria, with COMPANY approval. It is permissible to
utilize torque optimization devices (such as Cameron's Max Torque Gear Operator or Company-
approved equivalent) for the purpose of reducing the number of turns and/or operating force
requirements.
a) The valve exceeds the breaking force guidelines specified in Table 6 and Section 9.4.1
"Levers/Handwheels," Item (1) of this Project Specification.
b) Where frequent use (≥ once per month) is required and the valve nominal size exceeds 6 in.
c) Where several turns (above 40) are required to open/close the valve.
2. Actuators for valves so equipped shall meet the requirements of Project Specifications.
3. All actuated valves shall be subjected to a functional test, with the actuator mounted on the valve.
The function test shall use the intended actuator control system, unless waived by Company, and
shall demonstrate the adequacy of the actuator sizing, along with the time required to stroke the valve
against its full rated design pressure differential.
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4. All actuated valves shall be leak-tested with the actuator mounted on the valve to ensure that the
actuator settings (stops, etc.) are properly set.
9.4.4. Chainwheel Operators

1. The use of chainwheel operators should be avoided where possible. Where feasible, suitable
platforms should be provided to access all valves. Alternatively, the use of actuators should be
considered in lieu of chain operators. The decision to use manual versus actuated valves should be
based on the valve's intended operating frequency as specified in Section 9.4.3 "Powered Actuators"
in this Project Specification.
2. The use of chainwheel operators is not permitted for manually operated emergency block valves (EBV);
see Section 9.11 "Emergency Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves" of this Project
Specification.
3. When chainwheel operators are permitted for use by the COMPANY, the following parameters shall
be observed:
a) The use of a chainwheel operator maybe considered for valves positioned more than 1.83 m (72
in.) above the ground or platform.
b) The centerline of all valves with chainwheel operators shall not be more than 5.5 m (18 ft) above
an operating level. Chains shall extend to within 1 m (3 ft) of the operating level. Provisions shall
be made for hooking chains to columns or walls in order to maintain proper headroom clearance.
c) Valves with chainwheel operators shall be located or have their stems turned so that chains do
not hang in passageways or interfere with other equipment.
d) The selection of chainwheel operator mechanisms should consider use of an impact type wheel
drive system to assist in initial movement of the valve.
e) The normal operating force required on the chain shall not exceed the criteria listed in Table 6 of
this Project Specification. The maximum number of turns shall not exceed the criteria in Section
9.4.3 "Powered Actuators" in this PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS.
f) Chainwheel operators shall be made of ductile or malleable iron, or galvanized carbon steel.
Operating chain shall be hot-dip galvanized. All bolting attaching operator to handwheel shall be
hot-dip galvanized, or otherwise protected from corrosion and approved by the COMPANY.
g) Chainwheel operators and their related mechanisms (i.e., gearboxes) shall be secured (with
cables or chains) to a fixed structure capable of supporting the load of the chainwheel operating
mechanism plus an associated impact load (i.e., from the weight of the chainwheel operating
mechanism breaking off and being restrained by the cable or chain safety device).
9.5. Gate Valves

1. NPS 2 and smaller wedge type steel gate valves with SW, BW, and threaded ends shall conform to
API STD 602 or BSI BS EN ISO 15761. Size NPS 2 flanged end steel valves may conform to either
API STD 600 or API STD 602. If API STD 602 flanged valves are used, the flanges shall be integrally
forged, unless welded-on flanges are approved by Company.
2. Valves with welded-on flanges may be acceptable only after Company has reviewed and approved
the welding procedures.
3. NPS 3 and larger wedge type carbon steel gate valves shall conform to API STD 600. For these
types of valves in stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant materials, ASME B16.34 valves may
be acceptable. Flexible solid (one-piece) wedges shall be used for NPS 6 and larger.
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4. Hard-faced seats shall be used on gate valves since they are exposed to the process fluid, solids,
etc.
5. For applications where tighter shutoff than that usually provided with wedge gate valves is needed, a
through-conduit style valve shall be considered. Refer to Section 9.12 on "Special Application Valves."
6. Gate valves in flare lines, fire water pump discharge systems, and relief valve inlet and discharge
piping, shall be installed with stems in the horizontal position or shall be provided with provisions to
restrain the gate in its open position. For NPS 10 or greater with gate valves installed in horizontal
position, valve internals shall be designed to avoid wedge jamming. The design shall be approved by
the Company.
7. Gate valves in underground (U/G) applications shall be either non-rising stem (NRS) type or have
their stem threads protected (for example, installing the valve in a concrete box).
8. Overpressure protection (as might be caused by thermal expansion) is required for flexible wedge,
solid wedge, and expanding gate valves in liquid services or gas/vapor services where liquid might
condense in the valve cavity. See details regarding overpressure protection requirements in
"Valving" Section 9.1 "General" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
9. Drilling of one side of a flexible wedge gate valve's wedge plug, for thermal relief protection of the
valve cavity, is not permitted. For services where installation of externally piped cavity overpressure
protection devices is impractical, a drilled wedge gate valve may be used with Company approval.
Where such valves are permitted, positive measures shall be put in place to avoid accidental reversal
of the valve during maintenance and/or improper use for isolation. Such measures can include use of
different connections on each end of the valve.
10. Expanding type gate valves shall be provided with bleed provisions to vent trapped pressure from the
cavity for applications where there is potential to depressure from either or both sides of the closed
valve. If the valve is to be actuated remotely, consideration shall be given to automation of the cavity
bleed system.
9.6. Ball Valves

1. All ball valves shall have anti-static devices and blowout proof stems that do not rely on gland
components. Unless specified otherwise in the line classes or project specifications, they shall have
bi-directional shutoff. Additionally, they shall include a means, independent of the stops in an
actuator, of preventing overturning of the ball.
2. Welded body ball valves, 2 in. and larger shall not be used without Company approval and only when
proper consideration has been given to overall maintainability.
3. Top entry ball valves shall be used only where in-line maintenance can be performed.
4. Metal-seated ball valves are preferred in pipeline and other services where solids and debris may be
present in the fluid.
5. All soft seated ball valves that are required to be welded into the line shall be provided with sufficient
body extensions or welded-on nipples to allow field welding without disassembly, distortion, or
damage to nonmetallic internals. For NPS 2 and smaller valves, the minimum body extension length
shall be 150 mm (6 in.). The material of the extension shall be the same as body material, and the
minimum thickness shall be Schedule 160 for carbon steel and Schedule 80 for stainless steel and
other CRA material, unless stated otherwise in the valve specifications.
6. Consideration shall also be given to the potential for damage during PWHT to the soft seated or metal
seated valve's elastomers and gaskets.
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7. Ball valves in Class 150 and 300 up to 152 mm (6 in.) nominal diameter [or 203 mm (8 in.) nominal if
reduced port type] may be floating type. Ball valves for Class 400 and higher services in sizes 2 in.
and larger shall be trunnion mounted. Ball valves in 11/2 in. and smaller nominal size in all pressure
classes may be floating type. Note gear operator requirements as a function of valve type, pressure
class, and size.
8. Balls and stems in ball valves shall be solid alloy material in accordance with the applicable line class.
Hollow ball design is not permitted for any application. For NPS 6 and larger, use of valves with
electroless-nickel plated (ENP) balls is only permissible with Company approval. ENP is not
permitted in abrasive, corrosive, or sour service applications. As indicated IDBU-CW-RBPDB-
000001, “sour” service is defined as any fluid meets the criteria for NACE as defined in MR 0175/IS0
15156. If approved by the company for use in non-process services, ENP coating shall meet the
requirements of IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061.
9. Ball valves constructed so that the ball is held in place with a threaded portion of the valve body (e.g.,
threaded body valves) are not permitted unless the valve halves are positively secured together (e.g.,
by seal-welding) by the Valve Manufacturer.
10. Ball valves with DPE seats may be classified as Type B (as defined in Table 5 of this Project
Specification) below Class 600 fluid services. Ball valves in Class 600 and higher pressure services
must be classified as Type A (as defined in Table 5 of this Project Specification) unless approval is
granted from the COMPANY (requires engineering analysis of ball and seat design).
11. Vendor drawings shall reflect the type of seal used on each ball valve supplied. This information may
be documented in a table format on a standard drawing depicting the valve. The information shall
include the type of upstream and downstream seal (self-relieving vs DPE) by unique valve tag
number or serial number.
9.7. Check Valves

1. Check valves utilized for hydrocarbon, toxic, or flammable fluid services shall be certified as having
met the API SPEC 6FD fire test criteria.
2. Selection of check valves shall be as follows:
a) Except as limited by other paragraphs in this Section, for sizes NPS 3 and larger, the preferred
type of valve in general services is a dual-plate style check valve, per API STD 594, except in
lines that will require pigging.
b) API SPEC 6D full bore swing check valves shall be used in lines that will require pigging. If
swing check valves are specified in lines that will not require pigging, carbon steel valves shall be
in accordance with API STD 600 or API SPEC 6D and CRA valves may be in accordance with
ASME B16.34. Check valves built to ASME B16.34 require checking to ensure compliance with
ASME pressure code rules at maximum differential pressure.
c) In size NPS 2 and smaller, a swing type, or spring-assisted piston type, check valve shall be
used. In lines that will require pigging, a full bore swing check, per API SPEC 6D, shall be used.
d) In NPS, or tubing, sizes smaller than 3/4, including "in-line" check valves, spring loaded ball type
check valves are permitted in clean, solids-free, noncorrosive services with low viscosity fluids.
e) Axial flow non-slam check valves shall be utilized for the discharge piping of centrifugal
compressors, sea water pumps, loading pumps, and other piping systems where pressure surges
(water hammer) are a concern. Subject to Company approval, dual-plate non-slam check valves
may be used only if a surge analysis is performed and the analysis indicates that pressure surges
are not a problem when pumps and/or compressors are shut down or valves are closed.
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f) For reciprocating and positive displacement compressors and pumps, a plate/reed type of check
valve, such as a Hoerbiger, shall be used.
3. Dual-plate check valves shall be either lug-type with drilled-through holes (not tapped), or double
flanged. Double flanged valves shall be used in sizes where they are available (generally NPS 12
and larger). With Company approval, wafer style dual-plate check valves may be considered in
Category D service, but not for fire water service.
4. Wafer check valves, including dual-plate type, in hydrocarbon service shall be the "pin retainerless"
design.
5. Check valves shall not be used in down-flow applications, even if they incorporate springs to effect
closure.
9.8. Globe Valves

1. NPS 2 and smaller globe valves with SW, BW, and threaded ends shall conform to API STD 602 or
BSI BS EN ISO 15761. Size NPS 2 flanged end steel valves may conform to either API STD 600 or
API STD 602. If API STD 602 flanged valves are used, the flanges shall be integrally forged, unless
welded-on flanges are approved by Company.
2. NPS 3 and larger carbon steel globe valves shall conform to the applicable requirements of API STD
600. ASME B16.34 valves may be acceptable for valves with bodies of a corrosion-resistant material,
or in services where internal corrosion is not a concern.
3. Control valve bypass valves shall be globe valves in sizes NPS 6 and smaller. For larger sizes, gate
valves are normally used because of lower costs. Bypass valves should be sized to not flow
excessive volumes [e.g., the hazards and operability review (HAZOP) and risk assessment flow rate
assumptions can be compromised when control valves are bypassed]. The bypass line can be fitted
with restriction orifices to provide flexibility for various rate cases.
4. If the pressure drop across a globe valve exceeds 50 percent of the upstream pressure, the disc shall
be wing guided or of the "V" port pattern. Plug type discs may be used up to NPS 2. If the pressure
drop is less than 50 percent, conventional disc-type valves are acceptable.
9.9. Plug Valves

1. Pressure-balanced lubricated plug valves, per API STD 599, may be used only with Company
approval.
2. Plug valves used in flammable or toxic service shall have met the fire safe requirements of API STD
607, API SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497.
3. Nonlubricated plug valves may be used provided that all nonmetallic components in the valves can
withstand the maximum temperature encountered in service and are acceptable for the intended
service.
9.10. Butterfly Valves

1. Butterfly valves shall meet the requirements of API STD 609, Category B (note that this Category
B per API STD 609, is not to be confused with Type B as defined in Table 5 of this Project
Specification), and are permitted as follows:
a) All Services:
i) In pressure ratings up through Class 600.
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ii) Class 900 applications are only permitted with COMPANY approval after review of specific
application and intended purpose. Such approvals require a documented reliability
assessment for the valve and its actuator.
iii) Seat material shall be suitable for the intended service.
iv) All services shall meet the additional limitations and requirements of this Section.
b) Butterfly Valves in Throttling Services:
i) Butterfly valves used for throttling service, as a minimum, shall be of the double offset design.
ii) In hydrocarbon and fire water services, butterfly valves shall meet the fire test requirements
of API STD 607, API SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497.
c) Butterfly Valves in Block/Shutoff Services:
i) Butterfly valves in block/shutoff services shall be of the triple offset design.
ii) Butterfly valves in block/shutoff services shall meet the fire test requirements of API STD 607,
API SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497.
2. Butterfly valve services are limited to use in Type A isolation applications as defined in Table 5 of this
Project Specification. In no case shall any type of butterfly valve, or combination of valves, be used
for Type B, C, or D (as defined in Table 5 of this Project Specification) positive isolation services
and/or maintenance.
3. Butterfly valves used in emergency shutdown (ESDV) or emergency block valve (EBV) services shall
meet the requirements in Section 9.11 "Emergency Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves" in
this Project Specification.
4. Butterfly valve shafts shall be installed in the vertical position.
5. Butterfly valve stems shall be designed with a permanent indicator (pin, casting line, etc; painting is
not permitted) marked on the valve stem and visible with the actuator or gearbox installed, which
indicates the true open and closed position of the disk. A gear box operator with this indicator is not
sufficient.
6. Soft seated butterfly valves greater than NPS 4 shall NOT be used as the first block valve for the
holdup of large volumes of dangerous liquid materials [>38,000 L (10,000 gal) liquid hold up].
7. Butterfly valves shall not be used as block valves to the atmosphere.
8. Large butterfly valves that are not in hydrocarbon or fire water lines may be in accordance with the
requirements of AWWA C504, subject to Company approval.
9. Butterfly valves shall be the double flanged type in steam, hydrocarbon, and fire water service. In
smaller sizes, where double flanged type valves are not manufactured, they may be the lug-type with
drilled-through holes (not tapped).
10. When butterfly valves are used in cement-lined piping systems, there must be adequate clearance
between the disc and cement liner.
11. Unless stated otherwise in the project specifications, butterfly valves shall be designed for the full
rated system pressure.
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9.11. Emergency Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves

Valves used in emergency isolation services [a.k.a. emergency shutdown valves (ESDV) or emergency
block valves (EBV)], whether actuated or manually operated, shall meet the following minimum
requirements:
1. Valves shall be flanged, unless buttwelding end valves are approved by the Company.
2. Plug valves shall be lubricated fire-tested type.
3. Expanding seal fire-tested plug valves shall be used only in clean, noncorrosive services.
4. Metal-seated ball valves, or metal-seated and fire-tested butterfly valves, shall have graphite packing
and graphite body gaskets (when used).
5. Fire-tested soft seated ball or plug valves may be used as EBVs in hydrocarbon, dangerous, or
flammable service up to NPS 4. For sizes larger than 4 in., metal seated valves shall be used.
6. Butterfly valves used in ESDV or EBV services shall be fire tested, double flanged (i.e., cannot be
wafer or lug type), bi-directional metal seated (can hold full line pressure on either side), triple offset
and classified as "high performance." In addition, the butterfly valve shall be tested to API STD 598,
high pressure closure test criteria and shall not utilize a 90 degree turn handle type closure
mechanism (i.e., must be manual gear or powered actuator). See additional restrictions regarding
use of butterfly valves in Section 9.10 "Butterfly Valves" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
7. Chain-wheel operation is not permitted. Access to valves shall be from fixed platform or with ladder
from grade.
8. Local initiation/actuator button stations shall be in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION
IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000014, Appendix B-1, "Abnormal Condition Detection and Local Initiation"
Section.
9.12. Special Application Valves

1. For applications where tighter shutoff than is usually provided with a slab gate valve is required, a
through-conduit style expanding gate valve may be considered. This type of valve shall conform to
API SPEC 6D. The expanding type gate valve may be used for critical shutoff applications (for
example, double isolation and bleed applications as permitted in Table 5 of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION). Valves with expanding type gate in liquid or condensing services shall be
provided with a relief capability as specified in "Valving" Section 9.1 "General" of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION. A through-conduit valve is also recommended for dirty liquid and high pressure
gas services, as well as where pigging of the line is required.
2. Use of needle valves shall be limited to applications where fine control of small quantities is required.
Any proposal to use needle valves larger than NPS 11/2 shall be approved by Company.
3. Cam-action type ball valves (for example, Orbit valves) shall be considered for certain services, such
as clean, dry hydrocarbon gas. Additionally, they are the preferred valve for mol-sieve piping
systems. Since the seating area on the ball has a weld deposited overlay of a CRA material, the
base material of the ball can usually be carbon steel, for valves with carbon steel bodies.
4. Expanding plug valves designed for double isolation and bleed service shall have provisions for cavity
relief if they will be installed in liquid service. If such valves are to be used for gas service only, the
cavity relief valve may be omitted.
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9.13. Wafer and Lug Type Valves

