IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000029 Rev G - Upstream Piping Comp. Select
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IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000029
Upstream Piping Component Selection and
System Design
Based on Specification 03-01-01 Version 8.0.0 (June 2010)
Scope
1. This Banyu Urip Project Specification covers the basic requirements for the design of piping systems
for onshore and offshore production and processing facilities covered by ASME B31.3.
2. This Specification includes most piping within such facilities, except boiler external piping (ASME
B31.1), platform risers, piping associated with drilling operations, and pipelines and related facilities
(ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8) or government-regulated pipelines and/or piping.
3. For offshore piping, which falls under the jurisdiction of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), Det
Norske Veritas (DNV), or other agencies which may require use of ASME B31.1 for fire water, safety,
and/or utility piping, the equivalent marine piping Global Practice shall apply. Final decision on
applicability of the marine piping specification shall be agreed upon between the project/affiliate and
the governing body.
4. Individual piping line class requirements are contained in IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000002 through IDBU-
CW-LSPDS-000028, IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000070 through IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000072,IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000076 through IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000078, and IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000080 through IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000082. Additional valve information for all classes is contained in IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061.
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Table of Contents
Table of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 8
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9. Valving.............................................................................................................................................. 52
9.1. General................................................................................................................................. 52
9.2. Valve Materials..................................................................................................................... 55
9.3. Valve Packing....................................................................................................................... 56
9.4. Valve Operators ................................................................................................................... 57
9.5. Gate Valves.......................................................................................................................... 59
9.6. Ball Valves............................................................................................................................ 60
9.7. Check Valves ....................................................................................................................... 61
9.8. Globe Valves ........................................................................................................................ 62
9.9. Plug Valves .......................................................................................................................... 62
9.10. Butterfly Valves .................................................................................................................... 62
9.11. Emergency Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves ................................................. 64
9.12. Special Application Valves ................................................................................................... 64
9.13. Wafer and Lug Type Valves................................................................................................. 65
10. Strainers ........................................................................................................................................... 65
10.1. General................................................................................................................................. 65
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Table of Tables
Table 1A: Criteria for Flexibility Analysis of Piping for Ferritic Materials.......................................... 29
Table 1B: Criteria for Flexibility Analysis of Piping for Austenitic Materials .................................... 30
Table B–5: Pump Suction Line Pressure Drop and Maximum Velocity ............................................. 95
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Table B–6: Pump Discharge Line Pressure Drop and Maximum Velocity ......................................... 95
Table C–1: Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Pipe ...................................... 99
Table C–2: Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans for Stainless Steel Pipe ............................................. 100
Table E–2: Maximum Hardness and Identification Requirements for Ring Gaskets ...................... 110
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1. Required References
This Section lists the Practices, codes, standards, specifications, and publications that shall be used with
this document. Unless otherwise specified herein, use the latest edition. In addition this Section includes
the definition of common terms used throughout this document.
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Temperature Service
ASTM A 182/A 182M Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A 193/A 193M Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials
for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose
Applications
ASTM A 194/A 194M Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High
Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
ASTM A 216/A 216M Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion
Welding, for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A 234/A 234M Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy
Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A 269 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubing for General Service
ASTM A 312/A 312M Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked
Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
ASTM A 320/A 320M Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials
for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A 333/A 333M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-
Temperature Service
ASTM A 350/A 350M Standard Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring
Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components
ASTM A 351/A 351M Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts
ASTM A 352/A 352M Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A 358/A 358M Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-
Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General
Applications
ASTM A 403/A 403M Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
ASTM A 420/A 420M Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy
Steel for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A 516/A 516M Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for
Moderate- and Lower-Temperature Service
ASTM A 519 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical
Tubing
ASTM A 530/A 530M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and
Alloy Steel Pipe
ASTM A 671 Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric
and Lower Temperatures
ASTM A 707/A 707M Standard Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-
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Temperature Service
ASTM A790/A790M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless
Steel Pipe
ASTM A815/A815M Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and
Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
ASTM A 1011/A 1011M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon,
Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved
Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
ASTM B 98/B 98M Standard Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Rod, Bar and Shapes
ASTM B 148 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Bronze Sand Castings
ASTM B 151/B 151M Standard Specification for Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silver) and
Copper-Nickel Rod and Bar
ASTM B 171/B 171M Standard Specification for Copper-Alloy Plate and Sheet for Pressure
Vessels, Condensers, and Heat Exchangers
ASTM B 366 Standard Specification for Factory-Made Wrought Nickel and Nickel Alloy
Fittings
ASTM B 369 Standard Specification for Copper-Nickel Alloy Castings
ASTM B 425 Standard Specification for Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu Alloy (UNS N08825 and UNS
N08221) Rod and Bar
ASTM B 444 Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloys
(UNS N06625 and UNS N06852) and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum- Silicon
Alloy (UNS N06219) Pipe and Tube
ASTM B 462 Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled UNS N06030, UNS N06022,
UNS N06200, UNS N08020, UNS N08024, UNS N08026, UNS N08367,
UNS N10276, UNS N10665, UNS N10675 and UNS R20033 Alloy Pipe
Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for Corrosive High-
Temperature Service
ASTM B 466/B 466M Standard Specification for Seamless Copper-Nickel Pipe and Tube
ASTM B 467 Standard Specification for Welded Copper-Nickel Pipe
ASTM B 473 Standard Specification for UNS N08020, UNS N08024, and UNS N08026
Nickel Alloy Bar and Wire
ASTM B 564 Standard Specification for Nickel Alloy Forgings
ASTM B 584 Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General
Applications
ASTM B 705 Standard Specification for Nickel-Alloy (UNS N06625, N06219 and N08825)
Welded Pipe
ASTM D 2996 Standard Specification for Filament-Wound Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-
Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
ASTM D 4024 Standard Specification for Machine Made Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Thermosetting Resin) Flanges
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2. Definitions
2.1. Terms
Term Description
AIV Acoustic Induced Vibration – Unique to gas and multiphase fluid flow. Is
usually caused by a rapid pressure decrease (i.e., blowdown valve, relief
valve discharge, etc.) exciting acoustic resonance in downstream piping. AIV
is characterized by frequencies > 300 Hz and can occur even though the gas
velocity is below 0.5 Mach. Although the amplitude is usually low, the high
frequency can lead to a rapid fatigue failure. See also FIV.
DBB Double Block and Bleed – A term used generically in the industry to
represent "double block and bleed." This term is often used to mean DIB
(see definition below). As defined by API SPEC 6D: "single valve with two
seating surfaces that, in the closed position, provides a seal against pressure
from both ends of the valve with a means of venting/ bleeding the cavity
between the seating surfaces. This valve does not provide positive double
isolation when only one side is under pressure."
DIB Double Isolation and Bleed – A term adopted from the API SPEC 6D/ISO
14313: "single valve with two seating surfaces, each of which, in the closed
position, provides a seal against pressure from a single source, with a means
of venting/bleeding the cavity between the seating surfaces. This feature can
be provided in one direction or in both directions." This term is sometimes
confused with DBB (see definition above). Within this document, this refers
to a Type C valve as defined in Table 5 of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
DPI Double positive Isolation – As used in this document, this is a term used
generically to represent valve Types C or D valve configurations as defined in
Table 5 of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
FIV Flow Induced Vibration – Vibration in piping generated by turbulence in the flow
which excites the mechanical resonance of the pipe. High levels of vibration
can result when the Mach number exceeds 0.5 in gas systems. FIV is
characterized by its low frequency (< 300 Hz). See also AIV.
Flammable Liquid As defined in NFPA 30A Chapter 1, Section 1.7, "Definition and Classification
of Liquids." The intent of the term "flammable," as used in this document, is
to identify any fluid that, when mixed with air in the proper proportions, can be
ignited.
OEL See description in "toxic."
Sour As used in the Piping Global Practices, "sour" service is defined as any fluid
that meets the criteria for NACE as defined in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156.
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Term Description
2.2. Abbreviations
Common abbreviations used in piping documents and in the Line Classification Sheets are listed below.
Abbrev. Description
BB bolted bonnet
BC bolted cover
Brz bronze
BW buttweld end
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Abbrev. Description
CL. class
Cr chromium
CS carbon steel
Cu copper
DI ductile iron
D/S Downstream
FF flat face
Flg flange
FS forged steel
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Abbrev. Description
Galv galvanized
Gr. grade
H horizontal
HF hard faced
ID inside diameter
JT joint
LT low temperature
MI malleable iron
Mo molybdenum
Ni nickel
Nominal Pipe Size (given in inches as the standard industry reference;
NPS
for metric equivalent [mm], multiply by 25.4).
NPT National Pipe Thread
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Abbrev. Description
OD outside diameter
OE one end
P-T pressure-temperature
RB reinforced branch
RF raised face
RT radiographic testing
SB saddle with Class 3000 forged fitting, Cu-Ni, threaded (NPT) bushing
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Abbrev. Description
Sch schedule
SCRD screwed
SE screwed ends
SMLS seamless
SO slip-on
SS stainless steel
STD standard
Stl steel
SW socket weld
T tee
In parenthesis as part of a line identification number, denotes a threaded
(T)
type joint
T&C threaded and coupled
Temp temperature
Thk thickness
TP type
U/G underground
UB union bonnet
U/S Upstream
V vertical
VA valve
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Abbrev. Description
WB welded bonnet
WC welded cover
WE welding end
WN welding neck
3. Design Standards
1. Piping design shall be in accordance with requirements of this Specification and ASME B31.3, except
where superseded by more stringent local codes or regulations. In case of conflict, Company shall be
contacted for resolution.
2. This Specification modifies and supplements the requirements of ASME B31.3. Note that in cases
where API RP 14E-5 (offshore) is applicable, there are additional wall thickness requirements. See
Note 35 in Appendix E of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
3. Boiler external piping between the boiler and the first block valve shall be in accordance with ASME
B31.1. All piping outside of the first block valve (for example, non-boiler external piping) shall be in
accordance with this Specification and ASME B31.3.
4. Piping fabrication, erection, and testing shall be in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION
IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035.
5. All piping materials shall satisfy the requirements specified in each applicable ASTM standard and
any additional requirements specified in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION. Piping components shall
conform to the design and dimensional standards referenced in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION, as
well as any additional requirements listed.
6. Materials for sour service shall also comply with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000015. Sour service is defined in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156. Clean service involves "sweet fluid,"
containing no suspended solids (including post-construction debris).
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4. Piping Design
4.1. Design Basis
1. The design pressure of each component in a piping system shall not be less than the following:
a) When the pressure is not limited by a relieving device, the design pressure shall not be less than
the maximum pressure that can be attained in service. Allowances for occasional pressure
variations as permitted by Section 302.2.4, "Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations,"
of ASME B31.3 are not permitted except on a case-by-case basis with Company approval.
Overpressure associated with the operation of a relief device (i.e., 10 percent overpressure) as
permitted by Section 322.6.3, "Pressure Relieving Devices," of ASME B31.3 is acceptable.
b) When the pressure is limited by a relieving device, the design pressure shall not be less than the
set pressure of the pressure-relieving device.
c) The installation pressure relief devices (pressure relief valve (PRV), process safety element
(PSE), buckling pin etc.) is the preferred option for overpressure protection of pipe systems.
However, in instances where release of fluids through a pressure relief device is impractical or
objectionable (i.e., toxic, no flare, air emission restrictions, etc.), with COMPANY approval, the
provisions of ASME SEC VIII DIV.1, UG-140 “ Over pressure Protection by System Design”
(pertaining to instrument system in lieu of PRV) may be implemented for piping system
overpressure protection.
2. The design pressure of a piping system (including all valves, joints, and associated instrumentation
equipment) shall include a normal operating window with a sufficient gap between the normal
operating pressure and the first device set point (pressure alarm, shutdown, and/or relief device).
The following device set point margins are suggested for consideration in establishing the design
pressure of the piping system. Any deviations to these requirements, as well as any design pressure
that causes a need to switch to a higher pressure class or that causes substantial economic impact,
shall be reviewed by a Company. The criteria below reflect a stable operating system. Allowances
may be required for systems that are known to experience large pressure swings (e.g., slug flow).
a) Relief device set point at 100 percent of the system design pressure (ASME B31.3 equivalent of
maximum allowable working pressure in ASME SEC VIII D1).
b) High pressure shutdown (if present) at 90 percent of system design pressure.
c) High pressure alarm (if present) at 85 percent of system design pressure.
d) Normal operating pressure no greater than 75 percent of system design pressure.
e) Low pressure alarm and/or low pressure shutdown (as applicable) or lower operating limit at
approximately 40 percent of system design pressure.
f) If any of the above margins are modified or devices eliminated, then the lower set points shall
likewise be modified based on operating margin criteria described above.
3. The design pressure of lines containing liquefied gases (propane, butane, ammonia, and similar
products) shall have a design pressure no lower than the pressure rating of the flanges in the system.