1. Wafer type valves are only permitted in Category D fluid services (as defined by ASME B31.3) but are
not permitted in fire water pipe systems.
2. Wafer or lug type valves shall not be used as the first block valve against storage tanks or vessels in
any fluid service.
3. Wafer (flangeless) and lug type valves shall not be used in any service with a design temperature
above 315°C (600°F) or above the auto-ignition temperature of the fluid, whichever is lower.
4. For design temperature exceeding 200°C (400°F), the body material of wafer or lug type valves shall
have the same nominal coefficient of thermal expansion as the bolting material and adjacent flanges.
5. Check valves shall be either lug type or full diameter flanged (i.e., OD device = flange OD) with
drilled-through holes (not tapped), or double flanged. Double flanged valves shall be used in sizes
where they are available (generally NPS 12 and larger).
6. With Company approval, wafer style dual-plate check valves may be considered in Category D
service, but not for fire water service.
7. In no case may more than one wafer or lug type device (block or check valve, bleed ring, etc.) be
installed between a pair of flanges.
8. Wafer check valves, including dual-plate type, in hydrocarbon service shall be the "pin retainerless"
design. The design shall be of the type where the internal pin retaining mechanism does not intrude
into the gasket sealing element surface.
10. Strainers
10.1. General
1. The design and application requirements for temporary and permanent strainers shall be in
accordance with this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
2. Acceptable strainer designs include Top Loading Basket, "TEE," "Y," and In-line, with many variations
available.
3. Strainers shall also be installed at other locations where required by the P&IDs.
4. Strainers are required in the process suction lines of all pumps and compressors (typically temporary
type) and in fuel lines of internal combustion and turbine drivers (typically permanent).
5. All pump and compressor strainers shall be located in the suction line between the equipment and its
block valve and as close to the equipment as feasible. Strainer sparing philosophy shall be identified
in the project operating philosophy early in the project.
10.2. Temporary Strainers

1. All temporary strainer installations shall include provisions for installation of differential pressure
measurement equipment to indicate plugging, unless there is no significant risk of damage to
equipment as a result of strainer blockage.
2. The piping shall be designed so that the temporary strainers may be easily installed and removed
without springing the pipe. It is preferred that this be addressed through the installation of a removal
spool piece to facilitate in-line type temporary strainer inspection and removal.
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3. All temporary strainers shall be removed within a pre-established time period, usually less than 1
month and no more than 3 months. Otherwise, a permanent strainer design shall be selected.
10.3. Permanent Strainers

All permanent strainers shall meet the requirements of PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS and the following
additional requirements:
1. Permanent strainers shall be installed in all lines that handle fluids that may contain solids (such as
coke), unless the equipment is designed to handle such material.
2. Permanent strainer drains handling toxic fluids shall be hard piped to a closed drain system.
3. In addition to pumps and compressors, strainers or filters shall be provided in the piping for the
following equipment:
a) Air supply to pneumatically actuated equipment
b) Energized fluid to ejectors
4. Strainer solids capacity shall be sufficient to accommodate expected inspection and cleanout interval
to avoid damage to piping and/or downstream equipment. Pressure-sensing points should be
installed upstream and downstream of a strainer to aid in identifying plugged strainers unless waived
by the Company.
5. The design and location of permanent strainers shall permit inspection of the element without
removing the strainer body. Typically the strainer body or housing shall be provided with two suitably
located 3/4 in. inspection ports to allow in-situ boroscope inspection of the strainer element. If in-situ
cleaning connections are provided, they may also be used for boroscope inspection.
6. Permanent strainers and the associated installation arrangement shall be designed such that any
potentially associated flow disturbance has no negative effect on downstream equipment performance.
11. Pipe Joints

11.1. Welded Joints
1. For welded piping NPS 2 (inches) and larger, buttwelded construction shall be used. However, for
NPS 2 piping in Category D service and non-vibrating service, socket-welded construction, or
threading where shown in the line classes, may be used.
2. For NPS 11/2 and smaller welded construction in pressure classes through Class 1500, socket welding
is typically preferred over buttwelding. However, buttwelded construction shall be used for the following:
a) Where fatigue could occur due to excessive vibration
b) For lube oil piping
c) Where crevice corrosion is expected
3. For Classes 2500 and higher, NPS 11/2 and larger joints shall be buttwelded. NPS 1 and smaller
joints may be socket welded. Where buttwelding is impractical due to pipe diameter size limitations
(typically 1/2 in. to 3/4 in. nominal size range), threading followed by seal welding is an acceptable
alternative, especially for piping subject to vibration. Small diameter connections should be evaluated
for potential failure caused by vibration, mechanical damage, etc. See PROJECT SPECIFICATION
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035 for small diameter branch connection bracing requirements.
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11.2. Flanges and Flanged Joints

1. NPS 24 and smaller steel flanges shall conform to ASME B16.5 for Classes 2500 and lower.
2. NPS 26 and larger steel flanges shall conform to ASME B16.47, Series A, except Series B flanges
shall be used when required to mate to equipment and valves supplied with Series B flanges. The
use of Series B flanges must meet the following additional requirements:
a) Where use of Series B flanges is planned for the entire project, approval is required by the
Company.
b) Flanges outside the size range of ASME B16.47 (i.e., where there is no dimensional information
listed) shall be designed according to the criteria listed in this Section of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION.
3. Flanges larger than those listed in ASME B16.47 (NPS 60) and those sizes/pressure classes not
included in ASME B16.5, shall be individually designed on a case-by-case basis, using the
requirements of ASME Code Section VIII Division 1, Mandatory Appendix 2 (ASME SEC VIII D1
Mandatory Appendix 2, Section 2-14), or a standard approved by Company. For flanges designed
per ASME, the rigidity index for the flange, "J" shall be determined at the seating and design
conditions. For carbon steel piping systems with design temperature 370°C (700°F) or lower, and for
low alloy steel (up to and including 5Cr-1Mo) with design temperature of 454°C (850°F) or less, J
shall be limited to 0.9. Flanges used in water lines may be in accordance with AWWA Standards.
4. All carbon steel flanges shall be normalized (e.g., A-105N).
5. The A-105 flange normalization practices (fine grain practice) should be closely scrutinized for
minimum design metal temperatures (MDMT) colder than specified for Curve A materials per ASME
B31.3, Table 323.2.2A.
6. Buried flanges are permitted only with special Company approval on a case-by-case basis.
7. Except as listed below, all flanges for Class 600 and lower shall have raised faces (RF):
a) All iron (cast, ductile, and malleable) and brass flanges (where permitted) shall be flat faced.
b) When metallic flanges are bolted to nonmetallic flanges, both shall be flat faced.
8. Flanges Class 900 and higher, including API SPEC 6A flanges, shall be ring type joint. They shall be
furnished with a flat-bottom groove and finished in accordance with ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47, or
API SPEC 6A. As an alternative, compact flanges and/or high-pressure "hub" connectors may be
used in Classes 900 and higher when permitted by Section 11.4 "Proprietary and Other Joints" of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION. Where RTJ flanges or "hub" connectors are used, the piping system
shall provide adequate flexibility for removal of the metal gaskets.
9. Use of Class 150 flanged joints in any fluid service shall be limited to temperatures of 200°C (400°F).
It is suggested that for all such services Class 300 or higher flanges be used instead.
10. Flange facing finish shall conform to the latest edition of ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47.
11. Cast flanges and flanges made from plate material shall not be used. Cast malleable, wrought, and
ductile iron threaded flanges shall not be used.
12. Weld neck flanges shall be used for piping NPS 2 and larger, except slip-on and lap joint flanges may
be used as indicated in the next paragraph.
13. Socket weld (SW) flanges may be used for piping systems not subject to cyclic fatigue in NPS 11/2
and smaller sizes, except in LNG services. For LNG services, SW flanges may be used for non-
cyclic fatigue service piping NPS 3/4 in. and smaller (1 in. and larger use buttweld flanges). For Class
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150 SW flanges in these sizes, nonmetallic gaskets in accordance with the applicable line class shall
be used. If spiral wound gaskets are used for Class 150 flanges, either weld neck flanges or Class
300 SW flanges shall be used.
14. Threaded flanges shall not be used except with threaded galvanized pipe.
15. Slip-on flanges shall not be used as lap-joint flanges.
16. Slip-on flanges (double welded) may be used in the following services:
a) Category D and Normal Fluid Services (as defined in ASME B31.3) in Classes 150 and 300, at
temperatures of 400°C (750°F) and lower.
b) Lube and seal oil piping.
c) Cement-lined piping, where slip-on flanges shall be welded on the outside only. Pipe and liner
shall be flush with the flange face.
17. Buttweld end flanges shall be attached by full penetration buttwelds.
18. In applications requiring stainless steel, CRA, or other expensive alloy piping, lap joint carbon steel
flanges may be considered, subject to Company approval. However, the use of carbon steel lap joint
flanges is restricted to Classes 150 and 300. For Classes 600 and higher, buttwelded flanges
conforming to the piping material shall be used.
19. Where steel flanges of different materials mate in sea water service, the need to provide insulating
flange sets shall be considered. Similarly, the need for insulating flange sets shall be considered for
buried metallic piping, especially where cathodic protection is provided. Note that the term "sea
water" is often interpreted as ocean water. The more noble (cathodic) material in the galvanic couple
shall be internally coated for a minimum distance of 4 times the nominal pipe diameter from the flange
face. The requirements of this Section also apply to brackish water and produced water (water with
elevated chlorides).
20. When an insulated flange joint is required, the use of flange gaskets, washers, and/or sleeves made
of phenolic or Teflon materials are not permitted. Instead, gaskets, bolt sleeves, and washers shall
comply with the following requirements:
a) Gasketed joint must be certified as passing the API SPEC 6FB fire test.
b) The gasket and any associated sealing elements shall be made of a homogeneous design
without buttwelds or splices.
c) Must be made of glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) bonded to a 316 SS core (or other CRA material
per NACE MR0175/ISO 15156) and shall comply with requirements of NEMA LI 1 G-10 for
temperatures up to 150°C (300°F) or NEMA LI 1 G-11 for temperatures from 151°C to 177°C
(304°F to 350°F).
d) Insulating washers shall be made of a non brittle material that has a minimum compressive
strength of 345 MPa (50,000 psi). If metal washers coated with a dielectric material are to be
used, they shall conform to the requirements of Section 12.1 "Bolting" Item (5) in this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION and used in pairs (2 each) under each flange nut (to minimize chances of
galling/shorting).
e) The Manufacturer's recommended stud tensioning requirements (washer stackup, bolt load,
sleeve alignment, alignment tolerances, etc.) shall be observed. Care shall be observed when
assembling to avoid damage to insulating components.
f) The use of ring type gasket (i.e., in RTJ flanges) insulation kits is not permitted (to date, no known
ring manufacturer has demonstrated a product that has insulating capabilities that also passes
the API SPEC 6FB fire test).
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Note: One example of an insulating kit meeting the above criteria is Pikotek Type VCFS (Fire-safe) with
fire rated insulating kit.
11.3. Threaded Joints

1. The use of threaded fittings, valves, and connections is discouraged and should be avoided where
possible. However, where required to meet specific needs, they are permitted with the limitations in
the paragraphs of this Section.
2. Threaded joints shall have tapered threads in accordance with ASME B1.20.1 and may only be used
as stated in this Section.
3. In sweet services, threaded fittings and valves with threaded outlets may be used where NPS 11/2
and smaller non-insulated (i.e., exposed) joints, in ASME Class 600 or lower, must be disconnected.
Examples are plugs for vents, drains, orifice taps, and connections to equipment and instruments.
The joint on the pressure side of such block valves shall be seal welded. Use of threaded joints shall
be in compliance with requirements of ASME B31.3, Section 314.
4. Threaded joints are not permitted in vibrating, buried, corrosive, or erosive fluid services. During
design of pipe systems utilizing threaded connections, special attention shall be paid to bending
moments (from thermal as well as mechanical loads) at all threaded joints. In addition, pipe wall
thickness shown in the applicable pressure class PROJECT SPECIFICATION shall be adjusted to
reflect use of threaded or grooved pipe, except in no case shall the pipe wall thickness be less than
Sch 80.
5. The use of 1/2 in. or 3/4 in. plugged threaded openings in valve bodies for class 900 and higher is
acceptable. However, consideration must be given to potential for thread failure due to corrosion. In
addition, the materials selected for valve body and plug should consider potential for galvanic
corrosion. All threaded plugs shall have a hexagonal head and be made of a solid forged material.
6. Threaded joints shall not be used in sour service (see Section 16 "Piping Service Classifications" of
this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for explanation of the term "sour service") for materials subject to
corrosion. Use of threaded plugs for valve bodies in sour service is acceptable with Company
approval. However, consideration shall be given to effects of corrosion on threads. In addition,
consideration should be given to manufacturing practices to ensure plugs are installed with adequate
thread engagement.
7. Threaded joints may be used with Company approval in water, air, and nitrogen services in sizes
NPS 2 and smaller only if the line is not insulated or buried and is not in vibrating service, or adjacent
to lines that would cause vibration. Insulated lines in these services shall have welded joints or
threaded/seal welded joints.
8. Threaded joints may be used for galvanized piping NPS 3 and smaller (if galvanizing is permitted).
9. Use of threaded thermowells requires careful consideration. See details in the "Thermowell
Connections" Section in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000056.
10. Threaded joints that are to be seal welded shall avoid use of thread sealing compound or PTFE tape
and shall comply with the requirements of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035.
11.4. Proprietary and Other Joints

1. Compact flanges and/or "hub clamp" connectors may be used in Classes 900 and higher services
subject to Company approval of application and Manufacturer. The hubs and clamps shall be made
by the same Manufacturer. Hub-to-hub alignment and parallelism shall comply with the more
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stringent of either Manufacturer's requirements or conventional flange alignment as specified in

PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035.
2. Use of tubing for instrument piping shall be in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-LSPDS-000056. The use of tubing with compression fittings in lieu of welded piping for process
applications requires Company approval on a case-by-case basis. This approval must include a risk
assessment with acceptable outcome and endorsement by a Piping SME with consideration of at
least the following:
a) Unless approved by Company, only bite-type compression tubing joints shall be used.
b) Component parts (collars, glands, couplings, etc.) shall not be interchanged between tubing
fittings of different manufacturers.
c) Use of compression fittings for any application requires adherence to the manufacturer's
requirements (tubing wall thickness, assembly procedure, material hardness, etc.).
d) Where possible, the use of compression fittings shall be minimized (i.e., use bent tubing in lieu of
a 90 or 45 degree fitting).
e) The use of compression fittings with tubing is not permitted for process piping (excluding
hydraulic systems) containing flammable, toxic, or corrosive fluids which are continuously
pressurized and/or are in vibrating or pulsating systems.
f) For limitations regarding maximum working pressure of tubing and compression fittings, see
PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000056.
3. Use of "non-welded type" proprietary pipe connectors must meet specific application criteria and shall
be approved by Company on a case-by-case basis. This includes connectors such as the following:
a) Victaulic type grooved connectors
b) LokRing mechanical metal-to-metal connectors for NPS 3 and smaller pipe on Class 150 to 300
systems.
12. Bolting and Gaskets

12.1. Bolting
1) Bolting shall be in accordance with the line classification sheets. For services for which there are no
line classes, refer to Table 9 (Sweet or Sour Service). In this table, "sour" service applies to any fluid
service where piping materials are required to meet the requirements of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156.
2) Nuts for bolts shall be heavy hexagonal semifinished. Headed bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not
be used without Company approval.
3) Bolt lengths for the various sizes/classes of flanges shall not exceed those listed in ASME B16.5 and
ASME B16.47 flange standards, unless required for bolt-tensioning equipment use. An allowance
(typically 6 mm) longer than stated in ASMEB16.5 or ASME B 16.47 shall be made for the length of
bolt tapered tips (unthreaded) when specifying bolt lengths since bolts are typically sold based on
overall length and not usable threaded length. The location of flanges and fittings should allow for the
installation and removal of the bolts and nuts.
4. Carbon and low alloy steel bolts (for example, ASTM A 193/A 193M Gr. B7), nuts (for example,
ASTM A 194/A 194M, Gr. 2H), and washers for marine environments shall be coated per PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000027, which includes a basecoat that provides corrosion
resistance and a fluoropolymer topcoat that provides both corrosion resistance and lubrication. The
topcoat is suitable for a continuous service temperature range of −40°C to +205°C (−40°F to +400°F),
with minimum short-term service temperature of 230°C (450°F). The basecoat will withstand
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operating temperatures up to 538°C (1000°F). Stainless steel and other CRA bolting does not require
a coating, provided the bolting is properly lubricated prior to installation.
5. Carbon steel flange studs 11/2 in. (38 mm) and larger shall be fitted with washers under each nut.
Where hydraulic stud tensioners are used, it is permissible to utilize only one washer under the side
of opposite to the hydraulic tensioner mount. Where no washer is installed under the nut, the
maintenance procedure shall include a step to dress up the nut-to-flange contact surface (coating
damage and/or scoring)
a) For non-sour applications (i.e., where joint is not exposed to H2S), washers should conform to
ASTM F 436. Washers fabricated from AISI 4140 material are acceptable. Surface finish shall
be 125 microinch (3.2 micrometers) Ra or smoother on both sides.
b) For applications where the joint has a potential to be exposed to H2S (e.g., sour service; including
via leak through flange gasket), washers should be made of a heat-treated material that has a
strength comparable or greater than that of the flange. Carbon steel washers shall have a
maximum hardness of 22 HRC. The use of free machining steel or steels containing more than
1 percent nickel is not permitted.
c) Consideration should be given to installation of stud washers for all painted and/or coated carbon
steel flanges in offshore applications. Observation of sour application requirements above should
be made.
6. All studs shall be tightened using the method specified in Table 8. When using bolt-on type
tensioners, bolt lengths shall be one nut thickness longer than normally required. A hydraulic torque
wrench shall not be used as a substitute for hydraulic tensioning. Exceptions to any of these
requirements require Company approval.
Table 8: Bolt Tensioning Method Selection
Flange Type Manual Tightening Controlled Torquing Hydraulic

(By Manual or Tensioning
Hydraulic Torque (requires longer
Wrench) bolts)
ASME B16.5 to ≤ 5/8 in. > 5/8 in. to ≤ 13/8 in. >13/8 in.
NPS 24, excluding
RTJ
All others, including ≤ 5/8 in. > 5/8 in. to ≤ 1 in. >1 in.
RTJ
7. Test temperatures for impact testing of all L7 bolts and Grade 4 nuts, per ASTM A 320/A 320M, shall
be –101°C (–150°F).
8. Nuts conforming to ASTM A 194/A 194M Grade 2H or Grade 4, larger than 1/2 in. (12 mm), shall not
be machined from bar stock. Nuts conforming to ASTM A 194/A 194M Grade 4 in sizes 1/2 in. (12
mm) and smaller shall not be machined from cold finished bar stock.
9. Type 22% Cr duplex stainless steel bolts may be used to connect topsides titanium piping, operating
at up to 110°C (230°F), subject to Company approval. Type 25% Cr duplex stainless steel bolts,
nuts, and washers shall be used to connect subsea titanium piping, subject to Company approval.
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Table 9: Bolt Selection for Valves and Flanges (1)

Bolt Temperature Range Steel Flanges Stainless Flanges
(2)
(1) (1)
Bolts Nuts Bolts (1) (4) (5) Nuts (1) (4) (5)
°C °F ASTM ASTM A ASTM ASTM A
194/A 194M 194/A 194M
SWEET SERVICE
−29 to −20 to ASTM A 193/A Gr. 2H ASTM A 193/A Gr. 2H
+400 +750 193M Gr. B7 193M Gr. B7
−29 to −20 to – – ASTM A 193/A Gr. 8M
+400 +750 193M Gr. B8M CL. 2
(Alternate (Alternate
bolting) (3) bolting) (3)
−45 to −30 −50 to −22 ASTM A 320/A Gr. 2H or ASTM A 320/A Gr. 2H or
320M Gr. L7 Gr. 4 320M Gr. L7 Gr. 4
−101 to −150 to – – ASTM A 320/A Gr. 4
−46 −51 320M Gr. L7
−200 to −325 to – – ASTM A 320/A Gr. 8MA
−102 −151 320M Gr. B8M CL. 2 Gr. 8
or
ASTM A 320/A
320M Gr. B8 CL. 2
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Bolt Temperature Range Steel Flanges Stainless Flanges

(2)
(1) (1)
Bolts Nuts Bolts (1) (4) (5) Nuts (1) (4) (5)
°C °F ASTM ASTM A ASTM ASTM A
194/A 194M 194/A 194M
SOUR SERVICE
−29 to −20 to ASTM A 193/A Gr. 2HM ASTM A 193/A Gr. 2HM
+400 +750 193M Gr. B7M 193M Gr. B7M
−29 to −20 to – – ASTM A 193/A Gr. 8
+400 +750 193M Gr. B8 CL. 2 Gr. 8M
(Alternate or
bolting) (3) ASTM A 193/A
193M Gr. B8M CL. 2
−75 to −30 −100 to – – ASTM A 320/A Gr. 7M
−22 320M Gr. L7M
Notes:
(1) See Section 12.1 "Bolting" Item (4) in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for coating requirements
for carbon and low alloy bolting (including nuts).
(2) To establish bolt temperature, use 80 percent of the process design temperature for uninsulated
flanges and 100 percent for insulated flanges.
(3) The intermediate-strength stainless steel bolting (Class 2) may be used with stainless steel
flanges and valves where indicated in the line classes or project specifications. However, note
that the service temperature limit for bolting (including nuts) exposed to chlorides (i.e., offshore
or marine environments) is reduced to 65°C (150°F).
(4) Due to potential effects of galvanic corrosion, the use of coated carbon steel bolts on stainless
steel flange is not permitted where the flange will be subject to immersion for periods of time; e.g
below ground cellars.
(5) Note that ASTM A193/A320 B8M Class 2 (316 SS) bolting in diameters ≥1 in. will approach or
attain 100 percent of specified minimum yield strength during normal flange tightening. Seek
alternative bolting material. However, if used, use of accurate stud bolt tensioning equipment
(i.e., excludes torque wrenches) is recommended.
12.2. Gaskets
1. Gaskets for raised-face (RF) flanges shall be spiral-wound with stainless steel windings and flexible
graphite filler material in accordance with ASME B16.20. Flexible graphite sheet gaskets, in
accordance with ASME B16.21, may be used in Class 150 flanged joints. Non-asbestos sheet
gaskets may be used in air and water services (see line classes in Table 13 and Table 14).
2. Centering ring requirements shall comply with ASME B16.20.
3. Inner rings shall be specified for graphite-filled spiral wound gaskets per the criteria of Table 10. As a
minimum, the inner ring material shall be of the same nominal chemical composition as the spiral
wound material.
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Table 10: Inner Ring Requirements (graphite filled)

Class Applicability
150 through 600 An inner retaining ring shall be provided for spiral wound gaskets
except as follows:
a) Where threaded or slip-on flanges are used.
b) In applications where the inner ring may project into the pipe bore.
For example, certain long weld neck (LWN) flanges.
c) Where other means to prevent inward buckling of the spiral
windings are provided and approved by the Owner's Engineer.
900 through 2500 Use of RTJ gaskets is required.
4. When flexible graphite sheet gaskets are used, they shall consist of the following, unless otherwise
approved by Company:
a) Flexible graphite, adhesively bonded to both sides of a flat, thin [0.05 mm (0.002 in.)] sheet of
Type 316 stainless steel (Grafoil GHE or Company-approved equivalent).
b) Flexible graphite, mechanically bonded to a Type 316 stainless steel tanged insert, 0.13 mm
(0.005 in.) thick (Grafoil GHE or Company-approved equivalent).
c) Flexible graphite, thermally bonded to a high temperature, continuous glass fiber interlayer, 0.06
mm (0.0025 in.) thick (Grafoil GHW or Company-approved equivalent).
d) Corrugated 316 stainless steel metal ring encapsulated with flexible graphite (M&P) (Graphonic
or Company-approved equivalent).
5. Gaskets for ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47 ring-type joints (RTJs) shall be oval, Type R in
accordance with ASME B16.20, including maximum hardness limits (see Appendix E, Note 64 of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION). Soft iron and low carbon steel RTJ gaskets shall be protected with
electroplated zinc or a Company-approved material of similar corrosion resistance. Gaskets shall be
of the following materials:
Flange Material Gasket Material
Carbon steel Soft iron or low carbon steel

Stainless steels Same material as flanges
Alloy Steels Same material as flanges
6. Gaskets for API SPEC 6A flanges shall be in accordance with API SPEC 6A.
7. The Nonmetallic Pipe Manufacturer's requirements for gaskets shall be followed at the flange
connection with metallic pipe.
8. Insulating flange gasket sets (gaskets, sleeves, washers) shall be used where indicated on the P&IDs
and shall be suitable for the design pressure and temperature. Insulating gaskets made of Teflon or
fiber-reinforced Teflon are not permitted at any temperature, pressure, or fluid service. See Section
11.2 "Flanges and Flanged Joints" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for additional information on
insulating gaskets.
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13. Fittings, Nipples, Bends, Branch Connections, Miters and

Closures, and Reducers
13.1. Fittings
1. Fittings shall be in accordance with the applicable line classification sheets indexed in Table 13 and
2. Fittings shall be preferably seamless. Fittings made from welded pipe or tube shall have a joint
efficiency factor equal to 1.0. The radiographic testing (RT) or ultrasonic testing (UT) (UT only if
permitted by the applicable piping code or standard) required by the applicable fitting specification to
establish the 1.0 joint efficiency factor, shall be performed after forming.
3. Buttwelded elbows shall be the long-radius type.
4. Stub ends for use with lap joint flanges shall be Type A in accordance with MSS SP-43 or ASME
B16.9. Type B stub ends used with slip-on flanges shall not be used.
5. The use of flanges instead of unions is required for services above pressure rating Class 300. NPS
11/2 and larger unions shall be used only in Category D service.
6. Cast and wrought-iron threaded fittings shall not be used.
7. Fittings shall be per Table 11 and applicable requirements of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
Table 11: Size Range with Applicable Standards
Size Range Applicable

Fittings (1)
Standards
mm in.
1
Steel Buttwelding Fittings 15 through 1200 /2 though 48 ASME B16.9
1
Steel Socket Welding and Threaded 15 through 50 /2 through 2 ASME
Fittings (2) B16.11
1
Flanged Fittings 15 through 600 /2 through 24 ASME B16.5
650 through 26 through 60 ASME
1500 B16.47
Notes:
(1) Use of cast steel fittings requires approval by the Company.
(2) See Appendix E, Note 62 for additional information
8. Aluminum fittings shall consist of either wrought or forged forms. Castings shall not be used.
9. Bar stock swages shall not be used without approval by the Company. The allowable size reduction
shall be per ASME B16.9.
10. The use of proprietary weld-type transition fittings between stainless steel and aluminum shall be
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11. Grooved piping systems (e.g., Victaulic) may be used in production facilities located in rural or remote
areas where there is limited exposure risk to adjacent properties and limited potential loss to
Company. The systems shall be designed and used in accordance with the guidelines and
restrictions in Appendix D of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
12. Designs employing a quick disconnect (e.g., Camlock type coupling for tank truck loading/unloading
hookup, etc.) shall include provisions to bleed trapped pressure from between the block valve and the
quick disconnect cap/plug to permit safe removal of the cap/plug. In addition, caps or plugs (if used),
shall be positively secured to the quick disconnect fitting using a chain or cable to prevent their
inadvertent ejection.
13.2. Nipples
1. NPS 11/2 and smaller ferritic nipples (socket welded or threaded) between a header and the first block
valve or between equipment and the first block valve shall have a minimum thickness of Schedule
160. For nipples in nonferitic piping, the minimum thickness shall be Schedule 80 (socket welded)
and Schedule 160 (threaded). Consideration should be given to size of nipple ID and potential
velocity and pressure drop effects.
2. Nipples between equipment and the first block valve shall be made of a material that at least equals
whichever of the following is most corrosion resistant:
a) Connected equipment
b) Connected equipment liner
c) Connecting piping
3. The nipple between a header and a branch valve shall be of sufficient length to ensure that the
handwheel (or handle) has 50 mm (2 in.) clearance beyond any insulation. The use of "all thread"
nipples is not permitted.
13.3. Bends
1. The use of induction bends in process piping is acceptable, subject to Company approval of the
fabricator (bending company) and subject to the requirements listed below and in PROJECT
2. Bends shall be used in lines required to accommodate intelligent pigs. Bends shall also be
considered in lines subject to other types of pigs. The minimum bend radius shall be the greater of 5
times the nominal pipe diameter or as required for internal pipe wall inspection (for example,
intelligent pig, visual fiber-optic inspection, etc.), whichever is greater.
3. Large radius pipe bends i.e., as opposed to pipe elbows) shall be considered where turbulence in
fittings may cause excessive erosion and/or corrosion, especially for the following:
a) Erosive fluids, such as fluids with catalyst or well flowlines
b) Gas lines with suspended abrasive solids
c) Reciprocating compressor suction and discharge piping
d) Relief valve discharge piping
4. Pipe bends shall be made from the pipe material as permitted in the line classification sheets. The pipe
shall be seamed with a joint efficiency factor = 1.0, or seamless as permitted by other requirements in
this PROJECT SPECIFICATION. For seamed pipe 100 percent radiographic (RT) inspection is
required. Alternatively, ultrasonic (UT) inspection may be utilized but only if permitted by the applicable
piping code.
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13.4. Branch Connections

1. Pipe branches shall be in accordance with the Branch Table in the applicable line class, except as
indicated below.
2. Buttwelded tees are required for full-sized branches NPS 2 and larger, except as follows:
a) Category D fluid service
b) Other services operating below 1035 kPa (150 psig) and between −29°C (−20°F) and 150°C (300°F)
3. NPS 11/2 and smaller pipe couplings or half-couplings may be used in Classes 150 and 300, if the
NPS of the header is four or more times the NPS of the branch. The couplings shall be beveled to fit
the pipe OD (or the pipe hole shall be beveled for the "set-in" type), since full penetration welds are
required by ASME B31.3.
4. Branch connection bracing requirements shall be per the "Bracing of Pipe Connections Less than
NPS 2" section of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035.
5. Pipe-to-pipe or O-let branch connections shall not be used at locations with the potential for vibration
(for example, relief valve connections), for pulsating pressure, or for temperature cycling, unless
sufficient additional reinforcement (or bracing) is provided for mechanical strength.
6. Where there is potential for acoustically induced vibration, branch connections shall be made using
smooth contour inserts (e.g., "Sweepolet" by Bonney Forge).
7. Use of branch outlet fittings (O-lets) in sizes NPS 10 and larger shall be subject to Company
approval.
8. Engineering Contractor's "Branch Tables" may be used to address gaps in current piping class
PROJECT SPECIFICATIONs, if reviewed and approved by Company.
9. The minimum size for branch connections shall be NPS 3/4, except where NPS 1/2 pipe is used for
instrument piping.
10. Branch connection block valves shall be installed as close to the run as possible. However, the
length of the nipple between the header and a branch valve shall be sufficient to ensure that the valve
and its handwheel/handle has 50 mm (2 in.) clearance beyond any insulation (refer to Section 13.2
"Nipples" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for additional nipple requirements).
11. Integrally reinforced branch weld fittings, of a material comparable to that of the run piping, are
permitted except as noted elsewhere in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION and are subject to the
following additional provisions:
a) The branch to run size joint type requirements found in the applicable piping class PROJECT
SPECIFICATION shall be observed.
b) The ratio of the outside diameter of the fitting to the outside diameter of the run pipe (ODF/ODR)
shall not exceed 0.8.
c) The pressure rating of the fitting versus pipe schedule shall be per Note 62 in the Appendix E.
d) The material of the fitting shall be compatible to that of the run pipe.
e) Either "single" or "double" bevel type fittings may be utilized. However, the fitting shall be groove
welded per the Manufacturer's defined weld limits which have been proof tested for the applicable
pressure class. "Single" bevel type fittings shall be fully welded. "Double" bevel type weld fittings
may be welded to the first bevel line but only if supported by Manufacturer's proof test criteria.
The proof test criteria shall be supplied as part of the purchase order requirements, shall be
evaluated by the Company, and shall become a part of the permanent facility records. See
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additional welding information regarding integrally reinforced branch connections in PROJECT

SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035 section titled "Branch Connections."
f) For ASME Class 300 and lower stainless steel piping systems where the pipe wall thickness is
thin (e.g., Sch 5S / 10S), the use of alternative integrally reinforced branch fitting designs (e.g.,
"Class 300 Pipet" manufactured by WFI/Bonney Forge), which reduce the volume of weld
required while still meeting design codes and standards, is permitted.
g) Integrally reinforced branch welding fittings that abut the outside surface of the run wall, in branch
sizes NPS 4 (100 mm) and larger, are not permitted under any of the following conditions:
i) The d/D ratio (branch diameter/run diameter) exceeds 0.8.
ii) The run piping wall thickness is less than standard schedule.
iii) The run piping wall thickness is less than 19 mm (0.75 in.) where outside diameter exceeds
914 mm (36 in.)
12. Pad reinforced branch connections are not permitted whenever the piping design temperature is
427°C (800°F) or greater. This requirement also applies to other pad attachments (i.e., pad-
reinforced lugs for spring hangers and lifting devices, wear pads, etc.).
13. If pad type reinforcement is used for full size branch connections, it shall be of the complete
encirclement type.
14. Reinforcing or attachment pad vent holes shall be minimum 6 mm (1/4 in.) diameter and, for
uninsulated lines, filled with grease or plastic sealant and plugged after leak testing.
15. The design of branch connections shall include a review of the need for bracing to preclude
mechanical damage or breakage due to vibration or excessive external forces. If required, bracing
shall meet the requirements of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035 section titled
"Branch Connections."
16. In corrosive two-phase environments and steam system branches (≥ Class 300), branch connections
shall be made from the top of the header.
17. The connection between the process side of a header and the first block valve (takeoff connection)
shall be made using pipe and a socket weld (where permitted), NPT thread (where permitted),
flanged, or other proprietary type connector. The use of tubing with compression or elastomeric
fittings between the header and the first block valve (takeoff) is prohibited.
18. For Class 300 and higher piping systems, all branch connections shall be at 90 degrees, unless
19. For Class 150 piping systems, branch connections at angles other than 90 degrees shall not be
employed except when required because of flow and pressure drop considerations (for example, in
flare lines). If used, the following restrictions apply:
a) The angle between the branch and the run of the header shall not be less than 45 degrees.
b) The distance between the centerlines of adjacent branch connections shall not be less than 11/2
times the average branch outside diameter. In addition, the distance between the outer walls of
two adjacent branches shall not be less than 50 mm (2 in.) at any one point.
c) The use of hot tap branch connections at an angle other than 90 degrees in any service
(including flare service) requires COMPANY approval.
13.5. Miters
1) The use of an angular offset of more than 3 degrees shall be considered a miter joint.
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2) Mitered elbows shall not be used in hydrocarbon, chemical, erosive, or corrosive services, or in lines
susceptible to plugging unless approved by Company.
3) Three-weld (90 degree) and two-weld (45 degree) mitered elbows may be used in Category D fluid
service in sizes where elbows are not available or feasible.
4) Two-weld (90 degree) and one-weld (45 degree) mitered elbows may be used in atmospheric air
compressor intake lines and air vent lines to the atmosphere. Single-weld (90 degree) mitered
elbows shall not be used.
13.6. Closures and Reducers