4. Piping downstream of equipment, such as heat exchangers and control valves, shall be designed for
the same pressure requirements as that of the inlet piping to such devices. This includes piping up to
and including the last block valve downstream of the equipment unless an overpressure protection
device is present.
5. Piping pressure designs shall accommodate the scenario where backflow occurs through a check
valve when an upstream block valve is closed. Furthermore, check valves shall not be used to define
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a change in piping pressure class. See additional information in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050,
6. Thermal relief valves shall also be considered anywhere else that overpressure situations can
develop [for example, between emergency shut down (ESD) valves in natural gas liquids (NGL)
service, or in the cavity of any double-sealing valve capable of trapping liquid]. See "Relief Devices
and Flare System Piping" in this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for additional information.
7. When designing for external pressure (for example, subsea or jacketed piping), the maximum
differential (∆) (external to internal) pressure on the pipe shall be taken into consideration.
8. A maximum and minimum design temperature for each component in a piping system shall be
established. These temperatures shall be based on the maximum and the minimum temperatures to
which the piping shall be subjected to, including start-up, ambient effects, depressurizing for
maintenance, and other non-normal operations. The design temperature of the system shall be as
follows:
a) The maximum operating temperature plus 28°C (50°F) as a safety factor to address solar
radiation and other ambient effects
b) The minimum predicted operating temperature, minus 14°C (25°F) as a safety factor to cover
potential effects of auto refrigeration, but no warmer than –29°C (–20°F)
9. The design criteria shall consider future operating conditions, such as the following:
a) An increase in production temperatures as a result of future applications of heat
b) Changes in wellhead pressures and temperatures due to changing reservoir conditions,
production rates, or artificial lift
10. The use of nonmetallic piping materials, except as permitted by PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-LSPDS-000033& 000034, and PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDB-000001, shall be
subject to Company approval.
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to minimize pulsation, vibration, and noise. The selection of allowable velocity and pressure drop
requires an engineering study for each specific application.
4. Guidelines on sizing of lines are also included in Appendix B of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
Note that more complex methods (process simulators, dynamic flow programs, computational fluid
dynamics, etc.) should be utilized to evaluate the hydraulics and dynamics of a piping system.
5. Flowlines, production manifolds, process headers, and other lines transporting gas and liquid in two-
phase flow shall be sized primarily on the basis of flow velocity. The erosional velocity guidelines in
API RP 14E-5 shall be followed for these types of lines in both onshore and offshore applications.
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1 I I I I I I I I I I I I M M M
2 I I I I I I I I I I I M M M M
3 I I I I I I I I I M M M M C C
4 I I I I I I I I M M M M C C C
6 M I I I I I M M M M M C C C C
8 M I I I I I M M M M M C C C C
10 M M I I I M M M M C C C C C C
12 M M M I M M M M C C C C C C C
14 M M M I M M M M C C C C C C C
16 M M M I M M M C C C C C C C C
18 M M M I M M M C C C C C C C C
20 M M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
22 M M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
24 C M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
≥26 C C M I M C C C C C C C C C C
Legend to Table 1A:
I Neither manual nor computer is generally required. A visual review of the piping drawing or sketch shall be
made to ensure that the piping system has flexibility.
M A simplified or approximate analysis method may be used (see Section 319.4, "Flexibility Analysis," of
ASME B31.3).
C A computer analysis is generally required.
Notes to Table 1A:
(1) Systems that duplicate or replace piping systems with a successful service record need not be analyzed.
(2) Pump, compressor, turbine, and air cooler piping is not included in the above table.
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1 M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M M M
2 M M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M M M M
3 M M M M I I I I I I I I I I I M M M M M M
4 C M M M M I I I I I I I I I M M M M C C C
6 C C C C C M M I I I I I M M M M C C C C C
8 C C C C C M M I I I I I M M C C C C C C C
10 C C C C C C M M I I I M M C C C C C C C C
12 C C C C C C M M M I M M M C C C C C C C C
14 C C C C C C C M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
16 C C C C C C C M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
18 C C C C C C C M M I M M C C C C C C C C C
20 C C C C C C C C M I M C C C C C C C C C C
22 C C C C C C C C M I M C C C C C C C C C C
≥24 C C C C C C C C M I M C C C C C C C C C C
Legend to Table 1B:
I Neither manual nor computer is generally required. A visual review of the piping drawing or sketch shall be
made to ensure that the piping system has flexibility.
M A simplified or approximate analysis method may be used (see Section 319.4, "Flexibility Analysis," of
ASME B31.3).
C A computer analysis is generally required.
Notes to Table 1B:
(1) Systems that duplicate or replace piping systems with a successful service record need not be analyzed.
(2) Pump, compressor, turbine, and air cooler piping is not included in the above table.
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operating conditions shall be combined to calculate the nozzle loads on rotating equipment and air
coolers.
4. The use of cold spring for piping systems that connect to rotating equipment is prohibited.
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(15 ft) from other process areas, with the exception that a 6 m (20 ft) spacing from light end units or
fired heaters is required.
5.3. Clearances
1) Suitable clearance, both vertically and horizontally, shall be provided for the operation and
maintenance of equipment, including control valves. For minimum clearances for onshore
equipment, see Table 2.
2) The minimum clearance between the bottom of a drain valve and grade or platform shall be 150 mm
(6 in.).
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PROJECT SPECIFICATION under Section 9.7 "Check Valves." The check valve type shall be
approved by the Company.
4. Compressor suction piping, up to and including the first upstream block valve, pressure rating shall be
at least equal to that of the final stage discharge system. Alternatively, the suction pressure may be
designed to the maximum calculated "settle out" pressure. The settle out pressure calculations must
be included as part of the permanent compressor documentation. If this condition cannot be met,
then the suction pipe system will need to be protected against overpressure by a pressure relief
device. No credit may be taken for check valves installed in the discharge piping or within the
compressor (i.e., the valves in a reciprocating compressor). See additional information in PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050, "Relief of Backflow
Through Leaking Check Valves."
5. Automatic blowdown valves for compressor piping shall be installed as close as possible to the main
piping that is being blown down. All blowdown lines shall avoid liquid traps (pockets).
6. Compressor blowdown valve discharge piping shall be designed such that a scenario where the
blowdown valve opens up unintentionally while the unit is still running will not result in overpressure of
the piping. If there is an intervening stop valve that is downstream of the blowdown valve but
upstream of a flare header, then the piping between the two valves must be rated to full compressor
discharge pressure.
7. Valves shall be in accordance with this PROJECT SPECIFICATION & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061
8. Conventional swing-type check valves shall not be used for reciprocating compressor service. When
check valves are installed on multiple units sharing a common header, consideration should be given
to their placement relative to the shutdown block valves (i.e., upstream versus downstream of the
shutdown block valve).
9. Emergency isolation valves are required on all compressors, unless approved by Company. The
requirements regarding remote operation, fireproofing, etc. shall be reviewed with Company Loss
Prevention personnel.
10. A pulsation analysis shall be performed on the piping system for all positive displacement
compressors. The recommended pulsation damping equipment is subject to approval by Company.
The suction and discharge piping shall be securely anchored to control vibration.
11. Suction strainers are required on all compressors in accordance with Section 10 "Strainers" of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
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5. A relief valve shall be provided upstream of the first valve on the discharge line of positive
displacement pumps, unless the pump and equipment downstream of the pump are designed to
withstand the shutoff or stalling pressures.
6. The suction and discharge lines of all reciprocating pumps shall be designed to accommodate
pulsation-damping equipment.
7. Pump suction piping, up to and including the first upstream block valve, pressure rating shall be at
least equal to that of the discharge system. If this design condition cannot be met, then the suction
pipe system will need to be protected against overpressure by a pressure relief device. No credit
may be taken for any pump internal check valves which may be present. See additional information
in PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050, "Relief of
Backflow Through Leaking Check Valves."
8. Casing drains, vents, and baseplate drains shall be piped to the appropriate drainage or flare system
(PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050), as shall
cooling water that is not returned to a cooling system. Cooling water shall be piped to open drain
funnels. Fluids shall not be discharged onto pump bases.
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7. Thermal relief valves shall be used to protect piping when it can be blocked in and overpressured by
solar heat. Short sections of piping [less than 30 m (100 ft) in length but not exceeding 250 gallons
(~900 liters) in volume] that can be blocked in generally do not need thermal relief valves. Where a
thermal relief valve is installed, its discharge must be piped to a closed system or other suitable
collection system.
8. Pressure relief devices shall be located where they are readily accessible for service and/or testing in
place from a deck, mezzanine, or walkway.
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pressure of the equipment. Use of other types of RDs with larger manufacturing ranges shall be
approved by the Company.
3. RD tests: Representative samples of the RDs shall be tested by the Manufacturer at the rated
temperature per the certification provisions of ASME SEC VIII D1 and ASME SEC VIII D2. At least
one test shall be made with the RD installed upside-down. RD fails the test if the upside-down test
burst pressure exceeds the proof test pressure or 1.5 times the design pressure (whichever is lower)
of the rated equipment. If the RD is to be used in liquid filled systems, the test system shall also be
liquid filled.
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⎛W⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
F = 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ V cos ⎜ θ ⎟ D F
⎝ g ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
Where:
F = Force, kg
W = Flow rate, kg/sec
g = 9.81 m/sec2
V = Fluid velocity, m/sec
θ = Included angle of the direction change
DF = Dynamic Factor, equal to 2, unless otherwise justified
Note: This is a "slug type flow" condition, and the reaction force is applied at a 45 degree angle on
the 90 degree bend, or at 1/2 angle on an arbitrary angled bend. Reaction force, F, is independent of
slug length. Slug length affects duration of the force.
An alternative equation may be used with the approval of the Company.
4. Pressure relief devices which may discharge liquid shall be discharged to a closed system except
where atmospheric discharge is permitted.
5. Discharge piping for pressure relief devices relieving to a closed system shall be installed to
continuously slope downward. The line shall connect into the top of the flare header or into the vapor
space of process/collection equipment to prevent liquid from entering the line. If the discharge piping
cannot be continuously sloped, a 3/4 in. NPS (20 mm) drain line shall be installed from the lowest
point in the discharge piping to a small drain pot equipped with a high level alarm. The drain line and
pot shall be winterized when appropriate. A 3/4 in. NPS (20 mm) drain line, with a normally closed
block valve, shall be installed from the drain pot to a catch basin or other safe location. Toxic gas
liquid drains shall be piped to the closed drain or other suitable closed system. Such piping
arrangements require approval by the Company.
6. To prevent accumulation of liquids in the system, all flare headers entering or leaving a flare knockout
drum (or equivalent) shall be sloped downward toward the knockout drum as follows:
a) For onshore facilities, 1:480 (1:500 metric) as a minimum to and from the drum.
b) For offshore facilities, 1:190 (1:200 metric) as a minimum. This slope should be increased as
deemed necessary for floating production, storage, and offloading vessels (FPSOs) and other
facilities where the pipe's angle has the potential to vary and result in inadequate angle for free
draining.
7. See additional requirements concerning pipe systems, which must withstand external blast
overpressure scenarios, in Section 4.3 "Pressure Design" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
8. The requirements pertaining to flare system pipe configuration in Section 4.2 "Sizing Criteria" and
Section 6.17 "High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping" of this Project
Specification shall be observed.
9. Where there is potential for acoustically induced vibration, branch connections shall be made using
smooth contour inserts (e.g., "Sweepolet" by Bonney Forge). See Section 4.2 "Sizing Criteria" in this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION for additional information.
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10. The relief system piping (flare line) shall contain expansion loops as required to accommodate
thermal expansion and contraction. Use of bellows to permit expansion and contraction in relief valve
inlet or outlet lines and relief system piping is not permitted.
11. The design pressure rating of relief valve discharges, flare headers, and associated piping is
specified in Section 7 "Flare and Vent Systems" of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-
000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050.
12. The following requirements apply to flare lines (including "dry" gas flares) if there is a possibility that
the line will be subjected to condensed liquids during relief conditions.
a) Both static and slug flow analysis at upset conditions shall be conducted to determine system
forces, displacements, and stresses. The piping shall be designed, in accordance with ASME
B31.3, to withstand the dynamic effects of liquid flow.
b) Design of pipe supports and restraints shall assume the presence of condensed liquid in the dry
gas flare system during relief conditions.
c) Line anchor points shall be designed for the maximum calculated loads (worst case, including
impact force). Additionally, at support points near each change in direction for onshore flare lines
(for example, near elbows and tees), the flare line shall be "boxed in" with structural members
acting as "retainers" on each side and above the line. There shall be a minimum clearance of 50
mm (2 in.) between the pipe and structural members in addition to the clearance required for
thermal displacements of the piping. Alternately, vertical restraints on the pipe shoes should be
considered. The structural members and supports shall be designed per the requirements of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION and PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000031 with
adequate reinforcement of the pipe external wall where it could come into contact with the
retaining member(s).
d) Flare piping which is supported by pipe shoes shall have shoes no shorter than twice the
calculated growth of the piping or a minimum of 450 mm (18 in.), including allowance for dynamic
movement, and pipe shoes shall be designed sufficiently robust (i.e., with stiffeners) to withstand
lateral forces due to the impact loads.
e) Guides shall be positioned to ensure that contraction/expansion occurs effectively at the piping
loops while maintaining piping stability during an event which results in impact loading.
f) Clamp-on (i.e., bolted on) type pipe shoes are not permitted at guide and anchor locations.
g) For nominal pipe sizes 48 in. and larger, the pipe supports, restraints, and bracing shall be
designed to meet the requirements of the calculated system maximum loads, but in no case shall
they be designed for less than a 150 kN (~33,700 lbf) reaction force.
13. All flare lines, regardless of the determination regarding the lack of condensed liquids, shall meet the
following minimum design requirements. In each case below, the design shall be robust enough such
as to withstand the forces associated with liquid flow in the piping system.
a) Lines shall not be supported on cantilevered supports.
b) Slide plates shall not be used, except near the knockout drum and the flare, if required to reduce
piping loads on the connected equipment. Information regarding frictional coefficients for slide
plates is located in Section 7.2.1 "Slide Plates" within this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
c) Lines having welded shoes shall have guided pipe shoes, with heavy duty gussets, at the
supports near the upstream and downstream elbows of each expansion loop.
d) Structural supports for piping shall meet the design requirements listed in PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000031.
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14. Gate valves in flare lines, and relief valve inlet and discharge piping, shall be installed with stems in
the horizontal position. For NPS 10 or greater gate valves installed in horizontal position, valve
internals shall be designed to avoid wedge jamming. The design shall be approved by Company.
15. Valves used for the inlet and discharge of pressure relief devices shall be full port gate, ball, or plug
type. Block valves used to isolate PRVs shall include provisions for locking or car sealing the valve in
the open and closed positions.
16. Block valves used for inlet and discharge of PRVs should be painted a distinguishing color to easily
identify them within the facility.
17. For flare flame front generators, the piping that connects the generator and the pilot shall be stainless
steel (e.g., Line Class A11).
18. Manual blowdowns, used for release of pressure to the flare system prior to maintenance, shall be
installed as deemed appropriate by an engineering analysis to ensure that each major piece of
equipment can be safely prepared for maintenance. If the capacity of the manual blowdown exceeds
that of the relief valve for this same system, an analysis of discharge header back-pressure, flare
capacity, and acoustically induced vibration (AIV) potential must be performed to ensure that the
operation of the manual blowdown does not negatively affect the relief system.
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between the two block valves when in liquid or condensing vapor services. Drains on pig launchers
and receivers piped to closed systems shall also include an in-line check valve.
8. Where the possibility of autorefrigeration exists when venting or draining, all vents/drains shall be
provided with two valves in a series. The primary valve shall be a nonthrottling valve (gate or ball),
and the second valve shall be a throttling valve (globe), located a minimum distance of 1 m (3 ft)
downstream of the first valve.
9. Installation of vents at the bottom of piping systems should be avoided where possible.
10. The discharge of all atmospheric vents shall be at a safe location away from personnel and areas
where personnel may be present and away from areas where vented vapors can collect or
accumulate. This requirement shall apply to any vent, including temporary vents, which may be
installed in enclosures or buildings.
11. Manual or automated blowdown valve discharges or other high velocity pipe systems, in vapor and
multiphase fluid systems, shall be screened for potential AIV and FIV concerns. See Section 6.17
“High Pressure Vapor Let down or Other High Velocity Piping” of this Project Specification for
additional information.
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2. All piping below plant roads and all nonmetallic piping below accessways shall be run in carbon steel
pipe-sleeves. Where used, sleeves shall be vented. Pipe and sleeves shall be coated for external
corrosion protection.
3. Lines under railroad tracks or roadways shall be installed in steel pipe sleeves. The sleeves for these
lines shall be vented and shall conform to the requirements of local regulations.
4. Uninsulated lines passing through earth firewalls/dikes shall be coated for corrosion protection. If the
lines are installed in sleeves, the sleeves also shall be coated and each end of the sleeve shall be
provided with a seal with the appropriate fire rating.
5. Insulated lines in hot services, passing through earth firewalls/dikes shall be installed by either of the
following methods:
a) Insulate with the appropriate insulation and cover with a moisture-proof jacketing, such as
stainless steel or glass reinforced plastic (GRP). If a pipe sleeve is not used, the stress analysis
of the piping system shall consider the earth dike as a fixed point (anchor) in the system.
b) Insulate with the appropriate insulation and/or covering and install in a pipe sleeve with an
appropriate fire rating on each end of the sleeve.
6. Insulated lines, in cold services, are not permitted to pass through earth firewalls/dikes. These lines
may pass through a concrete section designed to accommodate the insulated piping, provide a seal
and support, plus permit thermal expansion.
7. To define cathodic protection requirements (temporary and permanent as appropriate), the
engineering Contractor shall be responsible for identifying and mitigating all interference anticipated
on the facility, including interference generated by "external sources." The term "external sources"
includes, but is not limited to, earth currents (telluric currents), AC interference, shielding, and stray
current from foreign equipment, adjacent facilities, other foreign structures or traction systems.
8. Cathodic protection of the facility shall be provided by an impressed current cathodic protection
(ICCP) system. Sacrificial (galvanic) cathodic protection (SACP) systems shall be required to provide
temporary protection during construction and prior to commissioning. Supplementary galvanic
systems shall be considered for providing protection to discreet locations requiring local protection
from interference or shielding.
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6.17. High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping
1. Piping located downstream of high differential pressure devices (control valves, blowdown valves,
chokes, relief valves, etc.), in vapor or multiphase fluid service, is to be designed per the
requirements of this Project Specification and shall include a specific screening for acoustically
induced vibration (AIV) and flow-induced vibration (FIV)
2. All larger diameter (> NPS 2 in.) branch connections, in vapor or multiphase fluid service, to flare
headers or subheaders shall be made at a 45 degree angle along the long axis of the main pipe
centerline (smaller pipe-to-branch angle on upstream side of flow).
3. All small bore connections (NPS 2 in. and smaller), to/from flare headers, shall be made using
sweepolets.
4. Small bore connections (NPS 2 in. and smaller) shall be connected to a larger diameter branch pipe
upstream of the main header (i.e., shall not be connected directly to the main header). If connection
to the main header is required, then the connection shall be NPS 4 in. minimum size oriented at a 45
degree angle along the long axis of the main pipe (smaller pipe-to-branch angle on upstream side of
flow).
5. Screening for Acoustically Induced Vibration AIV shall be per IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012, Section
7.1.2 "Acoustically Induced Vibration," which includes the following steps:
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a) Pressure letdown systems meeting any of the following criteria shall be evaluated further for AIV
potential. Note that "downstream line size" here refers to the largest pipe diameter anywhere
downstream of the particular pressure letdown system.
iv) Downstream line size NPS 16 in. and greater: mass flow rate greater than 91,000 kg/hr
(200,000 lb/hr) or upstream to downstream pressure ratio greater than 3.
v) Downstream line size NPS 8 to 14 in.: downstream line velocity greater than 50 percent
sonic and upstream to downstream pressure ratio greater than 3.
vi) Downstream line size less than NPS 8 in. swaged up or "Teed" to NPS 8 in. or larger line:
downstream line velocity greater than 50 percent sonic and upstream to downstream
pressure ratio greater than 3.
vii) Branch connections having a run size NPS 16 in. and greater: mass flow rate greater than
91,000 kg/hr (200,000 lb/hr) and sonic velocity at the branch to run intersection point.
b) Piping meeting one of the above screening criteria shall have its flow source's sound power level
calculated. COMPANY shall be contacted for assistance in calculating the sound power level for
this evaluation.
i) If sound power level is ≤ 155 dB, then there are no concerns.
ii) If the sound power level is > 155 dB, then seek guidance from the COMPANY.
6. The following measures are considered acceptable in mitigation of AIV concerns. COMPANY shall
approve these or alternative measures prior to their implementation.
a) Use of smooth contour pipe connections (i.e., sweepolet) for NPS 2 in. and smaller branches.
b) Use of full encirclement pad for > NPS 2 in. and larger branch connections, except that branch
connections to the main header shall be made using NPS 4 in. minimum pipe size.
c) Attachment of all bracing from branch to pipe using full encirclement pads.
7. In all flare and vent systems, and in other piping systems in which high pressure drop and/or high
flow velocity are expected, the following design criteria shall be met. The criteria shall be satisfied in
all new facilities and in all new piping systems in existing facilities. For existing piping systems where
these criteria are not satisfied, consultation with the Owner's Engineer should be sought concerning
mitigation of potential FIV effects.
a) The maximum ratio of pipe outer diameter to wall thickness shall be 100 (i.e., all D/t ≤ 100).
b) The flow velocities and hydraulic performance of all flare and vent piping systems shall be
modeled using software (e.g., Aspen Flarenet) approved by the COMPANY.. The results of these
modeling calculations shall be presented to the Owner's Engineer for review and approval. In
performing velocity evaluations, the source flow used in the hydraulic modeling calculations shall
be the maximum credible flow, as follows:
i) For pressure relief devices, the flow shall be the rated capacity of the device (not the
"required" or "design" load).
ii) For control valves and blowdown valves, the valve shall be taken as wide open, with the
upstream pressure taken as the maximum credible operating pressure, but not less than
the greater of either the high pressure shutdown set pressure, or 90 percent of the
upstream design pressure.
iii) Piping segments that can carry flow from multiple devices shall meet the stated velocity
criteria for all flow scenarios, including those involving simultaneous flow from a credible
combination of source devices.
c) Furthermore, the calculated flow velocities shall also meet the following criteria, as relevant:
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i) When the source of flow is a pressure relief device (pressure relief valve, rupture disk,
rupture pin device), the velocity shall not exceed Mach 0.75.
ii) When the source of flow is any other device (control valve, blowdown valve, manual
valve, etc.), the velocity shall not exceed Mach 0.5.
7. Pipe Supports
7.1. General
1. The pipe to structural member interface (pipe support) shall be designed per the criteria in this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION. The structural framework (i.e., pipe rack) used to hold one or more
pipes shall be designed per PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000031.
2. Piping shall be supported, anchored, and guided to prevent undue line deflection, stresses, and
excessive vibration, and to protect piping and connected equipment from excessive loads and
expansion stresses. The maximum sag between supports shall be 19 mm (3/4 in.), except lines NPS
1 and smaller, which shall be limited to a maximum sag of 1/2 the pipe nominal diameter.
3. If Contractor or Vendor pipe support (span) tables are used, then these tables shall be submitted to
Company for approval. If span tables are not available, the tables in Appendix C of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION shall be used. However, if manual calculations or computerized stress analysis
indicates a need for spans shorter than those in Contractor or Vendor tables or those in Appendix C,
then the shorter spans shall be used. In process units (common pipe racks in a plant, major facility,
etc.) the maximum spacing for pipe supports shall not exceed 6 m (20 ft) unless approved by the
Company and designed based on the structural criteria of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-
LSPDS-000031.
4. The design of all pipe supports and pipe-supporting elements shall assume that the piping shall be
subjected to hydrostatic testing. Supports for certain large lines (for example, flare lines and flue gas
piping) may be designed for pneumatic testing when approved by Company. However, special
consideration shall be given to large vapor lines that are attached to vessels and towers and that are
subject to water washing and flushing for process purposes.
5. Contractors' standard pipe support details shall be submitted to Company for approval. Calculations
shall include results of maximum allowable forces and moments for each type and size of support,
guide, trunnion, and anchor.Hanger rods and U-bolts less than 13 mm (1/2 in.) in diameter, clamps less
than 4.5 mm (3/16 in.) thick, and similar thin support components that do not provide an adequate
corrosion allowance shall not be used.
6. Use of U-bolts for support of vertical lines is limited to NPS 2 and smaller lines with a design
temperature of −30°C to +150°C (−20°F to +300°F). U-bolts shall not be used as pipe anchors.
When U-bolts are used as guides, they shall be double-nutted to provide a minimum of 2 mm (0.08
in.) clearance between pipe and U-bolt. U-bolts used as supports for horizontal piping clamped to the
side of structural members are limited to NPS 11/2 and smaller.
7. U-bolts for carbon steel lines shall be hot-dip galvanized, with a neoprene covering. Stainless steel
U-bolts shall be used for stainless steel lines.
8. The use of trunnions (dummy pipe extensions) shall be subject to Company approval. When
trunnions are approved, they shall be attached to the pipe with a continuous full-penetration weld and
a 6 mm (1/4 in.) drain hole shall be provided in the bottom of the trunnion near the pipe elbow. For
vertically installed trunnions, the 6 mm (1/4 in.) drain hole shall be provided in the bottom of the
trunnion support away from the pipe elbow.