1. Threaded plugs shall be limited to 1.5 in. NPS (38 mm) and smaller, have hexagonal heads, and be
made of solid forged material. Consideration shall be given to compatibility of threaded component
and plug materials to ensure there is no potential for galvanic corrosion.
2. Welding caps shall be used for closures in welded piping, except blind flanges shall be used where
access is needed (for example, for cleaning, inspection, or a future tie-in). In large sizes where
welding caps are not available, closure shall be made by means of ellipsoidal heads.
3. Swaged nipples shall be used when a reduction in size is made in threaded piping systems. Swaged
nipples shall conform to MSS SP-95.
4. [S] Threaded reducing hexagonal bushings (e.g., to ASME B16.11) shall be limited to Class 150
services and shall be utilized in increments of 2-size steps (e.g., can reduce a 1 in. FNPT to 1/2 in.
FNPT, but not to 3/4 in. FNPT).
14. Pipe
1. All carbon steel piping shall be seamless except that for sizes 16 in. and larger, longitudinally seamed
Electric-Fusion Welded (EFW; i.e., SAW or DSAW) pipe with the pipe seam subjected to 100 percent
radiograph examination and Manufacturer's hydrotest. Stainless steel piping shall be seamless in
sizes NPS 6 in. and smaller and EFW in sizes larger than NPS 6 in. with the pipe seam subjected to
100 percent radiograph examination and Manufacturer's hydrotest. Pressure designs using EFW
pipe shall take into account the distinction made between Basic Quality Factors (i.e., longitudinal weld
joint efficiency factors) for ASTM and API 5L pipe specifications (see ASME B31.3, Table 302.3.4
"Longitudinal Weld Joint Quality Factor, Ej" and Table A-1B "Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal
Weld Joints in Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings, Ej")
2. ERW pipe shall not be used. ERW pipe encountered during revamps, retrofits, and other
maintenance on existing facilities shall be evaluated on case-by-case basis by the Company SMEs to
determine if it is acceptable for continued use or if replacement is necessary.
3. Furnace buttwelded pipe shall have the following limits:
a) Water service (Category D per ASME B31.3)
b) A maximum size of NPS 4 (100 mm)
c) A maximum temperature of 65°C (150°F)
4. Spiral wound pipe shall not be used.
5. Peaking for all carbon steel and low alloy ferritic longitudinally welded pipe and fittings designed for
use in the creep range (greater than 400°C [750°F] for carbon steel and greater than 455°C [850°F]
for C-1/2 Mo and Cr-Mo alloys) or exposed to severe cyclic conditions (as determined using ASME
B31.3) shall be limited to 3 mm (1/8 in.) maximum, as measured by a template technique approved by
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the Company. Peaking is the deviation of the pipe outside contour from a true circle at longitudinally
welded joints.
6. Carbon steel pipe with minimum yield strength exceeding 414 MPa (60,000 psi) shall not be used.
7. API SPEC 5L pipe shall be of product specification level (PSL) 2 unless otherwise approved by the
Company.
Note: The use of "X" grades of pipe in services which require use of "Curve B" of ASME B31.3
(Figure 323.2.2A) are permitted an impact testing exemption only if the pipe has been normalized or
quenched and tempered.
8. Hoses shall not be used for permanent process piping. The use of hoses constructed from crimped
metal ribbons is prohibited.
9. Seamless or welded 11/4 Cr-1/2 Mo pipe shall not be used for design temperatures above 480°C
(900°F) in applications that have a design pressure greater than 1.4 MPa (200 psig).
10. Carbon steel pipe shall not be used above 427°C (800°F) unless approved by the Company.
11. Use of threaded pipe/fittings in size NPS 1/2 shall be limited to piping for orifice flanges and other
instrument piping. Use at other locations shall be approved by the Company.
12. Stainless steel pipe identified or marked to two separate grades (for example, Types 304/404L or
316/316L) may be used interchangeably where either grade is required, unless specifically prohibited
in the project specifications. (Note: ASME B31.3 and ASME B16.5 permit the higher allowable
stresses of the regular grade to be used in such cases).
13. NPS 20 and larger pipe shall have a minimum wall thickness of 6 mm (0.25 in.) prior to including any
corrosion allowance.
14. Prestressed concrete pipe to AWWA C301 shall not be used. Reinforced concrete pipe may be
considered for pressurized water services. For sizes NPS 36 and smaller, pre-tensioned pipe to
AWWA C303 is recommended; for larger sizes, pipe to AWWA C300 or AWWA C302 is
recommended
15. Galvanized carbon steel pipe shall be in accordance with ASTM A 53/A 53M. Type S, Type F, or
Type E, Gr. B are acceptable in non-welded applications for temperatures less than 205°C (400°F).
Galvanized piping is not permitted in the vicinity of austenitic stainless steel.
16. All buried metallic piping shall be protected from external corrosion in accordance with Company
specifications. When the piping comes above ground, the external coating shall extend a minimum
distance of 300 mm (12 in.) above-grade to ensure that the pipe is protected at the soil-to-air interface
area.
17. Fiberglass piping is acceptable for offshore fire water systems, cooling water systems, potable water,
deck drains, etc. according to the line classes shown in Table 13 and Table 14. Dry fire water
systems, constructed of fiberglass, shall be fireproofed. Wet fire water systems, constructed of
fiberglass, do not require fireproofing, except all joints such as flanges and fittings shall be coated
with fireproofing in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-FSPDS-000003. This
coating may be applied in the field after completion of the joints.
18. See PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS for fire water pipe materials selection information.
19. Material requirements for pipe and pipe system are covered in Section 15.” Materials and marking “ of
this Project Specification.
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20. Unless otherwise specified, piping shall meet one or more of the specifications listed in Table 12.
The Company shall approve proposed specifications for materials not listed.
Table 12: Material Requirements
Material Requirements
Carbon Steel API SPEC 5L; ASTM A 53/A 53M; ASTM A 106/A 106M; ASTM
A 333/A 333M; ASTM A 671; ASTM A 672; ASTM A 691
Ferritic Alloy Steel ASTM A 335/A 335M; ASTM A 671; ASTM A 672; or ASTM A
691: Classes 12, 22, 32, or 42; ASTM A 426/A 426M
Austenitic Cr-Ni Steel ASTM A 312/A 312M; ASTM A 358/A 358M; ASTM A 451/A
451M
Duplex PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000020 and
PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000021
Monel ASTM B 165
1
3 /2 Ni or 9 Ni ASTM A 333/A 333M
Inconel ASTM B 167; ASTM B 517; ASTM B 444; ASTM B 705
Aluminum ASTM B 241/B 241M
Incoloy ASTM B 407; ASTM B 423; ASTM B 705
FRP/GRP PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000033&
000034, and PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDB-
000001.
15. Materials and Marking

15.1. Materials
1. Mill test reports are required for all pipe, fittings, flanges, and pressure-containing castings and
forgings, unless specifically excluded by the project specifications.
2. Structural grade steels (pipe, plate, or sheet) shall not be used for pressure-containing parts. Use of
structural grade steels for valve components is permitted only if allowed by applicable industry
specification or practice (API, ASME, etc.) and material quality testing and inspection is performed
(check for laminations, imperfections, etc.).
3. Cast iron, ductile iron, malleable iron, aluminum (except as indicated below), copper, or copper based
alloys (brass, bronze, etc.) shall not be used for pressure-containing parts in flammable or toxic
services. These materials may be used in Category D Fluid Service.
4. When austenitic stainless steel is to be fabricated by welding, the low carbon ("L" grade material) or
the dual-marked grades (for example, 316/316L stainless steel) shall be used.
5. Aluminum may be used in flammable fluid service, in Classes 150, 300, and 600 for services with
design temperatures below −46°C (−50°F) with Company approval.
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6. Copper and any of its alloys shall not be used in an environment that contains ammonia, sulfur, or
hydrogen sulfide.
7. Deleted
8. The 300-series (where permitted) austenitic stainless steels shall not be used in chloride
environments at temperatures greater than 60°C (140°F).
9. In a marine environment, the following materials have operating temperature limitations as shown
below.
a) 60°C (140°F) for AISI 300 series austenitic stainless steels (304, 316, 316L, 317, 329, etc.)
b) 110°C (230°F) for 22% Cr duplex stainless steel (supplied in accordance with PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000020, PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000021)
c) 120°C (250°F) for 25% Cr duplex stainless steel (supplied in accordance with PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000020, PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000021)
d) 130°C (265°F) for 6% Mo super austenitic stainless steel (supplied in accordance with PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000021)
10. All elastomer selections shall meet requirements of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000023. Seal material selection for methanol service (e.g., Viton-GF, GFLT, etc.) requires Company
approval.
11. Material selection for offshore piping systems shall comply with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-RSPDS-000107.
12. For Sour service, material shall comply NACE MR0175/ ISO 15156 and Project Specifications
15.2. Component Marking

1. Color-coding of piping materials shall be in accordance with OSHA regulations and standards, the
color-coding used by the local facility, or as specified in the project specifications. Color-coding shall
be accompanied by redundant text indicating pipe contents.
2. Following painting and insulation of piping systems, the piping shall be marked to indicate service and
flow direction. The marking system and extent of markings shall be in accordance with Section D–1,
"Pipe Labels" of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000014 and shall be approved by
Company prior to use.
3. Steel valves shall be marked in accordance with ASME B16.34 or the applicable API, BS, EN, or ISO
valve standard.
4. All fittings, flanges and unions, and all nonmetallic valves shall be marked in accordance with MSS
SP-25.
16. Piping Service Classifications

1. Piping components, including valves, fittings, flanges, bolting and gaskets listed on the Line
Classification Sheets in the respective Upstream Piping Classification PROJECT SPECIFICATIONs
shall be used for the service conditions with the pressure and temperature (P-T) ranges of the
respective classification (line class). Piping specifications shall follow the line class identification
systems and P&ID valve identification codes shown in PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS. For additional
information regarding sour service, see NACE MR0175/ISO 15156.
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2. The text of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION, the Classification Sheets, and the valve informations in
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061 are intended to be used in conjunction with each other. The text is
required to explain and specify the requirements in the various line classes and shall also be used in
additional line class development. An index of Line Classification Sheets is found in Table 13 and
Table 14.
Table 13: Index of Line Classification Sheets
Line Class Designations

Class Class Material Service
Atmos. & Class Class Class Class Class Class API
125 150 300 600 900 1500 2500 3000/
5000
A1S F1S G1S CS w/316L cladding Corrosive hydrocarbons,
chemicals
Note- Note- Note-
1 1 1
A17A 347 Stainless Steel Hot Clause Feed Gas
Note- (1.5mm CA)
1
A11A B11A D11A E11A F11A G11A 316L Stainless steel Chemicals, corrosive
hydrocarbons, glycol,
produced water, amines,
instrument air, fuel gas, diesel,
flare, closed drain
A18A B18A D18A 22Cr Duplex Stainless Sour Gas, Process
Steel (UNS S31803) Condensate
A19A B19A D19A 25Cr Super Duplex Sour Gas, Process

Stainless Steel (UNS Condensate
S32750)
A6E B6E D6E E6E F6E Killed carbon steel Sour Service: Sour
hydrocarbons, sour produced
(3.0mm CA) water, amines ( MDEA), acids,
caustic, fire water, raw water,
LP steam, plant water,
nitrogen.
A6J Killed carbon steel Sour hydrocarbons, sour
produced water, amines
(6.0mm CA) (MDEA), caustic
A6J Carbon Steel (Steam H2S (Sulfur) Molten
(JAC) Jacketing)
(6.0mm CA)
A25A B25A D25A F25A G25A 825 Incoloy Cap Gas, Injection Gas, Sour
(UNS N08825) Gas Compressor
Discharge.Gas Injection
Flowlines.
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Class Class Material Service
Atmos. & Class Class Class Class Class Class API
125 150 300 600 900 1500 2500 3000/
5000
A3B Galvanized carbon Utility air, plant water (4” and
steel below), firewater, potable
water
(1.25mm CA)
A42A CPVC Potable water, plant water,
Open Drain, Hypochlorite
A45C Glass-Fiber Utility Water, Raw Water,
Reinforced Epoxy (0 Wash Water - (Non Corrosive
Note- mm CA) Water), open drain, oily water,
1 Hypochlorite (U/G)
B31.3 UNS N08825 or API Sour service: Sour
5LD-X60 hydrocarbons, Sour Produced
water
E8C Carbon Steel (High Water Injection Flowlines
SMYS – Sour Service)
E8E Carbon Steel (High Onshore Production, Well
SMYS – Sour Service) Test, and Gas Lift Flowlines.
F25C Alloy 625 (Sour F25C for Gas Injection
service) Flowlines is replaced with
F25A
Note .1 - Last letter is an exception to corrosion allowance coding in Table -16
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Table 14: Index of Marine Line Classification Sheets

Material Service
Class 125/150 Class 300 Class 600
MA1 Carbon steel Air, fuel systems,

chemicals, open and closed
drains
MA3 Galvanized carbon Drains, vents, air,
steel seawater, utility water,
potable water
MA11 316L stainless steel Aviation fuel, water mist,
lube oil, inhibitors, vents,
dry fire water systems,
fresh water systems
MA32 90-10 copper-nickel Fire water and foam
extinguishing systems
MA45 Fiberglass RTR Fire water
MB32 90-10 copper-nickel Fire water
MD1 Carbon Steel High pressure washdown
(freshwater)
17. Corrosion Allowances for Piping Systems

1. The corrosion allowance (C.A.) for a piping system shall be based upon the expected corrosion rate
for the type of material used and the life (years) required for the piping system. Table 15 specifies
some minimum values for corrosion allowance based on pipe material. For threaded-end pipe, the
thread depth allowance as specified in ASME B1.20.1 shall be added to the corrosion allowance.
The corrosion allowances used to calculate minimum required pipe wall thickness in the Line
Classification Sheets are shown in Table 16.
2. Corrosion allowances for offshore piping systems shall comply with IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000107 and
Table 15 below. Corrosion allowances for onshore and other pipe systems shall comply with Table
15.
3.
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Table 15: Minimum Corrosion Allowances

Minimum Corrosion Allowance
Pipe Material
mm in.
(1)
Carbon and Low Alloy Steels - Onshore 1.25 0.050
(1)
Carbon and Low Alloy Steels - Offshore 3.0 0.125
(2)
Intermediate Alloy Steels 1.0 0.039
(3)
High Alloy Steels 0.25 0.010
(4)
Monel, Nickel, and Nickel Base Alloys 0.25 0.010
All Other Non-Ferrous Materials 0.0 0.0
Notes:
(1) Includes all steels with an alloy content not exceeding 21/4% Cr – 1 Mo.
(2) Includes all steels with an alloy content of 21/2 to 9% Cr-1Mo, and 31/2 to 9% Ni.
(3) Includes all steels with an alloy content of 12% Cr and greater, Incoloy 800 and
Alloy 20.
(4) Includes materials such as Inconel and Hastelloy.
Table 16: Corrosion Allowance Coding for Piping Systems
Coding in PROJECT Heritage Mobil Number

C.A.
SPECIFICATIONs (not to be used)
mm in. Letter Number

0 0 A 1
1.25 0.05 B 2
1.50 0.06 C None
2.50 0.10 D 3
3.0 0.12 E 7
3.75 0.15 F 4
4.0 0.157 G None
5.0 0.20 H 5
6.0 0.236 J 6
18. Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation

1. All pipe wall thicknesses in the Piping Classification PROJECT SPECIFICATIONs are calculated in
accordance with ASME B31.3, except the Marine Line Class thicknesses, which are calculated in
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accordance with ASME B31.1. In addition, to ensure that adequate mechanical (structural) strength
remains in the pipe after the specified corrosion allowance has been expended, the pipe wall
thickness shall also be calculated using the following minimum retirement thicknesses shown in Table
17.
Table 17: Minimum Retirement Thickness for Pipe
Pipe NPS Minimum Retirement Thickness