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9. The end of the trunnion shall be seal-welded to a structural steel plate attached with a continuous weld.
10. If shims are required under pipe or pipe shoes, the shims shall be welded to the support beams to
ensure they remain in place.
11. The use of welded attachments of a material different from that of the pipe requires Company
approval. Welding of galvanized steel to stainless steel piping is not permitted. Galvanized steel (for
example, pipe clamps) shall not be in direct contact with stainless steel piping.
12. Lines in pipe racks shall have guides for lateral restraint.
13. Where the environment makes a galvanic cell possible, insulating material is required between
dissimilar clamp-type supports and the pipe (for example, carbon steel clamps and cupro-nickel pipe).
14. For steel pipe lined with a nonmetallic material, attachments shall not be welded to the pipe without
Company approval.
15. Pipe shall not come in direct contact with the structural support members. Nylon "half-round" (such
as InterResources "I-Rod") is one method for separating pipe and support and is subject to
temperature and other considerations.
16. For piping identified as having potential risk of exposure to AIV, the following shall apply:
a) Attachments to process piping for the purpose of bracing and support of other branch
connections or pipe supports, shall be made with the use of a full encirclement reinforcing pad on
both the branch and header piping. Bracing shall support in two planes using a minimum of one
brace in each plane oriented at no less than 45 and no more than 90 degree apart. See IDBU-
CW-LSPDS-000035, Fig.3 “ Bracing Design” for additional details.
b) For elbows requiring external support (e.g., trunnions, dummy legs, etc), a fitting with a wall
thickness greater than that required to contain pressure shall be used. The required thickness of
the elbow is to be determined by calculation and approved by COMPANY AIV Subject Matter
Expert (SME)
c) A full encirclement pad ( i.e., in lieu of a localized reinforcement pad) shall be installed at all pipe
support locations. The pad length shall meet the criteria, applicable to the type of support, found
in “Pipe Supports” of this Project Specification.
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Note (1): If such slide plates are used, the coefficient of friction used for design calculation
purposes shall be evaluated at 0.0 (frictionless) and 0.3.
b) Coefficients of static friction to be used for other material combinations shall be reviewed with the
Company. See IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000038.
c) Where low friction bearing pads are used at pipe supports, the top pad shall overlap the bottom
pad in all positions. Such bearing pads shall be permanently bonded to the support plates.
2. Uninsulated pipe shall not rest directly on concrete.
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1. If the hangers are used, then welded trunnions and lugs are preferred to bolted clamps, especially for
uninsulated (bare) lines where corrosion is a concern and for insulated lines above 260 deg C (500
Deg F) Where the clamps tend to loosen with temperature cycles. Attachments welded to the pipe
shall be of the same nominal material as the pipe
2. Where used, the need for emergency support beams or fireproofing of supports and rods shall be
evaluated.
3. For offshore applications, combination pipe and cable tray supports are generally acceptable.
8. Line Blanks
1. Line blanking (blinding) locations shall be provided as follows:
a) At battery limits in all process, utility, relief, and blowdown lines. Platforms shall be provided for
easy installation and removal of battery limit blanks.
b) As required for inspection, maintenance, testing, or alternative operation of equipment, such as
vessels, heaters, rotating equipment, or exchangers.
c) Where segregation of fluids is required.
d) Other locations shown on the P&ID.
2. Line blanks (blinds) shall conform to ASME B16.48. Blanks in a size not listed in ASME B16.48 or in
a nonlisted material shall conform to the requirements of ASME B31.3. They shall be one of the three
types (Figure-8, Paddle Blank, Paddle Spacer), as specified in Table 4.
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3. Blanks shall be accessible from grade, operating platform levels, or permanent platforms. Blanks for
pumps shall not be located at the pump flanges. Blanks shall be installed in horizontal lines where
possible.
4. Blanks for rotating equipment and the tube-side of shell-and-tube heat exchanges shall not be located
at the equipment flanges.
5. Piping at blanks shall be arranged (with spool pieces if necessary) to permit removal of the bolting
and swinging of the blanks. Supports to maintain joint alignment during blanking are required when
heavy piping components, such as valves, are located at or near the blanking location.
6. Permanent handling equipment shall be provided for all blanks weighing more than 45 kg (100 lb)
unless Company lifting equipment can be used.
7. Vents and/or drains at blanking locations shall be per Section 6.8 "Vent and Drain Piping" of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
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9. Valving
9.1. General
1. All valves shall be in accordance with this Specification and Project Specification IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000061.
2. All body and trim components of a valve shall be suitable for the full range of temperatures expected
in service. This shall apply to all nonmetallic (soft) materials, such as seat/stem sealing materials,
used within the valve. Valves shall meet the requirements of Project Specification IDBU-ED-LSPDS-
000061. To avoid mixing valves with different internals, procedures should be used that are
consistent with the valve tagging instructions..
3. Valves required to be operated at a process temperature below −29°C (−20°F) shall be subjected to
low temperature [−46°C (−50°F)] or cryogenic [−196°C (−320°F)] testing done to a Company-
approved procedure. The percentage of valves to be low temperature or cryogenic tested shall be in
accordance with project specifications. For ball valves with self-relieving seats for cavity relief,
Manufacturers shall submit documentation certifying that the cavity relief system has been tested and
proven to be acceptable.
4. Isolation valves for independent facility units shall be installed at unit battery limits. Unit isolation
valves shall be grouped together and provided with a permanent platform for access to the valves
and for blanking.
5. For gate, globe, and ball valves installed in horizontal cryogenic service piping (excluding cryogenic
flare, relief, and blowdown discharge piping), the stem shall be installed preferably at a 90 degree
angle, relative to horizontal, to prevent liquid from accumulating in the upper valve cavity which could
render the valve temporarily inoperable. If installation at 90 degrees is impractical, then the valve
may be installed as low as 45 degrees relative to horizontal. For installations with valve stem angles
less than 45 degrees, approval by the Owner's Engineer is required. Use of gate, globe, or ball
valves in cryogenic vertical pipe services (i.e., have extended bonnets) is not permitted.
6. Valves that are open to the atmosphere shall have their outboard connection either plugged or
blinded.
7. Where segregation of fluids and/or pressure systems is essential, two block valves with a bleeder
between them shall be provided. In some applications, it is permissible to substitute a double-seated
block and bleed valve designed to seal upstream and downstream. See Table 5 for positive isolation
and bleed valve application guidelines.
8. Double block valves, or single valve alternatives, shall be provided for onstream equipment isolation
when specified in Table 5, unless a risk assessment conducted by Company for the specific
application justifies a deviation.
9. With exception of autorefrigeration applications, where double block valves are recommended by
Table 5, two valves separated by a short spool piece fitted with a bleeder shall be provided;
alternatively, two valves bolted together with an intervening bleeder installed (on either valve) in
position C or D per Figure 1 "Method of Designating Location of Auxiliary Connections When
Specified" of ASME B16.34 is acceptable.
10. Any valve in liquid or condensing fluid service with potential to positively trap liquid between its seals
and overpressure its cavity due to thermal expansion, assuming the valve is not of a self-relieving
design (such as a trunnion ball with conventional seals), shall be provided with a means for relief of
overpressure caused by thermal expansion. Valve types having potential for this scenario include, but
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are not limited to, Type C valves (see Table 5), expanding gate valves, ball valves with double piston
effect seats on both sides, General Twin Seal plug valve, etc. Pressure relief, if utilized, shall
discharge to the upstream side of the valve unless otherwise specified. Acceptable pressure relief
options are listed in the next paragraph. Company shall approve final overpressure relief design.
11. Type D (see Table 5) valve configurations [two positively sealing mechanisms in series; configured as
two valves in series or a single bodied valve with twin obturators (balls, plugs, etc.)], in liquid or
condensing fluid services (LNG, CO2, etc.), must also include overpressure protection for the space
between the two sealing members. For liquid and condensing fluid services, utilizing dual ball valves
(Type B) in series to create a Type D configuration, a conventional self-relieving seal may be
specified on the upstream side of each ball with a double piston effect (DPE) type seal (where DPE is
permitted; see Section 9.6. "Ball Valves" of this Project Specification) on the downstream side of each
ball. With this configuration, and assuming that an overpressure protection device is installed
between the two valve assemblies, no additional overpressure protection is required since the
upstream seal of each ball valve can relieve any overpressure to the upstream side of each ball
valve. Acceptable forms of cavity overpressure protection devices include the following:
f) Relief valves:
i) The discharge shall not be piped to the upstream or downstream side of the valve's process
piping since the main line pressure will affect the pressure at which relief valve actually lifts.
ii) The relief valve discharge shall be hard piped to a safe location (closed drain, flare, etc.) to
ensure that flammable and toxic fluids are not released to the atmosphere or endanger
personnel. Consideration shall be given to the closed system's pressure to ensure that the
relief valve's capacity is not reduced below its required rate (i.e., due to excessive back-
pressure). Consideration shall also be given to the functionality of the "safe location" system
during maintenance.
g) Spring loaded check valves:
i) As a minimum requirement, a single block valve between the check valve and the valve's
cavity is required. This block valve shall be car sealed open (CSO'd) since it classified as a
relief flow path during operation. Furthermore, the use of another block valve downstream of
the check valve is not permitted. All valve/check valve combinations used for overpressure
protection shall be evaluated for potential overpressure associated with thermal expansion of
trapped fluid.
ii) The check valve discharge should be hard piped to the upstream side (i.e., pressurized
process) of the block valve. Alternatively, the check valve discharge may be hard piped to a
closed system. However, consideration shall be given to the closed system's operating
pressure maximum, and functionality status during maintenance, to ensure the check valve
can operate properly.
iii) The pressure rating of the check valve shall be suitable for the fluid service. Furthermore, the
maximum differential required to open the check valve shall not exceed 5 percent of the
pressure rating of the valve body.
12. It is required that all valve cavity bleeds (Type B, C, or D), which are expected to be vented as part of
the isolation procedure, be hard piped to a safe location (closed drain, flare, etc.) to ensure that
flammable and toxic fluids are not released to the atmosphere or endanger personnel. Provisions for
monitoring of the pressure in the valve cavity must also be included. All valves, in any fluid service,
which can trap pressure in their cavities (i.e., ball valves, expanding gate valves, etc.), must be
equipped with a means to release trapped pressure.
13. Block valves shall be installed to isolate equipment where indicated on the P&IDs. In general, block
valves isolating a plant or major subfacility within a plant should be of the double positive isolation
(DPI) type. The decision to include DPI provisions for equipment within a subfacility (i.e., for on-line
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control valve trim or reciprocating compressor valve changes, etc.) shall be based on factors such as
economics of a shutdown, regulatory emissions limits, risks associated with venting a gas, etc. A
Project Isolation Philosophy must be developed for each facility outlining the particulars of how
equipment maintenance will be performed (i.e., facility on-line, shutdown, short-term vs long-term
maintenance, etc.). Additional requirements for DPI valve installation include local country laws,
codes, or other similar justification. See Table 5 of this Project Specification.
14. Piping isolation valves for instrument takeoff (i.e., root valve), in hydrocarbon and flammable fluid
services, shall utilize a single body double isolation type valve employing a Type D configuration for
pressures greater than Class 300 as defined in Table 5 of this Project Specification. This valve
consists of dual blocking elements with a bleeder between them. For Class 300 and lower pressure
instrument takeoff in hydrocarbon and flammable fluid services, a Type B valve (per Table 5 of this
Specification) may be utilized. See IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000056 sections titled "Take-Off Connections"
and "Connecting Piping and Tubing" for additional valving requirements and for requirements for the
piping and tubing between the block valve(s) and the instrument.
15. All manual block valves shall include a mechanism capable of accepting a padlock for purposes of
locking the valve in its open or closed position. The lock itself shall be supplied by Company
operations personnel.
16. Where a failure of connected piping could empty a hydrocarbon or other hazardous liquid from
equipment (such as vessels and tanks), block valves shall be installed at the equipment nozzles.
17. Check valves shall not be used in vertical lines with downward flow. Wafer-type check valves shall
not be installed directly against block valves or equipment.
18. In Class 600 and higher valves, where weight and/or space is a limiting factor, consideration shall be
given to the use of pressure seal bonnet valves.
19. Gate, globe, and check valves shall be in accordance with API specifications referenced in the line
classes. Use of equivalent British Standards Institute (BSI) or International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) standards is acceptable, subject to Company approval.
20. All NPS 2 and larger valves shall have flanged ends, unless specified otherwise in the line classes or
project specifications.
21. If Class 150, NPS 11/2 and smaller, flanged valves are mated to socket-weld pipe flanges, then
flexible graphite sheet gaskets shall be used (alternate gasket listed in Class 150 line classes). If
spiral wound gaskets are to be used, then either Class 300 flanges or welding neck (WN) pipe
flanges shall be used.
22. Use of valves with a bellows stem seal shall be considered only when no external leakage can be
tolerated, even in very small amounts.
23. Valves with threaded body joints (such as end closures and other joints that could leak to the
atmosphere; excluding end connections) are not permitted in any fluid service at any pressure. See
also Section 11.3 "Threaded Joints" in this Project Specification. In addition, see Section 9.6 "Ball
Valves" of this Project Specification for additional information regarding threaded body ball valves.
24. Non-fire-tested type ball, plug, or butterfly valves shall not be used in flammable material or other
dangerous material services regardless of operating temperature, except for certain acid services as
specified by the COMPANY.
25. Valve orientation, location, layout, etc., shall be in accordance with the following Sections of Project
Specification IDBU-ED-FSPDS-00014
a) Appendix E "Access to Equipment and Movement around Facility"
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5. In corrosive services, carbon steel valve bodies fitted with seats that require nonmetallic O-rings/seals
behind them (to prevent bypassing between the seat and the body) shall have the body seat pockets
overlaid with a CRA material. Additionally the stem sealing area of the body shall be overlaid with the
same CRA material.
6. NPS 11/2 and smaller valves shall be as specified in the applicable line class. Threaded-end valves
made of cast iron, malleable iron, or ductile iron are prohibited.
7. Small diameter (typically < NPS 2 in.) bolted body (i.e., three-piece) valves employing stainless steel
bolts to be used in an offshore environment (i.e., marine) are not permitted unless a thorough review
of the application and intended bolting material specification is approved by a Company materials
specialist. Where use of this type of valve is permitted (i.e., non-marine environments), it shall be
subject to the following restrictions:
a) Material for bolting used in valve bodies shall be comparable in type to the valve body [i.e.,
carbon steel valves shall utilize carbon steel bolts; stainless steel valves shall utilize stainless
steel or comparable chloride stress corrosion cracking (CSCC) resistant alloy bolts].
i) 303 stainless steel should never be used in any valve components (wetted or non-wetted)
either offshore or onshore.
ii) Applications requiring use of 304 stainless steel valve components (wetted or unwetted)
require approval by a Company metallurgist.
b) The use of galvanized bolting with stainless steel valve bodies is not permitted.
c) The proper body bolt load must be confirmed using a torque wrench or similar fastener tensioning
device to prevent overloading.
8. When a restriction on use of 303 and/or 304 stainless steel materials is specified, the scope shall
include all valve components (nuts, bolts, washers, etc.), not just the wetted parts.
9. Where resistance to corrosion is required, small bore valve bodies shall be made of either 316 or
316L stainless steel for unwelded end connections and of 316L stainless steel when employing
welded end connections. In no case shall such valves, installed in offshore locations, be permitted to
operate at temperatures higher than 65°C (150°F).
10. Valves for sea water service shall be made of Nickel Aluminum Bronze (Ni-Al-Brz).
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If required, the minimum extended bonnet length shall be in accordance with BSI BS 6364, Table 1.
Use of a drip/collar plate shall be considered for insulated valves.
a) For temperatures below –100°C (–150°F), all valves shall be of the extended bonnet/stem type
with sufficient length to maintain the gland packing/stem seal near ambient temperature.
b) For temperatures between –46°C (–50°F) and –100°C (–150°F), use of extended bonnets/stems
shall be evaluated. The gland packing/stem seal at operating temperature shall not
experience "icing" conditions.
c) The requirements for extended bonnet valves may not be necessary in flare and blowdown
discharge pipe systems where the valves are normally open, since the valves will not need
to be closed during flare event. COMPANY shall approve decision to deviate from the
extended bonnet requirement above.
Small Handwheel 150 mm–180 mm (6 in.–7 in.) 2.3 kg (5 lbs) total rim pull
Diameter (assumes two-handed
operation)
Large Handwheel 455 mm (18 in.) and larger 23 kg (50 lbs) total rim pull
Diameter (assumes two-handed
operation)
Notes:
(1) Forces for handwheel diameters between the size ranges shown may be interpolated.
(2) The handwheel diameter shall not exceed the lesser of either the valve face-to-face
(end-to-end) dimension or 1000 mm (39 in.).
(3) Forces shown represent the valve's normal turning force. Valve's initial "breakaway"
force shall not exceed the lesser of either twice the normal turning force or 36 kg (80 lbs)
force.
(4) Interpolation is permitted for handwheel diameters between the sizes specified in this
table.
3. Impact wheels shall not be used on valves made of cast iron or on valves with cast iron handwheels.
Impact wheels shall not be used on quarter-turn valves.
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2. Valve and gear operator design shall include provisions to prevent overpressure of the gear operator
case should the valve leak process fluid through its stem seal. If pressure relief vents are installed on
the gear operator case, provisions shall be included to prevent entry of debris and water into the
gearcase, thus contaminating the lubricant. Furthermore, the use of pressure relief vents should
include provisions to ensure that the hole is not plugged by insects or debris.
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4. All actuated valves shall be leak-tested with the actuator mounted on the valve to ensure that the
actuator settings (stops, etc.) are properly set.
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4. Hard-faced seats shall be used on gate valves since they are exposed to the process fluid, solids,
etc.
5. For applications where tighter shutoff than that usually provided with wedge gate valves is needed, a
through-conduit style valve shall be considered. Refer to Section 9.12 on "Special Application Valves."
6. Gate valves in flare lines, fire water pump discharge systems, and relief valve inlet and discharge
piping, shall be installed with stems in the horizontal position or shall be provided with provisions to
restrain the gate in its open position. For NPS 10 or greater with gate valves installed in horizontal
position, valve internals shall be designed to avoid wedge jamming. The design shall be approved by
the Company.
7. Gate valves in underground (U/G) applications shall be either non-rising stem (NRS) type or have
their stem threads protected (for example, installing the valve in a concrete box).
8. Overpressure protection (as might be caused by thermal expansion) is required for flexible wedge,
solid wedge, and expanding gate valves in liquid services or gas/vapor services where liquid might
condense in the valve cavity. See details regarding overpressure protection requirements in
"Valving" Section 9.1 "General" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
9. Drilling of one side of a flexible wedge gate valve's wedge plug, for thermal relief protection of the
valve cavity, is not permitted. For services where installation of externally piped cavity overpressure
protection devices is impractical, a drilled wedge gate valve may be used with Company approval.
Where such valves are permitted, positive measures shall be put in place to avoid accidental reversal
of the valve during maintenance and/or improper use for isolation. Such measures can include use of
different connections on each end of the valve.
10. Expanding type gate valves shall be provided with bleed provisions to vent trapped pressure from the
cavity for applications where there is potential to depressure from either or both sides of the closed
valve. If the valve is to be actuated remotely, consideration shall be given to automation of the cavity
bleed system.
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7. Ball valves in Class 150 and 300 up to 152 mm (6 in.) nominal diameter [or 203 mm (8 in.) nominal if
reduced port type] may be floating type. Ball valves for Class 400 and higher services in sizes 2 in.
and larger shall be trunnion mounted. Ball valves in 11/2 in. and smaller nominal size in all pressure
classes may be floating type. Note gear operator requirements as a function of valve type, pressure
class, and size.
8. Balls and stems in ball valves shall be solid alloy material in accordance with the applicable line class.
Hollow ball design is not permitted for any application. For NPS 6 and larger, use of valves with
electroless-nickel plated (ENP) balls is only permissible with Company approval. ENP is not
permitted in abrasive, corrosive, or sour service applications. As indicated IDBU-CW-RBPDB-
000001, “sour” service is defined as any fluid meets the criteria for NACE as defined in MR 0175/IS0
15156. If approved by the company for use in non-process services, ENP coating shall meet the
requirements of IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061.
9. Ball valves constructed so that the ball is held in place with a threaded portion of the valve body (e.g.,
threaded body valves) are not permitted unless the valve halves are positively secured together (e.g.,
by seal-welding) by the Valve Manufacturer.
10. Ball valves with DPE seats may be classified as Type B (as defined in Table 5 of this Project
Specification) below Class 600 fluid services. Ball valves in Class 600 and higher pressure services
must be classified as Type A (as defined in Table 5 of this Project Specification) unless approval is
granted from the COMPANY (requires engineering analysis of ball and seat design).
11. Vendor drawings shall reflect the type of seal used on each ball valve supplied. This information may
be documented in a table format on a standard drawing depicting the valve. The information shall
include the type of upstream and downstream seal (self-relieving vs DPE) by unique valve tag
number or serial number.
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f) For reciprocating and positive displacement compressors and pumps, a plate/reed type of check
valve, such as a Hoerbiger, shall be used.
3. Dual-plate check valves shall be either lug-type with drilled-through holes (not tapped), or double
flanged. Double flanged valves shall be used in sizes where they are available (generally NPS 12
and larger). With Company approval, wafer style dual-plate check valves may be considered in
Category D service, but not for fire water service.
4. Wafer check valves, including dual-plate type, in hydrocarbon service shall be the "pin retainerless"
design.
5. Check valves shall not be used in down-flow applications, even if they incorporate springs to effect
closure.
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ii) Class 900 applications are only permitted with COMPANY approval after review of specific
application and intended purpose. Such approvals require a documented reliability
assessment for the valve and its actuator.
iii) Seat material shall be suitable for the intended service.
iv) All services shall meet the additional limitations and requirements of this Section.
b) Butterfly Valves in Throttling Services:
i) Butterfly valves used for throttling service, as a minimum, shall be of the double offset design.
ii) In hydrocarbon and fire water services, butterfly valves shall meet the fire test requirements
of API STD 607, API SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497.
c) Butterfly Valves in Block/Shutoff Services:
i) Butterfly valves in block/shutoff services shall be of the triple offset design.
ii) Butterfly valves in block/shutoff services shall meet the fire test requirements of API STD 607,
API SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497.
2. Butterfly valve services are limited to use in Type A isolation applications as defined in Table 5 of this
Project Specification. In no case shall any type of butterfly valve, or combination of valves, be used
for Type B, C, or D (as defined in Table 5 of this Project Specification) positive isolation services
and/or maintenance.
3. Butterfly valves used in emergency shutdown (ESDV) or emergency block valve (EBV) services shall
meet the requirements in Section 9.11 "Emergency Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves" in
this Project Specification.
4. Butterfly valve shafts shall be installed in the vertical position.
5. Butterfly valve stems shall be designed with a permanent indicator (pin, casting line, etc; painting is
not permitted) marked on the valve stem and visible with the actuator or gearbox installed, which
indicates the true open and closed position of the disk. A gear box operator with this indicator is not
sufficient.
6. Soft seated butterfly valves greater than NPS 4 shall NOT be used as the first block valve for the
holdup of large volumes of dangerous liquid materials [>38,000 L (10,000 gal) liquid hold up].
7. Butterfly valves shall not be used as block valves to the atmosphere.
8. Large butterfly valves that are not in hydrocarbon or fire water lines may be in accordance with the
requirements of AWWA C504, subject to Company approval.
9. Butterfly valves shall be the double flanged type in steam, hydrocarbon, and fire water service. In
smaller sizes, where double flanged type valves are not manufactured, they may be the lug-type with
drilled-through holes (not tapped).
10. When butterfly valves are used in cement-lined piping systems, there must be adequate clearance
between the disc and cement liner.
11. Unless stated otherwise in the project specifications, butterfly valves shall be designed for the full
rated system pressure.
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10. Strainers
10.1. General
1. The design and application requirements for temporary and permanent strainers shall be in
accordance with this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
2. Acceptable strainer designs include Top Loading Basket, "TEE," "Y," and In-line, with many variations
available.
3. Strainers shall also be installed at other locations where required by the P&IDs.
4. Strainers are required in the process suction lines of all pumps and compressors (typically temporary
type) and in fuel lines of internal combustion and turbine drivers (typically permanent).
5. All pump and compressor strainers shall be located in the suction line between the equipment and its
block valve and as close to the equipment as feasible. Strainer sparing philosophy shall be identified
in the project operating philosophy early in the project.
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3. All temporary strainers shall be removed within a pre-established time period, usually less than 1
month and no more than 3 months. Otherwise, a permanent strainer design shall be selected.
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150 SW flanges in these sizes, nonmetallic gaskets in accordance with the applicable line class shall
be used. If spiral wound gaskets are used for Class 150 flanges, either weld neck flanges or Class
300 SW flanges shall be used.
14. Threaded flanges shall not be used except with threaded galvanized pipe.
15. Slip-on flanges shall not be used as lap-joint flanges.
16. Slip-on flanges (double welded) may be used in the following services:
a) Category D and Normal Fluid Services (as defined in ASME B31.3) in Classes 150 and 300, at
temperatures of 400°C (750°F) and lower.
b) Lube and seal oil piping.
c) Cement-lined piping, where slip-on flanges shall be welded on the outside only. Pipe and liner
shall be flush with the flange face.