1
/2 1.65 mm (0.065 in.)
3
/4 1.78 mm (0.070 in.)
1 1.85 mm (0.073 in.)
1
1 /2 2.00 mm (0.079 in.)
2 2.30 mm (0.091 in.)
3 2.80 mm (0.110 in.)
4 3.30 mm (0.130 in.)
≥6 3.80 mm (0.150 in.)
2. The pipe wall thickness for each line size listed in the Line Classification Sheets will be the larger of
the measurement shown below (see Table 18 for a calculation example):
a) The wall thickness required for pressure containment per ASME B31.3 (or ASME B31.1, where
applicable), including the applicable corrosion allowance and pipe manufacturing (mill) tolerance,
or
b) The applicable corrosion allowance (Table 16) plus retirement thickness listed in Table 17, or
c) The wall thickness required to maintain the D/t ratio at ≤ 150 for pipe systems with potential
exposure to internal pressures lower than atmospheric.
d) Except for specialty pipe systems [e.g., copper-nickel (Cu-Ni), refractory lined, glass flaked
epoxy, jacketed pipe, etc.], the thickness required to maintain the pipe D/t ratio (nominal
diameter/minimum wall thickness for fully corroded condition) at:
i) 150 or below for single phase liquid lines
ii) ≤ 100 for single phase gas or multiphase flow lines
e) For flare system and other high pressure let down piping, shall also meet the D/t criteria specified
in Section 6.17 "High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping" of this Project
Specification.
3. The following shall also be observed when determining pipe wall thickness:
a) Design criteria found in Section 4.3 "Pressure Design" of this Project Specification.
b) For specialty pipe systems [e.g., copper-nickel (Cu-Ni), refractory lined, glass flaked epoxy,
jacketed pipe, etc., as permitted by the PROJECT SPECIFICATIONSs], a specific analysis shall
be performed to ensure that there are no concerns with vacuum or dynamic flow scenarios (FIV,
AIV, etc.) and that their structural integrity (after depletion of any corrosion allowance) is
adequate for the application.
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Table 18: Sample Pipe Wall Thickness Calculations

Customary Units Thickness in SI Units Thickness in millimeters
inches PIPE DATA
NPS 1 DN 25
(2)
40 80 160 XXH Schedule 40 80 160 (2) XXH
0.133 0.179 0.250 0.358 Nominal Wall Thickness 3.38 4.55 6.35 9.09
0.116 0.157 0.219 0.313 Minimum Wall (1) 2.96 3.99 5.56 7.95
Thickness
0.073 0.073 0.073 0.073 Retirement Thickness (4) 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 C.A. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 Retirement Thickness + 4.35 4.35 4.35 4.35
C.A.
— — 3949 psi — Maximum B31.3 Pressure — — 27227 kPa —
(3) (3)
Notes:
(1) The minimum wall shown is 87.5 percent of the pipe nominal wall. For seamless pipe, the mill
tolerance for ASTM and API pipe is 12.5 percent.
(2) For the example above, Schedule 160 pipe would be selected, because the pipe minimum wall
must be equal or greater than the Retirement Thickness plus corrosion allowance (C.A.).
(3) Schedule 160 pipe is adequate for a maximum pressure of 3949 psi (27227 kPa) after the
corrosion allowance of 0.10 in. (2.5 mm) has been expended. This means that NPS 1 (DN 25)
Schedule 160 pipe would be used in all Line Classes with a C.A. of 0.10 in. (2.5 mm) from Class
150 through Class 1500 [3705 psi (25545 kPa)] for carbon steel piping.
(4) From Table 17 above.
19. External Coatings

All uninsulated piping shall be externally coated in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-RSPDS-000017 & IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000111 Additionally, insulated carbon steel piping with an
operating temperature below 93°C (200°F) shall be painted or otherwise suitably coated, prior to installing
insulation, unless approved otherwise by Company.
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Appendix A: Modifications to API RP 14E-5

This Section modifies and supplements the requirements of API RP 14E-5. In case of conflict, this
Section shall govern. The numbering system used below follows the Section and Subsection numbering
of API RP 14E-5. ISO 13703 is based on API RP 14E-5 and may be used on international projects.
However, the numbering system below is from API RP 14E-5, and is not the same as that in ISO 13703.
Modifications to Section 1: General

1.2.d. Addition: Code for Pressure Piping
Fittings, flanges, and other piping components shall meet the requirements of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION. Valves shall meet the requirements of Project Specification IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061
Piping fabrication, erection, inspection, and testing shall meet the requirements of PROJECT
Modifications to Section 2: Piping Design

2.1.f. New: Pipe Grades
The use of nonmetallic materials, except as permitted by PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000033& 000034 shall be subject to Company approval.
2.1.g. New: Pipe Grades

Sour gas piping shall be in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000015 and
this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
2.8.e. New: Expansion and Flexibility

Consideration shall be given to forces and moments imposed upon piping and equipment due to the
following:
(1) Module deflection during loadout and placement
(2) Relative module/deck deflection during operation
(3) Relative module/deck deflection due to change in operating condition (e.g., removal of drilling rig)
(4) Relative wellhead/platform deflection due to settlement or wellhead growth
(5) Sealing of piping at fire walls and pressurized rooms
2.8.f. New: Expansion and Flexibility

The piping acceleration loadings shall be 1.0 g up and down and 1.4 g horizontal (all directions).
2.8.g. New: Expansion and Flexibility

The anticipated movement of the wellhead to be used for wellhead flowline design shall be as stated in
the job specifications.
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Modifications to Section 5: Design Considerations for

Particular Piping Systems
5.4.b. Addition: Manifold Branch Connections
Manifold branch connections shall be in accordance with this PROJECT SPECIFICATION, except that
extruded outlets may be used provided all of ASME B31.3 requirements are met. The manifolds and
headers shall be properly supported, with the necessary allowance made for thermal expansion.
5.4.c. Addition: Manifold Valve Installation

Proprietary manifolds and valves may be used, subject to Company approval.
5.6.c. Addition: Potable Water Systems

Potable water systems in living quarters shall conform to PROJECT SPECIFICATION 50-02-01.
5.6.d. Addition: Sewage Systems

Sanitary sewage systems in living quarters shall conform to PROJECT SPECIFICATION 50-02-01.
Sanitary sewage disposal systems shall be separate from laboratory drains and chemical disposal and
process drains. The drilling and tapping of drains, waste, or vent pipes, and the use of saddle hubs and
bands are prohibited.
5.8.a(4). New: General

All safety devices, pressure safety valves, emergency shutdown valves, and flow safety (check) valves
shall be provided in accordance with ASME SEC VIII D1, the P&IDs, this PROJECT SPECIFICATION,
and API RP 14C. Test connections shall be supplied in accordance with API RP 14C, Appendix D,
"Testing and Reporting Procedures," to facilitate testing of pressure safety valves and flow safety (check)
valves.
5.9. Addition: Drain Systems

Drain systems shall conform to the following requirements:
1. The pressure drain sump shall be gas-blanketed and vented to the flare stack. Liquids shall be
dumped to an oily water drain sump.
2. Each piece of equipment in the chemical, glycol, and heat media systems shall have closed drains to
the appropriate storage tanks. Where necessary, liquid hydrocarbons shall be separated and
removed from the system storage tank(s).
3. The open drain system and its associated piping and sump shall be independent of the closed drain
system and its pipe and flash vapor vessel.
4. Open drains shall connect the following and similar sources to the atmospheric drain sump: (1)
contaminated areas and floor drains, (2) pump baseplates, and (3) trayed vessels. Liquid seals are
required for all atmospheric drain sump inlets to prevent migration of vapors from the drains.
5. In no case shall any pressurized drain lines be hard piped to an open drain system.
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6. The atmospheric drain sump shall have an atmospheric vent to a safe location, as verified by an air
dispersion model, and shall be designed so that the pump can be easily maintained.
7. Vapor barriers shall be provided for all open drains and catch basins. Subject to approval by
Company, a liquid filled U-bend is an acceptable vapor barrier method. If used, U-bends shall have a
minimum seal of 150 mm (6 in.). Provisions (procedure or other) must be included to ensure that the
U-bends remain filled with liquid at all times. Furthermore, systems employing U-bend type liquid
seals shall include a vent or other means to ensure that liquids flowing downstream do not siphon off
liquids from an upstream U-bend. Open drains and catch basins in a hazardous area containing
ignition sources, such as furnaces, shall have sealed covers, or are piped separately, and shall be
vented to a safe location.
8. Pipe penetrations through firewalls require a fire seal at the firewall. Drains from hazardous areas
require sectionalizing of the drainage system to avoid cross communication of vapors from a non-
classified area to a hazardous area (i.e., one side of a firewall to another or one electrical area
classification to another).
9. Floor drains shall consist of elongated catch basins welded flush with the floor. They shall be a
minimum of 300 mm (12 in.) wide and shall be covered with removable grating. Catch basin lengths
and locations shall be varied to suit the individual platform arrangement and area. Each catch basin
shall include a vapor barrier (liquid filled U-bend or other is acceptable) to prevent migration of vapors
out of the open drain system.
10. In small confined areas, circular bell-type drains (concentric reducers) welded flush with the floor may
be used in place of catch basins. Bells shall be a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter with a
removable strainer plate locked in place.
11. Bells may also be used above deck to convey equipment drainage to the atmospheric drain system.
Bells shall be accessible and visible to an operator from the drain valve.
12. The minimum design fluid velocity in an open drain line shall be 0.85 m/s (2.8 ft/sec). For liquids with
solids entrainment, the minimum velocity shall be 1.22 m/s (4 ft/sec). Subject to the foregoing limiting
fluid velocities, open drain lines shall be NPS 4 minimum.
13. All drain lines shall have a minimum slope of 1:50. This minimum slope shall exist in piping runs after
due allowance for platform, module, or permitted deck slope deflection under operating conditions.
Connections for cleaning open drain lines shall be provided where changes of direction occur.
14. Drain fluids shall be treated where required to prevent freezing or hydrate formation in the drain
system. In such cases, an NPS 3/4 (minimum) connection shall be provided for methanol injection.
5.10. Addition: Bridge Piping Between Platforms

The requirements for expansion and analysis in API RP 14E-5, Section 2.8, "Expansion and Flexibility,"
as modified herein, shall also apply to bridge-supported piping between platforms.
Modifications to Section 6: Considerations of Related Items

6.2. Addition: Layout
Piping shall be installed in banks and above deck levels. Where lines shall be routed below cellar deck
level, runs shall be as short as practicable. Lines requiring loops for flexibility shall be grouped together
as much as possible.
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A welded or flanged spool piece for interconnecting piping shall be provided between adjacent modules if
it is to be installed offshore.
Headers shall be terminated with blind flanges or similar means of inspection and cleaning.
6.3. Addition: Elevations

1. Specific elevations shall be established for lines running north and south, and other specific
elevations for lines running east and west. These elevations shall be maintained throughout a deck.
Pockets shall be avoided where practical and as required for equipment (e.g., avoiding pockets
upstream of compression). Pipes shall change elevation where entering or leaving a pipeway and,
where practical, at each change of direction.
2. Drain lines shall be sloped and shall consider the effects of platform or other floating structure
motions.
3. Overhead clearance (between pipe or support and deck) in the main operating area shall be 2.9 m
(9.5 ft). Lines near the deck shall be no closer than 300 mm (1 ft). Minimum head room and aisle
width for personnel access shall be 2.3 m (7.5 ft) and 900 mm (3 ft) respectively. Piping, instruments,
ladder cages, valve handles, etc., shall not project within these limits.
6.4. Addition: Piping Supports

1. Piping, tubing, electrical conduits, and cable trays shall not be supported by deck penetration sleeves.
2. Deck penetration sleeves shall extend 150 mm (6 in.) above the deck and 13 mm (1/2 in.) below the
deck. The sleeve shall provide 50 mm (2 in.) clearance (minimum) all around the piping, tubing,
conduit, or tray to allow for maintenance. The sleeve shall have at least 6 mm (1/4 in.) wall thickness
and may be made from steel pipe or plate. Sleeves shall be inserted through the deck and shall be
seal welded all around, above, and below, at the deck penetration. (As an alternative, the sleeve may
be installed using a full penetration weld from the top of the deck if the piping, tubing, conduit, or tray
in the hole is metal shielded from any welding splatter.)
3. All deck penetrations between decks separating areas of different electrical classification shall be
sealed. After painting is complete, the area between the piping, etc., and sleeve shall be packed with
a resilient, noncorrosive, long-life seal compound (e.g., Dow Corning or GE RTV).
6.6. Addition: Thermal Insulation

Thermal insulation shall conform to PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000037.
6.7. Addition: Noise

Noise requirements shall conform to PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-MSPDS-000051.
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Appendix B: Line Sizing Guidelines

Below are some general rules for line sizing based on pressure drop and velocity limits. The process
designer shall carry out a hydraulic study of the system to confirm total pressure drops and pressure
balance. This study shall be performed regardless of whether or not the lines meet the allowable
pressure drop and velocity criteria listed herein. The pressure drop and velocity ranges given in this
Appendix are intended for use only as approximations in sizing hydraulic line systems.
B–1. Tower Drawoff Nozzles

The velocity of drawoff nozzles is limited to 0.9 m/s (3 ft/sec).
Table B–1: Not Used
B–2. Pump Suction Lines (Except Cooling Water Pumps)

Table B–2: Pump Suction Line Sizing Criteria
Pipe Diameter ≤ NPS 6 Pipe Diameter ≤ NPS 8
Allowable Allowable ∆P Allowable Allowable ∆P
Liquid Velocity Velocity
m/s ft/s kPa/m psi/100 m/s ft/s kPa/m psi/100
ft ft
Nonboilin 0.9 to 3 to 5 0.23 to 1.0 to 1.8 max 6 max 0.23 to 1.0 to
g Liquid 1.5 0.34 1.5 0.34 1.5
Boiling 0.3 to 1 to 3 0.07 to 0.3 to 1.8 max 6 max 0.07 to 0.3 to
Liquid 0.9 0.11 0.5 0.11 0.5
B–3. Pump Discharge Lines

See Section B–6 "Cooling Water Pump Discharge Lines" of this Appendix for cooling water lines.
B–3.1. Allowable Pressure Drop

Allowable pressure drop for pump discharge lines is 0.34 kPa/m to 0.68 kPa/m (1.5 psi/100 ft to 3.0
psi/100 ft).
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B–3.2. Allowable Velocity (pumps)

Table B–3: Allowable Velocity (pumps)
Pipe Diameter NPS Allowable Velocity
≤4 1.5 m/s to 2.1 m/s (5 ft/s to 7 ft/s)

6 3 m/s (10 ft/s) maximum
≥8 3.6 m/s (12 ft/s) maximum
If pressure drop, flow momentum, and erosion are not a concern, the following maximum
velocities may be used for offsite piping:
Pipe Diameter NPS Maximum Allowable Velocity
≤4 3 m/s (10 ft/s)

6 to 12 4.5 m/s (15 ft/s)
≥ 14 6 m/s (20 ft/s)
B–4. Reboiler Lines

Table B–4: Reboiler Lines
Reboiler Feed
Allowable pressure drop 0.03 kPa/m to 0.07 kPa/m

(0.15 psi/100 ft to 0.3 psi/100 ft)
Allowable velocity 0.9 m/s to 1.5 m/s
(3 ft/sec to 5 ft/sec)
Reboiler Return
Allowable pressure drop 0.07 kPa/m

(0.3 psi/100 ft)
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B–5. Cooling Water Pump Suction Lines

Table B–5: Pump Suction Line Pressure Drop and Maximum Velocity
Nominal Pipe Size Pressure Drop Maximum Velocity
(NPS) kPa/m psi/100 ft m/s ft/s
2 to 6 0.02 to 0.03 0.1 to 0.15 0.3 to 0.6 1 to 2
8 to 16 0.02 to 0.03 0.1 to 0.15 0.6 to 0.9 2 to 3
16 and larger 0.02 to 0.03 0.1 to 0.15 0.9 to 1.8 3 to 6
B–6. Cooling Water Pump Discharge Lines

Table B–6: Pump Discharge Line Pressure Drop and Maximum
Velocity
Nominal Pipe Size Pressure Drop Maximum Velocity
(NPS) kPa/m psi/100 ft m/s ft/s
2 to 6 0.02 to 0.34 1.0 to 1.5 0.9 to 1.8 3 to 6
8 to 16 0.34 1.5 2.1 to 3.0 7 to 10
16 and larger 0.34 to 0.68 1.5 to 3.0 3.0 to 3.6 10 to 12
Allowable pressure drop for cooling water lines is as follows:

1. 0.23 to 0.34 kPa/m (1 to 1.5 psi/100 ft) for main headers
2. 0.34 to 0.68 kPa/m (1.5 to 3 psi/100 ft) for branch lines
B–7. HC Vapor Lines

1. Allowable pressure drop for lines not exceeding 90 m (300 ft) in length is as follows:
Table B–7: Vapor Line Pressure and Pressure Drop

Line Pressure Pressure Drop
kPa (gauge) psig kPa/m psi/100 ft
−94 kPa-g (7 kPa- −13.7 psig (28 in Hg vacuum; 1 0.014 0.06
a) psia)
a) psia)
0 to 344 0 psig to 50 psig 0.06 to 0.11 0.25 to 0.5
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>344 to 1034 > 50 psig to 150 psig 0.11 to 0.34 0.5 to 1.5
over 4140 > 600 psig 0.5% of line 0.5% of line
pressure pressure
2. Allowable velocities are as follows:

a) The following equation is based on Equation 2.14 of Section 2.5, "Sizing Criteria for Gas/Liquid
Two-Phase Lines," of API RP 14E-5. The equation shows maximum allowable velocity for solids-
free gas in piping. In any case, the maximum gas velocity shall not exceed 30 m/s (100 ft/sec).
Equation B–1: Maximum Allowable Velocity for Solids-Free Gas in

Piping
C
Vg =
ρ
Where:
Vg = Maximum allowable velocity for solids-free gas in
piping
Metric Units: Customary Units:
C = 122 100
3
ρ = Fluid density in kg/m Fluid density in lb/ft3
b) If all other factors (pressure drop, erosion, aerodynamics, etc.) are eliminated as concerns at C =
122 in metric units (or at C = 100 in customary units), then the maximum velocity limits may be
calculated using a C factor up to 207 in metric units (or up to 170 in customary units), at which
noise and vibration become a concern (see DP XVIII-C1).
c) For C factors higher than 207 in metric units (or higher than 170 in customary units), or for flow
velocities greater than 0.5 Mach:
i) Prior Company approval is required.
ii) Must consult with a Company Noise/Vibration Control Specialist.
iii) Must evaluate the need for appropriate mitigation (i.e., bracing of small bore connection,
additional pipe supports).
Note: PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050,
Section 7.1.2 "Acoustically Induced Vibration" should be consulted for additional information,
including AIV screening criteria.
B–8. Steam Condensate