17. Buttweld end flanges shall be attached by full penetration buttwelds.
18. In applications requiring stainless steel, CRA, or other expensive alloy piping, lap joint carbon steel
flanges may be considered, subject to Company approval. However, the use of carbon steel lap joint
flanges is restricted to Classes 150 and 300. For Classes 600 and higher, buttwelded flanges
conforming to the piping material shall be used.
19. Where steel flanges of different materials mate in sea water service, the need to provide insulating
flange sets shall be considered. Similarly, the need for insulating flange sets shall be considered for
buried metallic piping, especially where cathodic protection is provided. Note that the term "sea
water" is often interpreted as ocean water. The more noble (cathodic) material in the galvanic couple
shall be internally coated for a minimum distance of 4 times the nominal pipe diameter from the flange
face. The requirements of this Section also apply to brackish water and produced water (water with
elevated chlorides).
20. When an insulated flange joint is required, the use of flange gaskets, washers, and/or sleeves made
of phenolic or Teflon materials are not permitted. Instead, gaskets, bolt sleeves, and washers shall
comply with the following requirements:
a) Gasketed joint must be certified as passing the API SPEC 6FB fire test.
b) The gasket and any associated sealing elements shall be made of a homogeneous design
without buttwelds or splices.
c) Must be made of glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) bonded to a 316 SS core (or other CRA material
per NACE MR0175/ISO 15156) and shall comply with requirements of NEMA LI 1 G-10 for
temperatures up to 150°C (300°F) or NEMA LI 1 G-11 for temperatures from 151°C to 177°C
(304°F to 350°F).
d) Insulating washers shall be made of a non brittle material that has a minimum compressive
strength of 345 MPa (50,000 psi). If metal washers coated with a dielectric material are to be
used, they shall conform to the requirements of Section 12.1 "Bolting" Item (5) in this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION and used in pairs (2 each) under each flange nut (to minimize chances of
galling/shorting).
e) The Manufacturer's recommended stud tensioning requirements (washer stackup, bolt load,
sleeve alignment, alignment tolerances, etc.) shall be observed. Care shall be observed when
assembling to avoid damage to insulating components.
f) The use of ring type gasket (i.e., in RTJ flanges) insulation kits is not permitted (to date, no known
ring manufacturer has demonstrated a product that has insulating capabilities that also passes
the API SPEC 6FB fire test).
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Note: One example of an insulating kit meeting the above criteria is Pikotek Type VCFS (Fire-safe) with
fire rated insulating kit.
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operating temperatures up to 538°C (1000°F). Stainless steel and other CRA bolting does not require
a coating, provided the bolting is properly lubricated prior to installation.
5. Carbon steel flange studs 11/2 in. (38 mm) and larger shall be fitted with washers under each nut.
Where hydraulic stud tensioners are used, it is permissible to utilize only one washer under the side
of opposite to the hydraulic tensioner mount. Where no washer is installed under the nut, the
maintenance procedure shall include a step to dress up the nut-to-flange contact surface (coating
damage and/or scoring)
a) For non-sour applications (i.e., where joint is not exposed to H2S), washers should conform to
ASTM F 436. Washers fabricated from AISI 4140 material are acceptable. Surface finish shall
be 125 microinch (3.2 micrometers) Ra or smoother on both sides.
b) For applications where the joint has a potential to be exposed to H2S (e.g., sour service; including
via leak through flange gasket), washers should be made of a heat-treated material that has a
strength comparable or greater than that of the flange. Carbon steel washers shall have a
maximum hardness of 22 HRC. The use of free machining steel or steels containing more than
1 percent nickel is not permitted.
c) Consideration should be given to installation of stud washers for all painted and/or coated carbon
steel flanges in offshore applications. Observation of sour application requirements above should
be made.
6. All studs shall be tightened using the method specified in Table 8. When using bolt-on type
tensioners, bolt lengths shall be one nut thickness longer than normally required. A hydraulic torque
wrench shall not be used as a substitute for hydraulic tensioning. Exceptions to any of these
requirements require Company approval.
ASME B16.5 to ≤ 5/8 in. > 5/8 in. to ≤ 13/8 in. >13/8 in.
NPS 24, excluding
RTJ
All others, including ≤ 5/8 in. > 5/8 in. to ≤ 1 in. >1 in.
RTJ
7. Test temperatures for impact testing of all L7 bolts and Grade 4 nuts, per ASTM A 320/A 320M, shall
be –101°C (–150°F).
8. Nuts conforming to ASTM A 194/A 194M Grade 2H or Grade 4, larger than 1/2 in. (12 mm), shall not
be machined from bar stock. Nuts conforming to ASTM A 194/A 194M Grade 4 in sizes 1/2 in. (12
mm) and smaller shall not be machined from cold finished bar stock.
9. Type 22% Cr duplex stainless steel bolts may be used to connect topsides titanium piping, operating
at up to 110°C (230°F), subject to Company approval. Type 25% Cr duplex stainless steel bolts,
nuts, and washers shall be used to connect subsea titanium piping, subject to Company approval.
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12.2. Gaskets
1. Gaskets for raised-face (RF) flanges shall be spiral-wound with stainless steel windings and flexible
graphite filler material in accordance with ASME B16.20. Flexible graphite sheet gaskets, in
accordance with ASME B16.21, may be used in Class 150 flanged joints. Non-asbestos sheet
gaskets may be used in air and water services (see line classes in Table 13 and Table 14).
2. Centering ring requirements shall comply with ASME B16.20.
3. Inner rings shall be specified for graphite-filled spiral wound gaskets per the criteria of Table 10. As a
minimum, the inner ring material shall be of the same nominal chemical composition as the spiral
wound material.
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150 through 600 An inner retaining ring shall be provided for spiral wound gaskets
except as follows:
a) Where threaded or slip-on flanges are used.
b) In applications where the inner ring may project into the pipe bore.
For example, certain long weld neck (LWN) flanges.
c) Where other means to prevent inward buckling of the spiral
windings are provided and approved by the Owner's Engineer.
900 through 2500 Use of RTJ gaskets is required.
4. When flexible graphite sheet gaskets are used, they shall consist of the following, unless otherwise
approved by Company:
a) Flexible graphite, adhesively bonded to both sides of a flat, thin [0.05 mm (0.002 in.)] sheet of
Type 316 stainless steel (Grafoil GHE or Company-approved equivalent).
b) Flexible graphite, mechanically bonded to a Type 316 stainless steel tanged insert, 0.13 mm
(0.005 in.) thick (Grafoil GHE or Company-approved equivalent).
c) Flexible graphite, thermally bonded to a high temperature, continuous glass fiber interlayer, 0.06
mm (0.0025 in.) thick (Grafoil GHW or Company-approved equivalent).
d) Corrugated 316 stainless steel metal ring encapsulated with flexible graphite (M&P) (Graphonic
or Company-approved equivalent).
5. Gaskets for ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47 ring-type joints (RTJs) shall be oval, Type R in
accordance with ASME B16.20, including maximum hardness limits (see Appendix E, Note 64 of this
PROJECT SPECIFICATION). Soft iron and low carbon steel RTJ gaskets shall be protected with
electroplated zinc or a Company-approved material of similar corrosion resistance. Gaskets shall be
of the following materials:
6. Gaskets for API SPEC 6A flanges shall be in accordance with API SPEC 6A.
7. The Nonmetallic Pipe Manufacturer's requirements for gaskets shall be followed at the flange
connection with metallic pipe.
8. Insulating flange gasket sets (gaskets, sleeves, washers) shall be used where indicated on the P&IDs
and shall be suitable for the design pressure and temperature. Insulating gaskets made of Teflon or
fiber-reinforced Teflon are not permitted at any temperature, pressure, or fluid service. See Section
11.2 "Flanges and Flanged Joints" of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION for additional information on
insulating gaskets.
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8. Aluminum fittings shall consist of either wrought or forged forms. Castings shall not be used.
9. Bar stock swages shall not be used without approval by the Company. The allowable size reduction
shall be per ASME B16.9.
10. The use of proprietary weld-type transition fittings between stainless steel and aluminum shall be
approved by the Company.
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11. Grooved piping systems (e.g., Victaulic) may be used in production facilities located in rural or remote
areas where there is limited exposure risk to adjacent properties and limited potential loss to
Company. The systems shall be designed and used in accordance with the guidelines and
restrictions in Appendix D of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
12. Designs employing a quick disconnect (e.g., Camlock type coupling for tank truck loading/unloading
hookup, etc.) shall include provisions to bleed trapped pressure from between the block valve and the
quick disconnect cap/plug to permit safe removal of the cap/plug. In addition, caps or plugs (if used),
shall be positively secured to the quick disconnect fitting using a chain or cable to prevent their
inadvertent ejection.
13.2. Nipples
1. NPS 11/2 and smaller ferritic nipples (socket welded or threaded) between a header and the first block
valve or between equipment and the first block valve shall have a minimum thickness of Schedule
160. For nipples in nonferitic piping, the minimum thickness shall be Schedule 80 (socket welded)
and Schedule 160 (threaded). Consideration should be given to size of nipple ID and potential
velocity and pressure drop effects.
2. Nipples between equipment and the first block valve shall be made of a material that at least equals
whichever of the following is most corrosion resistant:
a) Connected equipment
b) Connected equipment liner
c) Connecting piping
3. The nipple between a header and a branch valve shall be of sufficient length to ensure that the
handwheel (or handle) has 50 mm (2 in.) clearance beyond any insulation. The use of "all thread"
nipples is not permitted.
13.3. Bends
1. The use of induction bends in process piping is acceptable, subject to Company approval of the
fabricator (bending company) and subject to the requirements listed below and in PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-LSPDS-000035.
2. Bends shall be used in lines required to accommodate intelligent pigs. Bends shall also be
considered in lines subject to other types of pigs. The minimum bend radius shall be the greater of 5
times the nominal pipe diameter or as required for internal pipe wall inspection (for example,
intelligent pig, visual fiber-optic inspection, etc.), whichever is greater.
3. Large radius pipe bends i.e., as opposed to pipe elbows) shall be considered where turbulence in
fittings may cause excessive erosion and/or corrosion, especially for the following:
a) Erosive fluids, such as fluids with catalyst or well flowlines
b) Gas lines with suspended abrasive solids
c) Reciprocating compressor suction and discharge piping
d) Relief valve discharge piping
4. Pipe bends shall be made from the pipe material as permitted in the line classification sheets. The pipe
shall be seamed with a joint efficiency factor = 1.0, or seamless as permitted by other requirements in
this PROJECT SPECIFICATION. For seamed pipe 100 percent radiographic (RT) inspection is
required. Alternatively, ultrasonic (UT) inspection may be utilized but only if permitted by the applicable
piping code.
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13.5. Miters
1) The use of an angular offset of more than 3 degrees shall be considered a miter joint.
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2) Mitered elbows shall not be used in hydrocarbon, chemical, erosive, or corrosive services, or in lines
susceptible to plugging unless approved by Company.
3) Three-weld (90 degree) and two-weld (45 degree) mitered elbows may be used in Category D fluid
service in sizes where elbows are not available or feasible.
4) Two-weld (90 degree) and one-weld (45 degree) mitered elbows may be used in atmospheric air
compressor intake lines and air vent lines to the atmosphere. Single-weld (90 degree) mitered
elbows shall not be used.
14. Pipe
1. All carbon steel piping shall be seamless except that for sizes 16 in. and larger, longitudinally seamed
Electric-Fusion Welded (EFW; i.e., SAW or DSAW) pipe with the pipe seam subjected to 100 percent
radiograph examination and Manufacturer's hydrotest. Stainless steel piping shall be seamless in
sizes NPS 6 in. and smaller and EFW in sizes larger than NPS 6 in. with the pipe seam subjected to
100 percent radiograph examination and Manufacturer's hydrotest. Pressure designs using EFW
pipe shall take into account the distinction made between Basic Quality Factors (i.e., longitudinal weld
joint efficiency factors) for ASTM and API 5L pipe specifications (see ASME B31.3, Table 302.3.4
"Longitudinal Weld Joint Quality Factor, Ej" and Table A-1B "Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal
Weld Joints in Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings, Ej")
2. ERW pipe shall not be used. ERW pipe encountered during revamps, retrofits, and other
maintenance on existing facilities shall be evaluated on case-by-case basis by the Company SMEs to
determine if it is acceptable for continued use or if replacement is necessary.
3. Furnace buttwelded pipe shall have the following limits:
a) Water service (Category D per ASME B31.3)
b) A maximum size of NPS 4 (100 mm)
c) A maximum temperature of 65°C (150°F)
4. Spiral wound pipe shall not be used.
5. Peaking for all carbon steel and low alloy ferritic longitudinally welded pipe and fittings designed for
use in the creep range (greater than 400°C [750°F] for carbon steel and greater than 455°C [850°F]
for C-1/2 Mo and Cr-Mo alloys) or exposed to severe cyclic conditions (as determined using ASME
B31.3) shall be limited to 3 mm (1/8 in.) maximum, as measured by a template technique approved by
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the Company. Peaking is the deviation of the pipe outside contour from a true circle at longitudinally
welded joints.