1) Allowable velocity for steam condensate is 300 mm/s to 600 mm/s (1 ft/sec to 2 ft/sec) based on all
condensate remaining as a liquid.
2) The maximum allowable pressure drop: maximum pressure drop in condensate piping system shall
not exceed 10 percent of the difference between the trap discharge pressure and the pressure of the
flash or storage tank.
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3) Allowable friction loss for steam condensate lines is as follows:

a) 500 Pa/m to 700 Pa/m (2.0 psi/100 ft to 3.0 psi/100 ft) for high-pressure system
b) 200 Pa/m (1.0 psi/100 ft) maximum for low-pressure system
Table B–8: Not Used
B–9. Steam Lines

1) Piping sizes shall be selected on the following criteria:
a) Maximum steam velocity: Pipe ID in. x 1000 ft/min
b) Maximum pressure drop: 0.5 percent of the line pressure/100 ft equivalent length as shown in
Table B–9
2) Table B–9 shows allowable pressure drop for lines not exceeding 90 m (300 ft) in length:
Table B–9: Steam Line Pressure and Pressure Drop

Line Pressure Pressure Drop
kPa (gauge) psig kPa/m psi/100 ft
a) psia)
a) psia)
0 to 344 0 psig to 50 psig 0.06 to 0.11 0.25 to 0.5
over 4140 > 600 psig 0.5% of line 0.5% of line
pressure pressure
B–10. Pressure Relief Valve Lines

1. Line sizing shall generally be in accordance with API STD 520 PT I, API RP 520 PT II, and API STD
521.
2. Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) lines shall satisfy the requirements described in PROJECT
B–11. Miscellaneous Lines

1. Solid-liquid mixture lines shall be a maximum of 1 m/s to 2.75 m/s (3 ft/s to 9 ft/s) max.
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2. Liquid lines outside of pump discharge and suction shall be sized per API RP 14E-5 criteria.
3. Multiphase gas and liquid lines shall be sized per API RP 14E-5 criteria.
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Appendix C: Pipe Support Spacing

Table C–1: Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans for Carbon and Low-Alloy
Steel Pipe
Bare Pipe Bare Pipe Insulated Insulated Vapor Insulated
Insulated Liquid
Vapor Line Liquid Line Vapor Line Line >315– Liquid Line
C.A. Line >315–399°C
NPS SCH <315°C <315°C <315°C 399°C (600– ≤315°C
mm (in.) (600–750°F)
(600°F) (600°F) (600°F) 750°F) Span—m (600°F)
Span—m (ft)
Span—m (ft) Span—m (ft) Span—m (ft) (ft) Span—m (ft)
1
/2 XXS 2.5 2.4 (8) 2.4 (8) 2.4 (8) 2.1 (7) 2.4 (8) 2.1 (7)
(0.1)
1
/2 80 2.5 2.4 (8) 2.1 (7) 1.8 (6) 1.8 (6) 1.8 (6) 1.8 (6)
(0.1)
3
/4 160 2.5 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 2.7 (9) 2.7 (9) 2.7 (9) 2.7 (9)
(0.1)
3
/4 80 2.5 3.0 (10) 2.7 (9) 2.4 (8) 2.4 (8) 2.4 (8) 2.4 (8)
(0.1)
1 160 2.5 4.0 (13) 3.7 (12) 3.4 (11) 3.4 (11) 3.4 (11) 3.0 (10)
(0.1)
1 80 2.5 3.7 (12) 3.7 (12) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10)
(0.1)
11/2 80 2.5 4.9 (16) 4.9 (16) 4.6 (15) 4.3 (14) 4.3 (14) 4.0 (13)
(0.1)
2 80 2.5 5.8 (19) 5.5 (18) 5.2 (17) 4.9 (16) 4.9 (16) 4.9 (16)
(0.1)
2 ST 2.5 5.2 (17) 4.9 (16) 4.6 (15) 4.0 (13) 4.3 (14) 3.7 (12)
D (0.1)
3 40 2.5 7.0 (23) 6.4 (21) 6.4 (21) 6.1 (20) 6.1 (20) 5.5 (18)
(0.1)
3 ST 2.5 7.0 (23) 6.4 (21) 6.4 (21) 6.1 (20) 6.1 (20) 5.5 (18)
D (0.1)
4 40 2.5 7.9 (26) 7.3 (24) 7.3 (24) 7.0 (23) 6.7 (22) 6.7 (22)
(0.1)
4 ST 2.5 7.9 (26) 7.3 (24) 7.3 (24) 7.0 (23) 6.7 (22) 6.7 (22)
D (0.1)
6 40 2.5 10.0 (33) 8.8 (29) 9.5 (31) 9.1 (30) 8.5 (28) 8.2 (27)
(0.1)
6 ST 2.5 10.1 (33) 8.8 (29) 9.5 (31) 9.1 (30) 8.5 (28) 8.2 (27)
D (0.1)
8 30 2.5 11.6 (38) 9.8 (32) 10.7 (35) 10.0 (33) 9.5 (31) 9.1 (30)
(0.1)
8 ST 2.5 11.6 (38) 10.1 (33) 11.0 (36) 10.4 (34) 9.8 (32) 9.5 (31)
D (0.1)
10 30 2.5 12.8 (42) 11.0 (36) 12.2 (40) 11.6 (38) 10.7(35) 10.1 (33)
(0.1)
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10 ST 2.5 13.1 (43) 11.3 (37) 12.5 (41) 11.9 (39) 11.0 (36) 10.7 (35)
D (0.1)
12 30 2.5 14.3 (47) 11.9 (39) 13.4 (44) 12.8 (42) 11.3 (37) 11.0 (36)
(0.1)
12 ST 2.5 14.3 (47) 12.2 (40) 13.4 (44) 13.1 (43) 11.6 (38) 11.6 (38)
D (0.1)
14 20 2.5 14.9 (49) 11.9 (39) 13.7 (45) 13.4 (44) 11.6 (38) 11.3 (37)
(0.1)
14 ST 2.5 14.9 (49) 12.5 (41) 14.3 (47) 13.7 (45) 12.2 (40) 11.9 (39)
D (0.1)
16 20 2.5 15.8 (52) 12.5 (41) 14.9 (49) 14.3 (47) 12.2 (40) 11.6 (38)
(0.1)
16 ST 2.5 16.2 (53) 13.1 (43) 15.2 (50) 14.9 (49) 12.8 (42) 12.5 (41)
D (0.1)
18 20 2.5 16.5 (54) 13.1 (43) 15.9 (52) 15.2 (50) 12.8 (42) 11.9 (39)
(0.1)
18 ST 2.5 17.1 (56) 13.7 (45) 16.2 (53) 15.0 (49) 13.4 (44) 13.1 (43)
D (0.1)
20 ST 2.5 18.0 (59) 14.3 (47) 17.1 (56) 16.8 (55) 14.0 (46) 13.4 (44)
D (0.1)
24 ST 2.5 19.8 (65) 15.2 (50) 18.9 (62) 18.2 (60) 14.9 (49) 14.0 (46)
D (0.1)
Notes: Pipe spans are based upon the following assumptions:
(1) Corrosion allowances (C.A.) are as shown above (Use of pipe with a higher corrosion allowance would require
shorter spans).
(2) Pipe schedules (SCH) are as shown above (Use of lower schedules would require shorter spans).
(3) Maximum deflection is 19 mm (3/4 in.) or 1/2 of Nominal Pipe Size (NPS), whichever is smaller.
(4) Liquid specific gravity is 1.0.
(5) Insulation is calcium silicate with density of 208 kg/m3 (13 lb/ft3).
Table C–2: Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans for Stainless Steel Pipe
Bare Pipe Bare Pipe Insulated Insulated Vapor Insulated
Insulated Liquid
Vapor Line Liquid Line Vapor Line Line >315– Liquid Line
C.A. Line >315–399°C
NPS SCH <315°C <315°C <315°C 399°C (600– <315°C
mm (in.) (600–750°F)
(600°F) (600°F) (600°F) 750°F) Span—m (600°F)
Span—m (ft)
Span—m (ft) Span—m (ft) Span—m (ft) (ft) Span—m (ft)
1
/2 80S 1.3 2.7 (9) 2.4 (8) 2.1 (7) 2.1 (7) 2.1 (7) 2.1 (7)
(0.05)
3
/4 40S 1.3 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 2.7 (9) 2.4 (8) 2.7 (9) 2.4 (8)
(0.05)
1 40S 1.3 4.0 (13) 3.7 (12) 3.4 (11) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10)
(0.05)
11/2 40S 1.3 5.2 (17) 4.9 (16) 4.6 (15) 4.3 (14) 4.3 (14) 4.3 (14)
(0.05)
2 40S 1.3 5.8 (19) 5.5 (18) 5.2 (17) 4.9 (16) 4.9 (16) 4.9 (16)
(0.05)
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3 10S 1.3 7.0 (23) 6.1 (20) 6.1 (20) 5.8 (19) 5.5 (18) 5.2 (17)
(0.05)
4 10S 1.3 7.9 (26) 6.7 (22) 6.7 (22) 6.4 (21) 6.1 (20) 5.8 (19)
(0.05)
6 10S 1.3 9.8 (32) 7.9 (26) 8.5 (28) 8.2 (27) 7.3 (24) 7.3 (24)
(0.05)
8 10S 1.3 11.3 (37) 8.8 (29) 10.0 (33) 9.8 (32) 8.5 (28) 8.2 (27)
(0.05)
10 5S 1.3 12.5 (41) 9.1 (30) 11.3 (37) 10.7 (35) 8.8 (29) 8.2 (27)
(0.05)
12 5S 1.3 14.0 (46) 10.4 (34) 12.5 (41) 11.9 (39) 9.8 (32) 9.5 (31)
(0.05)
14 5S 1.3 14.6 (48) 10.7 (35) 13.1 (43) 12.5 (41) 10.1 (33) 9.8 (32)
(0.05)
16 5S 1.3 15.9 (52) 11.3 (37) 14.0 (46) 13.7 (45) 10.7 (35) 10.4 (34)
(0.05)
18 5S 1.3 16.8 (55) 11.6 (38) 14.9 (49) 14.6 (48) 11.0 (36) 10.4 (34)
(0.05)
20 5S 1.3 18.0 (59) 12.5 (41) 16.2 (53) 15.9 (52) 11.9 (39) 11.6 (38)
(0.05)
24 5S 1.3 19.8 (65) 13.7 (45) 18.2 (60) 17.7 (58) 13.4 (44) 12.8 (42)
(0.05)
Notes: Pipe spans are based upon the following assumptions:
(1) Corrosion allowances (C.A.) are as shown above (Use of pipe with a higher corrosion allowance would require
shorter spans).
(2) Pipe schedules (SCH) are as shown above (Use of lower schedules would require shorter spans).
(3) Maximum deflection is 19 mm (3/4 in.) or 1/2 of Nominal Pipe Size (NPS), whichever is smaller.
(4) Liquid specific gravity is 1.0.
(5) Insulation is calcium silicate with density of 208 kg/m3 (13 lb/ft3).
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Appendix D: Grooved Piping Systems

D–1. Victaulic Systems
1. Several brands of grooved piping systems are used in oil and gas production. One of the more
popular brands is Victaulic; therefore, comments here shall be restricted to Victaulic. When designing
a Victaulic system, Engineers shall be experienced in design of such systems and shall utilize
Manufacturer's document Victaulic 26.01 as a reference. Manufacturer's documents Victaulic I-100
and Victaulic 28.01 shall also be used as a reference for installation and assembly data. Where there
are conflicts between the data in the Manufacturer's guide and this PROJECT SPECIFICATION, the
more stringent requirement shall apply unless approved otherwise by Company's Subject Matter
Expert (SME).
a) Caution shall be exercised in the design and installation of Victaulic systems. Victaulic systems
do not use an ASME Code to define working pressure systems. The proposed service for the
system may also impact the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP). A qualified person
shall determine when and how to use Victaulic systems.
b) The MAWP of pipe shall be calculated using Section 304, "Pressure Design of Components," of
ASME B31.3. The thickness of the pipe wall used in the calculations shall be the thinnest section
of the pipe wall located inside the grooved section of the piping (e.g., where the clamp sits).
D–1.1. Service Restrictions

The following restrictions shall be adopted and used in the design and installation of Victaulic systems.
1. Use permitted only in production facilities located in rural or remote areas where there is limited
exposure risk to adjacent properties and limited potential loss to Company.
2. Do not use in pure gas systems.
3. Do not use in high-pressure injection systems.
4. Do not purchase tanks or pressure vessels with grooved connections. Specify flanges that are more
compatible with plastic coating Practices.
5. Use only where internally plastic-coated (IPC) steel pipe is required.
6. Can be used in very low-pressure (tank head) fiberglass systems.
7. Do not use with cement-lined steel pipe due to corrosion problems.
8. Do not use where the piping is subjected to bending moments or high vibration.
D–1.2. Specifications
The following are specifications for using Victaulic systems:
1. Limit the use of Victaulic to all systems with a MAWP of 1035 kPa (150 psig) and a maximum
temperature of 66°C (150°F).
Note: This pressure limitation allows the system to remain outside the scope of NACE MR0175/ISO
15156 for sour multiphase fluids.
2) Select gasket elastomer to match service.
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3) Use Style HP-70ES Coupling with Victaulic Fire-R gaskets within 15 m (50 ft) of a fired vessel.
4) Use Style HP-70ES EndSeal Coupling in other areas.
5) Do not use Snap-Joint style couplings at any time in hydrocarbon service.
6) Limit use of pipe, fittings, and couplings to NPS 2 through NPS 12.
7) Limit use of valves to NPS 2 through NPS 4.
8) Use peroxide cured 90 durometer Buna-N gasket for sour oilfield service and with streams that
contain carbon dioxide.
D–1.3. Economics of Grooved Systems

An economic evaluation shall be performed prior to selecting a piping system. If it is found that corrosion
conditions require the use of internally plastic-coated (IPC) steel pipe, then a financial comparison of
flanged versus grooved systems shall be performed. The cost and availability of valves and material shall
be included in the evaluation. Some Victaulic gasket materials (Viton) are very expensive and could alter
favorable economics. A thorough and accurate evaluation is required in order to avoid false economics.
D–1.3.1. Advantages
1. Grooved piping systems may be disassembled and reassembled for portability purposes. This is not
usually a requirement in oil and gas production facilities.
2. Grooved systems allow IPC steel pipe to be connected. If IPC is not required, screwed fittings shall
be considered since they can be utilized at a much lower cost.
3. Grooved systems do not require hot work.
D–1.3.2. Disadvantages
1. It is difficult to provide corrosion protection to the coupling area of grooved systems. Even with end-
seal-type gaskets, fluids sometimes reach the groove area causing failure-type corrosion. Gasket
lubrication and placement are critical to maintaining the total integrity of a grooved system.
2. A grooved system does not have the structural qualities of a flanged and welded system. There are
special requirements to be considered in the support system for grooved piping. These requirements
are covered in the Victaulic manuals listed in Section1.17 "Other References" of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION and Section D–1 "Victaulic Systems" of this Appendix.
3. Pipe grooving, whether cut or rolled, damages the internal coating, which requires the coating to be
repaired. The repaired coating area is somewhat susceptible to corrosion.
D–1.4. Training
The Victaulic Company of America has a training program available that provides hands-on piping
guidelines for those involved with Victaulic piping systems in the oil industry. This training covers
couplings, grooving, fittings, valves and their applications, installation, and things not to do. Other
products and their applications are also covered. Anyone designing, installing, or supervising the
installation of Victaulic systems shall attend this training.
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Appendix E: Notes to Line Classification Sheets

This Appendix contains the complete compilation of Notes used in all Upstream Piping Classification
PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS.
Notes for Valves

1. Valves shall be in accordance with the referenced manufacturing standard and NACE MR0175/ISO
15156 (latest edition). For the Line Classification Sheets, sour service applies to all fluid services
where the piping material is required to meet the requirements of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156.
2. All valves shall be provided with blowout-proof stems. Packing glands shall not be used to provide
this protection.
3. A gear operator shall be provided for all valves in the sizes listed in Table 7 of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION, or as established by criteria in Section 9 "Valving" of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION. Sizes smaller than those shown may be handwheel/lever operated, provided the
criteria established in the "Valving" Section of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION are met.
Handwheels and levers for manual valves shall be sized based on the handwheel force required to
open/close the valve as listed in Table 6
a) All manually operated valves shall be provided complete with handle/handwheel. The
maximum lever length shall be 500 mm (20 in.) for hand operated valves. For valves with
handwheels, the handwheel diameter shall not exceed the valve face-to-face dimensions.
b) Gear operators shall be heavy duty type and shall be completely housed in a weatherproof
enclosure. Gear operators shall be provided for the NPS and larger size valves as listed in
c) Valve and gear operator design shall include provisions to prevent overpressure of the gear
operator case should the valve leak process fluid through its stem seal. If pressure relief vents
are installed on the gear operator case, provisions shall be included to prevent entry of debris
and water into the gearcase, thus contaminating the lubricant. Furthermore, the use of
pressure relief vents should include provisions to ensure that the hole is not plugged by insects
or debris.
4. For the Line Classification Sheets, an instrument connection valve is the first block valve (or double
isolation and bleed valve where required) that ties into a line or other equipment. This valve may
also be referred to as an instrument takeoff valve. The valve material and pressure rating shall be
suitable for the fluid service of the line or equipment into which it connects. See Table 5 and Section
9.1 "Other Considerations" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for instrument block valve
requirements. Also, see PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000056, Sections titled “
Take-off Connections” and Connecting Piping and Tubing”, for additional valving requirements and
for requirements for the piping and tubing between the block valve(s) and the instrument.
5. Valve body and trim shall be Charpy impact tested in accordance with applicable ASTM material
standards. The test temperature shall match the −46°C (−50°F) minimum operating temperature of
the valve.
6. Elastomers and packing shall be suitable for the specified rated pressure, temperature limits, and
services. An elastomer specialist shall approve of all o-rings and seals utilized in valves. The
following supplemental information shall be considered when selecting seating and sealing materials:
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a) For elastomer selection guidelines, refer to PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-