6. Carbon steel pipe with minimum yield strength exceeding 414 MPa (60,000 psi) shall not be used.
7. API SPEC 5L pipe shall be of product specification level (PSL) 2 unless otherwise approved by the
Company.
Note: The use of "X" grades of pipe in services which require use of "Curve B" of ASME B31.3
(Figure 323.2.2A) are permitted an impact testing exemption only if the pipe has been normalized or
quenched and tempered.
8. Hoses shall not be used for permanent process piping. The use of hoses constructed from crimped
metal ribbons is prohibited.
9. Seamless or welded 11/4 Cr-1/2 Mo pipe shall not be used for design temperatures above 480°C
(900°F) in applications that have a design pressure greater than 1.4 MPa (200 psig).
10. Carbon steel pipe shall not be used above 427°C (800°F) unless approved by the Company.
11. Use of threaded pipe/fittings in size NPS 1/2 shall be limited to piping for orifice flanges and other
instrument piping. Use at other locations shall be approved by the Company.
12. Stainless steel pipe identified or marked to two separate grades (for example, Types 304/404L or
316/316L) may be used interchangeably where either grade is required, unless specifically prohibited
in the project specifications. (Note: ASME B31.3 and ASME B16.5 permit the higher allowable
stresses of the regular grade to be used in such cases).
13. NPS 20 and larger pipe shall have a minimum wall thickness of 6 mm (0.25 in.) prior to including any
corrosion allowance.
14. Prestressed concrete pipe to AWWA C301 shall not be used. Reinforced concrete pipe may be
considered for pressurized water services. For sizes NPS 36 and smaller, pre-tensioned pipe to
AWWA C303 is recommended; for larger sizes, pipe to AWWA C300 or AWWA C302 is
recommended
15. Galvanized carbon steel pipe shall be in accordance with ASTM A 53/A 53M. Type S, Type F, or
Type E, Gr. B are acceptable in non-welded applications for temperatures less than 205°C (400°F).
Galvanized piping is not permitted in the vicinity of austenitic stainless steel.
16. All buried metallic piping shall be protected from external corrosion in accordance with Company
specifications. When the piping comes above ground, the external coating shall extend a minimum
distance of 300 mm (12 in.) above-grade to ensure that the pipe is protected at the soil-to-air interface
area.
17. Fiberglass piping is acceptable for offshore fire water systems, cooling water systems, potable water,
deck drains, etc. according to the line classes shown in Table 13 and Table 14. Dry fire water
systems, constructed of fiberglass, shall be fireproofed. Wet fire water systems, constructed of
fiberglass, do not require fireproofing, except all joints such as flanges and fittings shall be coated
with fireproofing in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-FSPDS-000003. This
coating may be applied in the field after completion of the joints.
18. See PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS for fire water pipe materials selection information.
19. Material requirements for pipe and pipe system are covered in Section 15.” Materials and marking “ of
this Project Specification.
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20. Unless otherwise specified, piping shall meet one or more of the specifications listed in Table 12.
The Company shall approve proposed specifications for materials not listed.
Material Requirements
Carbon Steel API SPEC 5L; ASTM A 53/A 53M; ASTM A 106/A 106M; ASTM
A 333/A 333M; ASTM A 671; ASTM A 672; ASTM A 691
Ferritic Alloy Steel ASTM A 335/A 335M; ASTM A 671; ASTM A 672; or ASTM A
691: Classes 12, 22, 32, or 42; ASTM A 426/A 426M
Austenitic Cr-Ni Steel ASTM A 312/A 312M; ASTM A 358/A 358M; ASTM A 451/A
451M
Duplex PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000020 and
PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000021
Monel ASTM B 165
1
3 /2 Ni or 9 Ni ASTM A 333/A 333M
Inconel ASTM B 167; ASTM B 517; ASTM B 444; ASTM B 705
Aluminum ASTM B 241/B 241M
Incoloy ASTM B 407; ASTM B 423; ASTM B 705
FRP/GRP PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000033&
000034, and PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDB-
000001.
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6. Copper and any of its alloys shall not be used in an environment that contains ammonia, sulfur, or
hydrogen sulfide.
7. Deleted
8. The 300-series (where permitted) austenitic stainless steels shall not be used in chloride
environments at temperatures greater than 60°C (140°F).
9. In a marine environment, the following materials have operating temperature limitations as shown
below.
a) 60°C (140°F) for AISI 300 series austenitic stainless steels (304, 316, 316L, 317, 329, etc.)
b) 110°C (230°F) for 22% Cr duplex stainless steel (supplied in accordance with PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000020, PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000021)
c) 120°C (250°F) for 25% Cr duplex stainless steel (supplied in accordance with PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000020, PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000021)
d) 130°C (265°F) for 6% Mo super austenitic stainless steel (supplied in accordance with PROJECT
SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000021)
10. All elastomer selections shall meet requirements of PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-
000023. Seal material selection for methanol service (e.g., Viton-GF, GFLT, etc.) requires Company
approval.
11. Material selection for offshore piping systems shall comply with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-
ED-RSPDS-000107.
12. For Sour service, material shall comply NACE MR0175/ ISO 15156 and Project Specifications
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2. The text of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION, the Classification Sheets, and the valve informations in
IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000061 are intended to be used in conjunction with each other. The text is
required to explain and specify the requirements in the various line classes and shall also be used in
additional line class development. An index of Line Classification Sheets is found in Table 13 and
Table 14.
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accordance with ASME B31.1. In addition, to ensure that adequate mechanical (structural) strength
remains in the pipe after the specified corrosion allowance has been expended, the pipe wall
thickness shall also be calculated using the following minimum retirement thicknesses shown in Table
17.
2. The pipe wall thickness for each line size listed in the Line Classification Sheets will be the larger of
the measurement shown below (see Table 18 for a calculation example):
a) The wall thickness required for pressure containment per ASME B31.3 (or ASME B31.1, where
applicable), including the applicable corrosion allowance and pipe manufacturing (mill) tolerance,
or
b) The applicable corrosion allowance (Table 16) plus retirement thickness listed in Table 17, or
c) The wall thickness required to maintain the D/t ratio at ≤ 150 for pipe systems with potential
exposure to internal pressures lower than atmospheric.
d) Except for specialty pipe systems [e.g., copper-nickel (Cu-Ni), refractory lined, glass flaked
epoxy, jacketed pipe, etc.], the thickness required to maintain the pipe D/t ratio (nominal
diameter/minimum wall thickness for fully corroded condition) at:
i) 150 or below for single phase liquid lines
ii) ≤ 100 for single phase gas or multiphase flow lines
e) For flare system and other high pressure let down piping, shall also meet the D/t criteria specified
in Section 6.17 "High Pressure Vapor Let Down or Other High Velocity Piping" of this Project
Specification.
3. The following shall also be observed when determining pipe wall thickness:
a) Design criteria found in Section 4.3 "Pressure Design" of this Project Specification.
b) For specialty pipe systems [e.g., copper-nickel (Cu-Ni), refractory lined, glass flaked epoxy,
jacketed pipe, etc., as permitted by the PROJECT SPECIFICATIONSs], a specific analysis shall
be performed to ensure that there are no concerns with vacuum or dynamic flow scenarios (FIV,
AIV, etc.) and that their structural integrity (after depletion of any corrosion allowance) is
adequate for the application.
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Notes:
(1) The minimum wall shown is 87.5 percent of the pipe nominal wall. For seamless pipe, the mill
tolerance for ASTM and API pipe is 12.5 percent.
(2) For the example above, Schedule 160 pipe would be selected, because the pipe minimum wall
must be equal or greater than the Retirement Thickness plus corrosion allowance (C.A.).
(3) Schedule 160 pipe is adequate for a maximum pressure of 3949 psi (27227 kPa) after the
corrosion allowance of 0.10 in. (2.5 mm) has been expended. This means that NPS 1 (DN 25)
Schedule 160 pipe would be used in all Line Classes with a C.A. of 0.10 in. (2.5 mm) from Class
150 through Class 1500 [3705 psi (25545 kPa)] for carbon steel piping.
(4) From Table 17 above.
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6. The atmospheric drain sump shall have an atmospheric vent to a safe location, as verified by an air
dispersion model, and shall be designed so that the pump can be easily maintained.
7. Vapor barriers shall be provided for all open drains and catch basins. Subject to approval by
Company, a liquid filled U-bend is an acceptable vapor barrier method. If used, U-bends shall have a
minimum seal of 150 mm (6 in.). Provisions (procedure or other) must be included to ensure that the
U-bends remain filled with liquid at all times. Furthermore, systems employing U-bend type liquid
seals shall include a vent or other means to ensure that liquids flowing downstream do not siphon off
liquids from an upstream U-bend. Open drains and catch basins in a hazardous area containing
ignition sources, such as furnaces, shall have sealed covers, or are piped separately, and shall be
vented to a safe location.
8. Pipe penetrations through firewalls require a fire seal at the firewall. Drains from hazardous areas
require sectionalizing of the drainage system to avoid cross communication of vapors from a non-
classified area to a hazardous area (i.e., one side of a firewall to another or one electrical area
classification to another).
9. Floor drains shall consist of elongated catch basins welded flush with the floor. They shall be a
minimum of 300 mm (12 in.) wide and shall be covered with removable grating. Catch basin lengths
and locations shall be varied to suit the individual platform arrangement and area. Each catch basin
shall include a vapor barrier (liquid filled U-bend or other is acceptable) to prevent migration of vapors
out of the open drain system.
10. In small confined areas, circular bell-type drains (concentric reducers) welded flush with the floor may
be used in place of catch basins. Bells shall be a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter with a
removable strainer plate locked in place.
11. Bells may also be used above deck to convey equipment drainage to the atmospheric drain system.
Bells shall be accessible and visible to an operator from the drain valve.
12. The minimum design fluid velocity in an open drain line shall be 0.85 m/s (2.8 ft/sec). For liquids with
solids entrainment, the minimum velocity shall be 1.22 m/s (4 ft/sec). Subject to the foregoing limiting
fluid velocities, open drain lines shall be NPS 4 minimum.
13. All drain lines shall have a minimum slope of 1:50. This minimum slope shall exist in piping runs after
due allowance for platform, module, or permitted deck slope deflection under operating conditions.
Connections for cleaning open drain lines shall be provided where changes of direction occur.
14. Drain fluids shall be treated where required to prevent freezing or hydrate formation in the drain
system. In such cases, an NPS 3/4 (minimum) connection shall be provided for methanol injection.
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A welded or flanged spool piece for interconnecting piping shall be provided between adjacent modules if
it is to be installed offshore.
Headers shall be terminated with blind flanges or similar means of inspection and cleaning.
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Reboiler Feed
Reboiler Return
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>344 to 1034 > 50 psig to 150 psig 0.11 to 0.34 0.5 to 1.5
>1034 to 4140 > 150 psig to 600 psig 0.34 to 0.68 1.5 to 3.0
over 4140 > 600 psig 0.5% of line 0.5% of line
pressure pressure
b) If all other factors (pressure drop, erosion, aerodynamics, etc.) are eliminated as concerns at C =
122 in metric units (or at C = 100 in customary units), then the maximum velocity limits may be
calculated using a C factor up to 207 in metric units (or up to 170 in customary units), at which
noise and vibration become a concern (see DP XVIII-C1).
c) For C factors higher than 207 in metric units (or higher than 170 in customary units), or for flow
velocities greater than 0.5 Mach:
i) Prior Company approval is required.
ii) Must consult with a Company Noise/Vibration Control Specialist.
iii) Must evaluate the need for appropriate mitigation (i.e., bracing of small bore connection,
additional pipe supports).
Note: PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-FSPDS-000012 & IDBU-ED-LSPDS-000050,
Section 7.1.2 "Acoustically Induced Vibration" should be consulted for additional information,
including AIV screening criteria.
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2. Liquid lines outside of pump discharge and suction shall be sized per API RP 14E-5 criteria.