000023, including Table 2.
b) In Class 300 and higher (design pressures > 600 psig), elastomers shall also be resistant to
explosive decompression as might be caused by high pressure gas, especially in the presence
of carbon dioxide. See PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000023 for more
information on elastomers and prevention of explosive decompression.
c) Pay special attention to different types of Viton elastomers' sensitivity to pure methanol or fluid
services containing methanol.
d) Note that some corrosion inhibitors, especially amine based, can also degrade elastomers.
e) Consideration should also be given to compatibility of material used in elastomeric energizers
found in some lip seals.
f) PEEK has a high coefficient of friction which results in a high operating torque when the seats
are made of PEEK material.
g) Note that some elastomers may derate the actual pressure/temperature rating of a valve.
These limits may, or may not, meet the extremes of the limits specified in the piping line class
tables.
h) Note that some ball valves with nonmetallic seats generally have pressure/temperature limits
lower than those listed in the line classes.
7. Valves with nonmetallic seats shall meet the fire-safe requirements of API SPEC 6FA or API STD
607. Valves with metal/metal seating shall be considered fire safe if the stem seal has flexible
graphite packing. For other stem seal materials, the Valve Manufacturer shall submit fire test data
for the proposed material.
8. Flanged valves larger than NPS 24 shall use ASME B16.47 Series A (MSS SP-44) flanges. If
required for mating to equipment or valving, ASME B16.47 Series B flanges (previously known as
API 605) may be used.
9. Valve body and trim, including cladding if used, shall be verified using PMI, in accordance with
PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000016.
10. Materials used for valve body and internal trim wetted surfaces (including flange faces) and all
elastomers and packing shall be suitable for use in sea water.
11. Valve I.D. numbers with "(L)" added to the end shall be provided with the capability of being locked in
either the fully open or fully closed position.
12. Valve I.D. numbers with "(N)" added to the end shall be provided in accordance with NACE
MR0175/ISO 15156 (latest edition).
13. Valve I.D. numbers with "(C)" added to the end shall be designed for cryogenic service. Seat
leakage and cryogenic testing shall be in accordance with Company specifications.
14. Valves may be quoted with solid high-nickel alloy bodies and/or high-nickel alloy clad bodies.
Internal trim (balls, stems, trunnion, seat cartridges, etc.) shall be quoted with solid high-nickel alloy.
Internal trim may be quoted clad with high-nickel alloys as an alternate only and used only with
Company approval. The minimum finished alloy thickness shall be 3.0 mm (0.12 in.) for all weld
overlay cladding.
15. Nickel alloy materials (UNS N06625 and UNS N08825) shall be stabilized annealed materials only,
with the chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treating requirements, and grain size
requirements to ASTM B 425.
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16. Ball valve I.D. numbers with "(T)" added to the end shall be provided as top entry only. End entry
shall not be acceptable.
17. Carbon steel ball valves with a "P" added to the end of the I.D. number shall be provided with carbon
steel balls, plated with 3 mils of Electroless Nickel Plating (ENP), unless noted otherwise. This shall
include ENP of the seat pockets and stem sealing area in the body.
18. Ball valve I.D. numbers with "M" added to end shall be provided with metal seats for abrasive
service. Seat material, coating specifications, and maximum seat leakage shall be submitted with
the manufacturer's quotation for Company approval.
19. Use of carbon steel valves in lube and seal oil services is subject to Company approval.
20. Ball valves in Class 150 and 300 up to 152 mm (6 in.) nominal diameter [or 203 mm (8 in.) nominal if
reduced port type] may be floating type. Ball valves for Class 400 and higher services in sizes 2 in.
and larger shall be trunnion mounted. Ball valves in 11/2 in. and smaller nominal size in all pressure
classes may be floating type. Note that gear operator requirements as a function of valve type,
pressure class, and size are denoted in Table.7 of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION. Trunnion
mounted ball valve seat design in the closed position shall allow body cavity pressure to relieve to
the low pressure side. Additionally, for Class 900 and higher where 316SS balls are specified, a
higher strength austenitic or ferritic-austenitic stainless steel (for example, ASTM A 182/A 182M,
Grade F51) shall be used for sizes/pressures where a higher strength material is needed to ensure
that the ball remains "round" in the closed position.
21. Ball valve design shall include the following:
a) Anti-static design
b) Bi-directional shutoff
c) Blowout-proof stems
22. NPS 4 and smaller gate valves may have solid wedges. NPS 6 and larger shall have a one-piece
flexible wedge.
23. All wafer check valves specified with through-bolt holes shall be provided with solid lugs or double
flanged valves (preferred), in available sizes.
24. Retainerless check valves shall be provided. Seal welded retainer plugs may be quoted as an
alternate but shall only be used with Company approval.
25. Swing or dual plate check valves shall be designed for installation in the horizontal or vertical upflow
positions.
26. API STD 600 swing check valves may be used at locations where swing check valves are not
required to be piggable. API SPEC 6D swing check valves shall be used in piping systems that are
required to be piggable.
27. Piston type check valves in sizes NPS 11/2 and smaller shall be designed (with springs) for
installation in the horizontal or upward flow positions.
28. Valve packing/stem seal material for "sliding-stem" valves (for example, gate and globe) shall be
flexible graphite. The packing configuration shall consist of two end retainer rings made of braided
graphite and three intermediate rings made from die-formed flexible graphite with a density of 1120
to 1280 kg/m3 (70 to 80 lb/ft3).
a) Valve packing/stem seal material for "rotary-stem" valves (for example, ball, butterfly, and plug
valves) used in hydrocarbon service shall satisfy the fire test requirements of API STD 607, API
SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497. Additionally, the stem seal design and materials shall
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minimize fugitive emissions. PTFE O-rings may be used in hydrocarbon services if the valve
design has a backup fire-resistant stem seal that has passed one of the fire tests listed above.
b) Teflon (PTFE) packing may be used in Category D service or in certain chemical services when
29. Cast gate valves shall be in accordance with API STD 600. Additionally, cast globe and swing check
valves shall be in accordance with the applicable requirements of API STD 600 (such as wall
thickness, body/trim materials, testing, etc.). Valves supplied in corrosion resistant materials and in
carbon steel services where the corrosion allowance is 1.25 mm (0.05 in.) or less shall be in
accordance with ASME B16.34, except leakage testing shall meet the requirements of API STD 598.
30. All resilient seated valves that are required to be welded (for example, SW and BW) into the line
shall be provided with sufficient body extensions or welded-on pup-pieces (nipples) to allow field
welding without disassembly, distortion, or damage to nonmetallic internals.
a) For NPS 2 and smaller valves, the minimum body extension length shall be 150 mm (6 in.).
(Valves with shorter extensions and "cooling fins" are not acceptable.)
b) The material of the extension shall be the same as body material, and the minimum thickness
shall be Schedule 160 for carbon steel and Schedule 80 for CRA material. Welds on NACE
valves shall meet NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 requirements.
31. All valves shall have extended bonnets/stems with sufficient length to maintain gland packing/stem
seal near ambient temperature. The minimum extended bonnet length shall be in accordance with
BSI BS 6364, Table 1. “Minimum gland extension length for cold box applications”, which applies to
cold insulation around valves
32. If Class 150, NPS 11/2, and smaller flanged valves are mated to SW pipe flanges, flexible graphite
sheet gaskets shall be used (alternate gasket listed in line class), in lieu of spiral wound. If spiral
wound gaskets are to be used, then use either Class 300 valves or buttweld flanges.
33. Some valves may require use of extended bonnets for services below −50°F (−45°C) to prevent
freezing of gland packing/stem seal (renders valve inoperable and/or results in process fluid
leakage). If required, the minimum extended bonnet length shall be in accordance with BSI BS
6364, Table 1. Note that valves with Graphoil packings, that are infrequently operated, and not
requiring rapid response, are occasionally acceptable for temperatures down to −200°F (−130°C).
34. API SPEC 6A/ISO 10423 valves shall be provided with "U" temperature classification and a product
specification level of 2 (PSL 2).
35. The following requirements are applicable only to facilities subject to requirements of API RP 14E-5.
a) For pipe sizes 3/4 in. and smaller in hydrocarbon service, minimum wall thickness shall be
Schedule 160. Note that there are restrictions on use of 1/2 in. nominal sized pipe (see
Sections 6.8 "Vent and Drain Piping" and 6.9 "Injection Points and Sample Connection Piping"
of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION).
b) For pipe sizes 3 in. and smaller, but larger than 3/4 in., in all fluid services, minimum pipe wall
thickness shall be Schedule 80.
36. Ball valves constructed so that the ball is held in place with a threaded portion of the valve body
(e.g., threaded body valves) are not permitted unless the valve halves are positively secured
together (e.g., by seal-welding) by the Valve Manufacturer. See Section 9.6 "Ball Valves" for
additional details.
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Notes for Piping Components and Special Materials

51. NPS 1 and smaller ferritic pipe nipples between equipment and the first block valve, or between a
header and first block valve, shall have a minimum thickness of Schedule 160. For these nipples in
nonferritic piping, the minimum thickness shall be Schedule 80 (socket welded) and 160 (threaded).
52. In the lower pressure classes, standard weight pipe has been specified in most line classes. Thinner
wall pipe, where the required thickness is calculated using the design conditions for the service, may
be adequate. However, other factors must be considered before using the thinner pipe and fittings,
such as the following:
a) Standardization in certain wall thickness within the plant
b) Availability of thinner wall components (especially fittings)
c) Overall costs (non-standard material may actually cost more)
d) Mechanical strength (for spanning between supports, preventing "ovalizing" at support points,
etc.)
53. Except for high-point vents, threaded connections shall not be used without Company approval. If
approved, threaded fittings and pipe shall be Schedule XXS for NPS 1/2 and Schedule 160 for NPS
3
/4 to 11/2. NPS 1/2 XXH pipe has a very restricted flow area. Wherever possible, the size shall be
increased to a minimum of NPS 3/4, or instead, consideration shall be given to the use of a corrosion
resistant material permitting use of a thinner pipe wall.
54. At orifice taps, NPS 1/2 nipples shall be threaded and seal welded or socket-welded for orifice flanges
in hydrocarbon service. See Note 51 for minimum wall thickness.
55. Seamless buttweld fittings are preferred. If seam-welded, they shall have a joint factor of 1.0.
Buttweld elbows shall be of the long-radius type.
56. The thickness of reducing fittings shall match the wall thickness of the pipe wall at the larger end.
The fittings shall be tapered, per ASME B31.3, to ensure the fitting wall thickness matches the pipe
wall at the smaller end.
57. ASME B16.47 Series A flanges (same as MSS SP-44) shall be used for sizes larger than
NPS 24. If required for mating to equipment or valving, ASME B16.47 Series B flanges
(previously known as API 605) may be used.
58. Some stainless steel piping material is identified by the Manufacturer as dual certified 304/304L and
316/316L. Material so identified by the Manufacturer may be considered as straight grades 304 and
316, respectively, for temperatures not exceeding 538°C (1000°F). Therefore, the P-T ratings for
316 SS can be used for dual marked (316/316L) components.
59. Bolting, including nuts and washers for offshore platforms and other marine environments, shall be
coated with a system that includes a 'cermet' basecoat and a fluoropolymer topcoat per PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000027. Stainless bolting and other CRA bolting does not
require a coating, provided the bolting is properly lubricated prior to installation. Bolt selection shall
be in accordance with Table 9 of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
60. Inner rings shall be specified for spiral wound gaskets in sizes listed in Table 10 of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION, except gaskets with PTFE filler material are required by ASME B16.20 to have
inner rings for all sizes. As a minimum, the inner ring material shall be of the same nominal chemical
composition as the spiral wound material. See additional information in Section 12.2 "Gaskets" of
this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
BANYU URIP Rev G
PROJECT
61. For Class 150, flexible graphite sheet gaskets, or spiral-wound gaskets with types 304/304L or
316/316L stainless windings and flexible graphite filler material, may be used. The use of "low
stress" spiral wound gaskets is recommended for Class 150. The use of graphite filler material is
allowed only when the fluid service is compatible with flexible graphite. Flexible graphite is generally
not compatible with sea water, acids, caustics, chlorine, and hydrogen sulfide. Gaskets for services
such as these must be approved by Company.
62. The correlation of fitting class with schedule number (or wall thickness) in accordance with ASME
B16.11 is as follows:
Table E–1: Fitting Class Pipe Schedule Number

Class Type of Fitting Pipe Schedule No. (wall designation)
2000 * Threaded 80 (XS)
3000 Threaded 160
6000 Threaded XXS
3000 Socket-welding 80 (XS)
6000 Socket-welding 160
9000 Socket-welding XXS
* Use of Class 2000 fittings is not permitted (use Class 3000 as a minimum).
For pressure class 1500 and lower, the pipe wall thicknesses shown in the table above may not
match the line class tables in the Piping Classification PROJECT SPECIFICATIONs. For smaller
nominal sizes, the line class tables show pipe wall thicknesses that are generally heavier than
required solely for pressure containment. In determining minimum pipe wall thickness requirements,
structural and/or mechanical integrity are considered along with pressure containment. Therefore,
the recommended forged fitting class and pipe wall thicknesses in the PROJECT SPECIFICATION
line class tables should be followed.
63. Non-impact tested carbon steel pipe, such as ASTM A 106/A 106M Grade B and API SPEC 5L
Grade B, with a wall thickness greater than 13 mm (1/2 in.) cannot be used for design
temperatures below −29°C (−20°F) (per the impact testing requirements table, "Curve B" of
ASME B31.3). If the above referenced non-impact tested carbon steel pipe with a wall
thickness greater than 13 mm (1/2 in.) is to be used below 0°C (32°F), refer to Figure
323.2.2 in ASME B31.3 for minimum design temperature. Note that for ASTM A 671 CC 60
pipe that has been normalized, impact testing may not be required for all thicknesses.
Furthermore, note that X grade piping MDMT is determined per ASME B31.3, "Curve A"
unless it is normalized, or quenched and temperd, to be exempted from impact testing.
See ASME B31.3, Figure 323.2.2A (table on impact testing) for more specific requirements.
64. Ring gaskets for ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47 RTJ flanges shall be oval, Type R in accordance
with ASME B16.20 which includes the maximum hardness and identification requirements shown in
the table below.
BANYU URIP Rev G
PROJECT
Table E–2: Maximum Hardness and Identification Requirements

for Ring Gaskets
Maximum Hardness
Gasket Material Material Identification
Brinell Rockwell "B"
Soft iron 90 56 D
Low-carbon steel 120 68 S
1
5 Cr /2 Moly 130 72 F5
410 SS 170 86 S410
304 SS 160 83 S304
316 SS 160 83 S316
347 SS 160 83 S247
65. Compact flange and/or hub connectors [such as those manufactured by ReFlange, Inc., or
Techlok (Vector International)] may be acceptable alternatives to ASME B16.5/ASME B16.47
flanges, when approved by the Company. These connectors may be evaluated for use in Class 900,
and higher services, where weight and space savings are necessary.
66. Designer is required to calculate a minimum wall thickness for all pipe sizes not shown in the table.
The calculations shall be based upon suitable materials to withstand the design conditions including
the pressure and all coincident loads to which the piping system shall be subjected. The calculations
must be done in strict accordance with the applicable Code.
67. Pipe and pipe fittings shall be ASTM D 2996 RTRP-11FE filament-wound fiberglass reinforced epoxy
with a 20 mil integral resin-rich epoxy liner, minimum gauge pressure rating to 13.8 bar (200 psig).
Examples of such products are Ameron Bondstrand® Series 2000M or Company-approved equal
(such as Fiberbond Series HV).
68. Flanges shall be flat face (FF), ASTM D 4024 RTR-11E, filament-wound fiberglass heavy-duty,
drilled to ASME B16.5 dimensions. Examples of such products are Ameron Bondstrand® Series
2000M heavy-duty hubless or Company-approved equal (such as Fiberbond Series HV).
69. Jointing method for fiberglass reinforced epoxy pipe, fittings, and flanges shall be carefully selected.
Joining methods include bell and spigot type joints with thermosetting adhesives and the "Buttweld
and Strap" method. There shall be an integral pipe stop in the bell for predictable laying lengths.
Fittings NPS 18 and larger shall be provided flanged from the Manufacturer.
70. Fiberglass pipe, fittings, flanges, and the adhesives shall be provided by the same manufacturer.
71. Blind flanges shall be compression-molded fiberglass reinforced epoxy.
72. Not used.
73. All dry fire water systems, constructed of fiberglass, shall be fireproofed (for example, piping
downstream of deluge valves).
74. Wet fire water systems do not require fireproofing, except all joints such as flanges and fittings shall
be coated with fireproofing in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-FSPDS-
000003. This coating may be applied in the field after completion of the joints.
BANYU URIP Rev G
PROJECT
75. NPS 2 and larger pipe and pipe fittings shall be ASTM D 2996 RTRP–11FE filament-wound
fiberglass reinforced epoxy (GRE) with a 20 mil integral resin-rich epoxy liner. Examples of such
products are Ameron Bondstrand® Series 2000M or Company-approved equal (such as Fiberbond
Series HV).
76. NPS 2 and larger flanges shall be flat face (FF), ASTM D 4024 RTR–11E, filament-wound fiberglass
heavy-duty, drilled to ASME B16.5, Class 150 dimensions. Examples of such products are Ameron
Bondstrand® Series 2000M heavy-duty hubless or Company-approved equal (such as Fiberbond
Series HV).
77. GRE blind flanges shall be compression-molded fiberglass reinforced epoxy. In sizes where GRE
flanges are not available, ASTM A 105/A 105M carbon steel flat face flanges with full coverage
gaskets may be used.
78. The use of threaded NPS 3/4 and smaller piping shall be kept to a minimum (see Note 79). Unions
shall be used instead of flanges for these sizes NPS 11/2 and smaller.
79. NPS 11/2 and smaller pipe shall be 70–30 Cu-Ni with a wall thickness of Schedule 160 (threaded),
except for "dry" fire water systems. Type 316L stainless steel pipe and fittings shall be used.
80. Bolting, including nuts and washers, shall be coated with a system that includes a corrosion resistant
basecoat and a fluoropolymer topcoat per PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000027.
Coated carbon steel flat washers shall be used between the fiberglass flanges and nuts.
81. Pipe support spacing, as well as support of metal valves, shall be in accordance with the
recommendations of the GRP Manufacturer. Support details, such as guides, anchors, and support
saddles shall be in accordance with the Pipe Manufacturer's recommendations.
82. Refer to line branch table for each specific pressure class and fluid service for information pertaining
to header to branch connection type.
83. Valving NPS 11/2 and smaller shall be threaded and NPS 2 and larger shall be flanged, flat face. For
NPS 6 and smaller, ball valves shall be used where quick opening valves are required. For NPS 8
and larger, high performance (triple offset design) butterfly valves shall be used.
84. GRE pipe, fittings, flanges, and adhesives used shall be provided by the same manufacturer.
85. NPS 11/2 and smaller pipe and valves may be 316L stainless steel. The minimum wall thickness for
threaded pipe shall be Schedule 80.
86. All ASTM A 105/A 105M fittings and flanges shall be normalized.
87. Wall thicknesses shown apply to welded joints only. For pressure containment purposes, wall
thicknesses for threaded, grooved, or other similarly modified piping connections are likely to require
adjustment (to minimum wall thickness) for thread or groove depth allowance.
88. For sizes 16 in. and larger, the use of SAW or DSAW carbon steel pipe is acceptable, if supplied in
accordance with ASME B31.3, Table A-1B and with prior Company approval. Note that if API 5L
SAW or DSAW pipe is used, the maximum permissible Basic Quality Factor (i.e., longitudinal weld
joint seam efficiency factor) is 0.95, even with 100 percent radiography, per ASME B31.3.
89. Per ASME B16.5 (paragraphs 2.5.2 and 2.5.3), at temperatures above 200°C (400°F) for Class 150
and above 400°C (750°F) for other class designations, flanged joints may develop leakage problems
unless care is taken to avoid imposing severe external loads, severe thermal gradients, or both. In
additions, some of the materials, particularly some carbon steels, may undergo a decrease in
ductility when used at low temperatures to such an extent as to be unable to safely resist shock
loading, sudden changes of stress, or high stress concentration. Per ASME B31.3, some of the
BANYU URIP Rev G
PROJECT
materials may require impact testing for applications even where temperatures are higher than -29°C
(-20°F).
90. API SPEC 6A/ISO 10423 flanges shall be provided with "U" temperature classification and a product
specification level of 2 (PSL 2).
91. All nickel alloy pipe and fitting materials (UNS N06625 and UNS N08825) shall be stabilized
annealed materi als only. For carbon steel pipe with nickel alloy cladding, the minimum finished alloy
thickness shall be 2.5 mm (0.10 in.).
92. Note: API SPEC 5LD lists both UNS N06625 (Gr. LC 2262) and UNS N08825 (Gr. LC 2242) as
CRA materials for lined pipe. During the early stages of a project, Company Materials personnel and
the Engineering Contractor shall evaluate the best lining material for the intended service.
93. Underground installation of High Density Polyethelene (HDPE) piping shall be per the
Manufacturer's recommended procedures. All site-specific conditions such as type of soil, backfill
material, buoyancy of empty pipe, and seismic condition must be carefully studied and evaluated.
94. Compacted sand or Manufacturer's recommended alternative, in conjunction with proper trenching
techniques as dictated by onsite soil conditions, is required around all fittings (particularly fabricated
tees, branch saddle reducing tees, and elbows) that will be subjected to dynamic stress resulting from
directional changes (vertical/horizontal) and/or imposed bending moment. Anchoring method for
piping systems shall be determined and recommended by HDPE Manufacturer to meet site-specific
conditions.
95. Where specified in project specification, underground installation of HDPE piping in heavy traffic
areas shall be encased with pipe sleeve. The pipe sleeve shall extend 1 m (3 ft) on either side of the
road and shall be coated, sealed, and vented in accordance with the project specification.
96. Use of Class 150 flanged joints in any fluid service shall be limited to temperatures of 200°C
(400°F). It is suggested that for all such services, Class 300 or higher flanges be used instead. See
Section 11.2 "Flanges and Flanged Joints" of this Project Specification for more details.
97. Hot-dip galvanizing (where permitted) shall be performed after fabrication of the pipe spool
assembly. After galvanizing, ensure that the flange gasket face serrations are maintained. If not,
spiral serrations shall be lightly machined into the gasket face. See additional details in Section 11.2
"Flanges and Flanged Joints" of this Project Specification.
98. Flanges larger than those listed in ASME B16.47 (NPS 60) and those sizes/pressure classes not
included in ASME B16.5 shall be individually designed on a case-by-case basis, using the
requirements of ASME SEC VIII D1 Mandatory Appendix 2, Section 2-14 "Flange Rigidity," or a
standard approved by Company. For flanges designed per ASME, the rigidity index for the flange, "J"
shall be determined at the seating and design conditions. For carbon steel piping systems with design
temperature 370°C (700°F) or lower, and for low alloy steel (up to and including 5Cr-1Mo) with design
temperature of 454°C (850°F) or less, J shall be limited to 0.9. Flanges used in water lines may be in
accordance with AWWA Standards. See also Section 11.2 "Flanges and Flanged Joints" of this Project
Specification.
Notes for Marine Line Classifications

101. Screwed piping may only be used on instrument connections and on pipe drains downstream of the
piping root valve.
BANYU URIP Rev G
PROJECT
102. Flanges shall have a serrated spiral facing finish per ASME B16.5.
103. The wall thickness is per ASME B36.19M and ASME B36.10M.
104. Buttweld fittings shall be 90/10 Cu-Ni Alloy (UNS C70600).
105. Buttweld fittings shall be 90/10 Cu-Ni Alloy (UNS C70600). Pressure temperature ratings shall be
consistent with the piping to which they are attached.
106. Socket Weld fittings shall be 90/10 Cu-Ni Alloy (UNS C70600).
107. Socket Weld fittings shall be 90/10 Cu-Ni Alloy (UNS C70600 or UNS C96200). Pressure
temperature ratings shall be consistent with the piping to which they are attached.
108. An Insulating Kit, comprised of one phenolic sleeve, two phenolic washers, and two steel washers
per bolt, shall be utilized in conjunction with specified stud bolts and gaskets when bolting together
copper-nickel and any other dissimilar metal or fiberglass flanges. The more noble (cathodic)
material in the galvanic couple shall be internally coated for a minimum distance of 4 times the
nominal pipe diameter from the flange face.
109. 90/10 Cu-Ni (UNS 70600) class 3000 adapter fittings shall be used for transitions between socket
weld piping and threaded equipment and valve connections. Adapter fittings are available from
Alaskan Copper.
110. MIL-T-16420K pipe shall be tested to conform to the requirements of the following tests specified in
ASTM B 466/B 466M: (1) Hardness testing (2) Eddy current testing of pipe 3.125 in. outside
diameter and smaller.
111. ASTM B 466/B 466M and ASTM B 467 shall be in accordance with Copper Development
Association (CDA) Alloy No. 706 (UNS C70600), 90/10 Cu-Ni pipe and tubing, P-number 34
(ASME B31.1). Pipe shall be in the annealed condition (except that light-drawn pipe is acceptable
where no cold-forming is done) intended for welding application with following limits on chemical
elements: Zn: 0.5% Max; Pb: 0.05% Max; P: 0.02% Max; S: 0.02% Max; C: 0.05% Max.
112. Flanges shall be bolted in accordance with the Manufacturer's recommendations, including bolt
torque and bolt sequences.
113. Socket weld flanges may be used for NPS 2 and smaller.
114. The wall thickness shall be in accordance with ASME B36.19M for Schedule 10S, 40S, and 80S.
115. Utility sea water is an industrial piping system and falls under MMS requirements. It is not covered
by this piping classification.
116. Pipe nipples for NPS 3/4 and smaller threaded connections, 100 mm (4 in.) or less in total length,
shall be Monel or 90-10 Cu-Ni Schedule 80.
117. The minimum mechanical properties from Table 2 in ASTM F 468 are as follows:
Table E–3: Minimum Mechanical Properties
Full Size Tests (B) Machined Specimen Tests

Nominal
Alloy Hardness
Diameter Tensile Min. Yield Min. Tensile Min. Yield Min.
Number (A)
(in.) Strength Strength, Strength, Strength, Elong. in
, (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) 4D, % (D)
BANYU URIP Rev G
PROJECT
C651 0.250–0.750 75–95 HRB 70–100 55 70 53 8

C651 0.875–1.500 70–95 HRB 55–90 40 54 38 8
C655 all 60–80 HRB 50–80 20 50 15 20
118. Flanges in 90-10 Cu-Ni alloy C70600 are commonly available machined from plate. There
is no apparent ASME, API, or ASTM standard that covers these flanges, nor that provides
published pressure temperature ratings. These flanges are suitable for use with this
specification but must be accompanied by the Manufacturer's certified pressure-
temperature ratings, and/or the appropriate ASME calculations for allowable working
pressures and temperatures per ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Mandatory Appendix 2
(ASME SEC VIII D1 Mandatory Appendix 2). Pressure-temperature ratings for ASTM B 148,
alloy C95200 Cu-Ni flanges are listed in ASME B16.24.
119. Fire Water System Piping: Pipe, fittings, and flanges shall be Fiberbond® 20JF Advanced
Composite Piping Series or Ameron Bondstrand® 2000M with a fire protection barrier manufactured
into the products; including premium grade fire-retardant epoxy vinyl ester resin matrix, 20 mil C-Veil
reinforced resin-rich liner. The color of the piping system shall be OSHA-approved safety red. Use
for 2 in. to 4 in. (50 mm to 100 mm) nominal pipe size only. Use Piping Classification MA32 for
smaller or larger sizes. This piping shall not be used in a dry deluge system without Company
approval.
120. Fire Water Loop—Main Piping: Pipe and fittings shall be Fiberbond® 20-FR-E or Ameron
Bondstrand® 2000M, filament wound, corrosion resistant liner 0.02 in. minimum thickness, per
ASTM D 2996, ultraviolet inhibited with Nexus polyester fiber overwraps. The color of the piping
system shall be OSHA-approved safety red. Use for nominal sizes 2 in. to 16 in. only. This piping
shall not be used in a dry deluge system.
121. Alternate Fire Water System Piping: NPS 2 and larger pipe and pipe fittings shall be ASTM D 2996
RTRP–11FE filament-wound fiberglass reinforced epoxy (GRE) with a 20 mil integral resin-rich
epoxy liner with a minimum pressure rating of 15.5 barg (225 psig) and a minimum hydrotest to 23.3
barg (338 psig). Examples of pipe meeting the criteria are Fiberbond Series 20FR, Ameron
Bondstrand® Series 2000M–225 (or approved equal). This piping shall not be used in a dry deluge
system.
122. A fire blanket shall be installed over a flanged connection when protection from a jet fire is required.
123. A spacer ring shall be used when bolting a fiberglass RTR flange to a RF flange to prevent
overstressing the RTR flanges during bolt up.
124. Flat faced, hot-dip galvanized steel blind flanges per Class MA3 are acceptable for use in this piping
class when an FNPT connection in the flange is required.
125. Type 316 stainless steel studs, nuts, and washes may be used as an alternate silicon bronze
provided there is no potential for galvanic corrosion. Type 316 stainless steel studs and nut shall
comply with Class MA11 requirements. Do not mix type 316 SS bolting components with silicon
bronze bolting components.
126. Valving NPS 11/2 and smaller shall be threaded and NPS 2 and larger shall be flanged, flat face. For
NPS 6 and smaller, ball valves shall be used where quick opening valves are required. For NPS 8
and larger, high performance (triple offset design) butterfly valves shall be used.
127. Flat washers shall be used under all bolts, nuts, and cap screws. Washers may have to be trimmed
to provide clearance at the flange.
BANYU URIP Rev G
PROJECT
128. NPS 2 and larger fiberglass reinforced epoxy pipe and fittings shall be recommended by the
Manufacturer.

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What are the main components covered in the piping specification?

What are the main components covered in the piping specification?

What standards are referenced for piping design and material selection?

What standards are referenced for piping design and material selection?

Banyu Urip Project

Upstream Piping Component

E 12 July 10 Re-Issued for Bid M.Sampath Don P Delavan RCumow RCumow

D 18 Jan 10 Re-Issued for Bid M.Sampath Don P Delavan R.Cumow RCumow

B 06-Feb-08 Issued for Bid GS VMP DW DD

A 10-Dec-07 Issued for Client Review GS VMP DW AS

Rev Rev Date Description Prepared By Checked By Approved By Reviewed By

REVISION MODIFICATION LOG

Revision Section Description

1. Required References ...................................................................................................................... 10

4. Piping Design .................................................................................................................................. 25

6.3. Pump Piping ......................................................................................................................... 34

10.2. Temporary Strainers............................................................................................................. 65

15. Materials and Marking..................................................................................................................... 81

17. Corrosion Allowances for Piping Systems................................................................................... 85

18. Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation ................................................................................................... 86

19. External Coatings............................................................................................................................ 88

Appendix A: Modifications to API RP 14E-5.......................................................................................... 89

Modifications to Section 1: General....................................................................................................... 89

Modifications to Section 2: Piping Design ............................................................................................ 89

Modifications to Section 5: Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems ......................... 90

Modifications to Section 6: Considerations of Related Items ............................................................. 91

Appendix B: Line Sizing Guidelines ...................................................................................................... 93

B–1. Tower Drawoff Nozzles ................................................................................................................... 93

B–2. Pump Suction Lines (Except Cooling Water Pumps) .................................................................. 93

B–3. Pump Discharge Lines.................................................................................................................... 93

B–5. Cooling Water Pump Suction Lines .............................................................................................. 95

B–6. Cooling Water Pump Discharge Lines .......................................................................................... 95

B–7. HC Vapor Lines................................................................................................................................ 95

B–8. Steam Condensate .......................................................................................................................... 96

B–9. Steam Lines ..................................................................................................................................... 97

B–10. Pressure Relief Valve Lines ......................................................................................................... 97

B–11. Miscellaneous Lines...................................................................................................................... 97

Appendix C: Pipe Support Spacing ....................................................................................................... 99

Appendix D: Grooved Piping Systems ................................................................................................ 102

D–1. Victaulic Systems .......................................................................................................................... 102

Notes for Valves ...................................................................................................................................... 104

Notes for Piping Components and Special Materials ......................................................................... 108

Notes for Marine Line Classifications................................................................................................... 112

Table 2: Onshore Equipment Clearances.............................................................................................. 32

Table 3: Pipe Reinforcing Pad or Saddle............................................................................................... 49

Table 4: Figure-Eight (Spectacle) Blind, Paddle Blank, and Paddle Spacer...................................... 51

Table 5: Guidelines for Piping System Configuration to Achieve Positive Isolation........................ 55

Table 6: Handwheel Forces for Manually Operated Valves ................................................................. 57

Table 7: Required Gear Operator Sizes ................................................................................................. 58

Table 8: Bolt Tensioning Method Selection .......................................................................................... 71

Table 9: Bolt Selection for Valves and Flanges (1)................................................................................. 72

Table 10: Inner Ring Requirements (graphite filled) ............................................................................ 74

Table 11: Size Range with Applicable Standards ................................................................................. 75

Table 12: Material Requirements............................................................................................................ 81

Table 13: Index of Line Classification Sheets ....................................................................................... 83

Table 14: Index of Marine Line Classification Sheets .......................................................................... 85

Table 15: Minimum Corrosion Allowances............................................................................................. 86

Table 16: Corrosion Allowance Coding for Piping Systems ............................................................... 86

Table 17: Minimum Retirement Thickness for Pipe.............................................................................. 87

Table 18: Sample Pipe Wall Thickness Calculations ........................................................................... 88