3. Multiphase gas and liquid lines shall be sized per API RP 14E-5 criteria.
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10 ST 2.5 13.1 (43) 11.3 (37) 12.5 (41) 11.9 (39) 11.0 (36) 10.7 (35)
D (0.1)
12 30 2.5 14.3 (47) 11.9 (39) 13.4 (44) 12.8 (42) 11.3 (37) 11.0 (36)
(0.1)
12 ST 2.5 14.3 (47) 12.2 (40) 13.4 (44) 13.1 (43) 11.6 (38) 11.6 (38)
D (0.1)
14 20 2.5 14.9 (49) 11.9 (39) 13.7 (45) 13.4 (44) 11.6 (38) 11.3 (37)
(0.1)
14 ST 2.5 14.9 (49) 12.5 (41) 14.3 (47) 13.7 (45) 12.2 (40) 11.9 (39)
D (0.1)
16 20 2.5 15.8 (52) 12.5 (41) 14.9 (49) 14.3 (47) 12.2 (40) 11.6 (38)
(0.1)
16 ST 2.5 16.2 (53) 13.1 (43) 15.2 (50) 14.9 (49) 12.8 (42) 12.5 (41)
D (0.1)
18 20 2.5 16.5 (54) 13.1 (43) 15.9 (52) 15.2 (50) 12.8 (42) 11.9 (39)
(0.1)
18 ST 2.5 17.1 (56) 13.7 (45) 16.2 (53) 15.0 (49) 13.4 (44) 13.1 (43)
D (0.1)
20 ST 2.5 18.0 (59) 14.3 (47) 17.1 (56) 16.8 (55) 14.0 (46) 13.4 (44)
D (0.1)
24 ST 2.5 19.8 (65) 15.2 (50) 18.9 (62) 18.2 (60) 14.9 (49) 14.0 (46)
D (0.1)
Notes: Pipe spans are based upon the following assumptions:
(1) Corrosion allowances (C.A.) are as shown above (Use of pipe with a higher corrosion allowance would require
shorter spans).
(2) Pipe schedules (SCH) are as shown above (Use of lower schedules would require shorter spans).
(3) Maximum deflection is 19 mm (3/4 in.) or 1/2 of Nominal Pipe Size (NPS), whichever is smaller.
(4) Liquid specific gravity is 1.0.
(5) Insulation is calcium silicate with density of 208 kg/m3 (13 lb/ft3).
Table C–2: Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans for Stainless Steel Pipe
Bare Pipe Bare Pipe Insulated Insulated Vapor Insulated
Insulated Liquid
Vapor Line Liquid Line Vapor Line Line >315– Liquid Line
C.A. Line >315–399°C
NPS SCH <315°C <315°C <315°C 399°C (600– <315°C
mm (in.) (600–750°F)
(600°F) (600°F) (600°F) 750°F) Span—m (600°F)
Span—m (ft)
Span—m (ft) Span—m (ft) Span—m (ft) (ft) Span—m (ft)
1
/2 80S 1.3 2.7 (9) 2.4 (8) 2.1 (7) 2.1 (7) 2.1 (7) 2.1 (7)
(0.05)
3
/4 40S 1.3 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 2.7 (9) 2.4 (8) 2.7 (9) 2.4 (8)
(0.05)
1 40S 1.3 4.0 (13) 3.7 (12) 3.4 (11) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10)
(0.05)
11/2 40S 1.3 5.2 (17) 4.9 (16) 4.6 (15) 4.3 (14) 4.3 (14) 4.3 (14)
(0.05)
2 40S 1.3 5.8 (19) 5.5 (18) 5.2 (17) 4.9 (16) 4.9 (16) 4.9 (16)
(0.05)
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3 10S 1.3 7.0 (23) 6.1 (20) 6.1 (20) 5.8 (19) 5.5 (18) 5.2 (17)
(0.05)
4 10S 1.3 7.9 (26) 6.7 (22) 6.7 (22) 6.4 (21) 6.1 (20) 5.8 (19)
(0.05)
6 10S 1.3 9.8 (32) 7.9 (26) 8.5 (28) 8.2 (27) 7.3 (24) 7.3 (24)
(0.05)
8 10S 1.3 11.3 (37) 8.8 (29) 10.0 (33) 9.8 (32) 8.5 (28) 8.2 (27)
(0.05)
10 5S 1.3 12.5 (41) 9.1 (30) 11.3 (37) 10.7 (35) 8.8 (29) 8.2 (27)
(0.05)
12 5S 1.3 14.0 (46) 10.4 (34) 12.5 (41) 11.9 (39) 9.8 (32) 9.5 (31)
(0.05)
14 5S 1.3 14.6 (48) 10.7 (35) 13.1 (43) 12.5 (41) 10.1 (33) 9.8 (32)
(0.05)
16 5S 1.3 15.9 (52) 11.3 (37) 14.0 (46) 13.7 (45) 10.7 (35) 10.4 (34)
(0.05)
18 5S 1.3 16.8 (55) 11.6 (38) 14.9 (49) 14.6 (48) 11.0 (36) 10.4 (34)
(0.05)
20 5S 1.3 18.0 (59) 12.5 (41) 16.2 (53) 15.9 (52) 11.9 (39) 11.6 (38)
(0.05)
24 5S 1.3 19.8 (65) 13.7 (45) 18.2 (60) 17.7 (58) 13.4 (44) 12.8 (42)
(0.05)
Notes: Pipe spans are based upon the following assumptions:
(1) Corrosion allowances (C.A.) are as shown above (Use of pipe with a higher corrosion allowance would require
shorter spans).
(2) Pipe schedules (SCH) are as shown above (Use of lower schedules would require shorter spans).
(3) Maximum deflection is 19 mm (3/4 in.) or 1/2 of Nominal Pipe Size (NPS), whichever is smaller.
(4) Liquid specific gravity is 1.0.
(5) Insulation is calcium silicate with density of 208 kg/m3 (13 lb/ft3).
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D–1.2. Specifications
The following are specifications for using Victaulic systems:
1. Limit the use of Victaulic to all systems with a MAWP of 1035 kPa (150 psig) and a maximum
temperature of 66°C (150°F).
Note: This pressure limitation allows the system to remain outside the scope of NACE MR0175/ISO
15156 for sour multiphase fluids.
2) Select gasket elastomer to match service.
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3) Use Style HP-70ES Coupling with Victaulic Fire-R gaskets within 15 m (50 ft) of a fired vessel.
4) Use Style HP-70ES EndSeal Coupling in other areas.
5) Do not use Snap-Joint style couplings at any time in hydrocarbon service.
6) Limit use of pipe, fittings, and couplings to NPS 2 through NPS 12.
7) Limit use of valves to NPS 2 through NPS 4.
8) Use peroxide cured 90 durometer Buna-N gasket for sour oilfield service and with streams that
contain carbon dioxide.
D–1.3.1. Advantages
1. Grooved piping systems may be disassembled and reassembled for portability purposes. This is not
usually a requirement in oil and gas production facilities.
2. Grooved systems allow IPC steel pipe to be connected. If IPC is not required, screwed fittings shall
be considered since they can be utilized at a much lower cost.
3. Grooved systems do not require hot work.
D–1.3.2. Disadvantages
1. It is difficult to provide corrosion protection to the coupling area of grooved systems. Even with end-
seal-type gaskets, fluids sometimes reach the groove area causing failure-type corrosion. Gasket
lubrication and placement are critical to maintaining the total integrity of a grooved system.
2. A grooved system does not have the structural qualities of a flanged and welded system. There are
special requirements to be considered in the support system for grooved piping. These requirements
are covered in the Victaulic manuals listed in Section1.17 "Other References" of this PROJECT
SPECIFICATION and Section D–1 "Victaulic Systems" of this Appendix.
3. Pipe grooving, whether cut or rolled, damages the internal coating, which requires the coating to be
repaired. The repaired coating area is somewhat susceptible to corrosion.
D–1.4. Training
The Victaulic Company of America has a training program available that provides hands-on piping
guidelines for those involved with Victaulic piping systems in the oil industry. This training covers
couplings, grooving, fittings, valves and their applications, installation, and things not to do. Other
products and their applications are also covered. Anyone designing, installing, or supervising the
installation of Victaulic systems shall attend this training.
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16. Ball valve I.D. numbers with "(T)" added to the end shall be provided as top entry only. End entry
shall not be acceptable.
17. Carbon steel ball valves with a "P" added to the end of the I.D. number shall be provided with carbon
steel balls, plated with 3 mils of Electroless Nickel Plating (ENP), unless noted otherwise. This shall
include ENP of the seat pockets and stem sealing area in the body.
18. Ball valve I.D. numbers with "M" added to end shall be provided with metal seats for abrasive
service. Seat material, coating specifications, and maximum seat leakage shall be submitted with
the manufacturer's quotation for Company approval.
19. Use of carbon steel valves in lube and seal oil services is subject to Company approval.
20. Ball valves in Class 150 and 300 up to 152 mm (6 in.) nominal diameter [or 203 mm (8 in.) nominal if
reduced port type] may be floating type. Ball valves for Class 400 and higher services in sizes 2 in.
and larger shall be trunnion mounted. Ball valves in 11/2 in. and smaller nominal size in all pressure
classes may be floating type. Note that gear operator requirements as a function of valve type,
pressure class, and size are denoted in Table.7 of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION. Trunnion
mounted ball valve seat design in the closed position shall allow body cavity pressure to relieve to
the low pressure side. Additionally, for Class 900 and higher where 316SS balls are specified, a
higher strength austenitic or ferritic-austenitic stainless steel (for example, ASTM A 182/A 182M,
Grade F51) shall be used for sizes/pressures where a higher strength material is needed to ensure
that the ball remains "round" in the closed position.
21. Ball valve design shall include the following:
a) Anti-static design
b) Bi-directional shutoff
c) Blowout-proof stems
22. NPS 4 and smaller gate valves may have solid wedges. NPS 6 and larger shall have a one-piece
flexible wedge.
23. All wafer check valves specified with through-bolt holes shall be provided with solid lugs or double
flanged valves (preferred), in available sizes.
24. Retainerless check valves shall be provided. Seal welded retainer plugs may be quoted as an
alternate but shall only be used with Company approval.
25. Swing or dual plate check valves shall be designed for installation in the horizontal or vertical upflow
positions.
26. API STD 600 swing check valves may be used at locations where swing check valves are not
required to be piggable. API SPEC 6D swing check valves shall be used in piping systems that are
required to be piggable.
27. Piston type check valves in sizes NPS 11/2 and smaller shall be designed (with springs) for
installation in the horizontal or upward flow positions.
28. Valve packing/stem seal material for "sliding-stem" valves (for example, gate and globe) shall be
flexible graphite. The packing configuration shall consist of two end retainer rings made of braided
graphite and three intermediate rings made from die-formed flexible graphite with a density of 1120
to 1280 kg/m3 (70 to 80 lb/ft3).
a) Valve packing/stem seal material for "rotary-stem" valves (for example, ball, butterfly, and plug
valves) used in hydrocarbon service shall satisfy the fire test requirements of API STD 607, API
SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497. Additionally, the stem seal design and materials shall
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minimize fugitive emissions. PTFE O-rings may be used in hydrocarbon services if the valve
design has a backup fire-resistant stem seal that has passed one of the fire tests listed above.
b) Teflon (PTFE) packing may be used in Category D service or in certain chemical services when
approved by Company.
29. Cast gate valves shall be in accordance with API STD 600. Additionally, cast globe and swing check
valves shall be in accordance with the applicable requirements of API STD 600 (such as wall
thickness, body/trim materials, testing, etc.). Valves supplied in corrosion resistant materials and in
carbon steel services where the corrosion allowance is 1.25 mm (0.05 in.) or less shall be in
accordance with ASME B16.34, except leakage testing shall meet the requirements of API STD 598.
30. All resilient seated valves that are required to be welded (for example, SW and BW) into the line
shall be provided with sufficient body extensions or welded-on pup-pieces (nipples) to allow field
welding without disassembly, distortion, or damage to nonmetallic internals.
a) For NPS 2 and smaller valves, the minimum body extension length shall be 150 mm (6 in.).
(Valves with shorter extensions and "cooling fins" are not acceptable.)
b) The material of the extension shall be the same as body material, and the minimum thickness
shall be Schedule 160 for carbon steel and Schedule 80 for CRA material. Welds on NACE
valves shall meet NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 requirements.
31. All valves shall have extended bonnets/stems with sufficient length to maintain gland packing/stem
seal near ambient temperature. The minimum extended bonnet length shall be in accordance with
BSI BS 6364, Table 1. “Minimum gland extension length for cold box applications”, which applies to
cold insulation around valves
32. If Class 150, NPS 11/2, and smaller flanged valves are mated to SW pipe flanges, flexible graphite
sheet gaskets shall be used (alternate gasket listed in line class), in lieu of spiral wound. If spiral
wound gaskets are to be used, then use either Class 300 valves or buttweld flanges.
33. Some valves may require use of extended bonnets for services below −50°F (−45°C) to prevent
freezing of gland packing/stem seal (renders valve inoperable and/or results in process fluid
leakage). If required, the minimum extended bonnet length shall be in accordance with BSI BS
6364, Table 1. Note that valves with Graphoil packings, that are infrequently operated, and not
requiring rapid response, are occasionally acceptable for temperatures down to −200°F (−130°C).
34. API SPEC 6A/ISO 10423 valves shall be provided with "U" temperature classification and a product
specification level of 2 (PSL 2).
35. The following requirements are applicable only to facilities subject to requirements of API RP 14E-5.
a) For pipe sizes 3/4 in. and smaller in hydrocarbon service, minimum wall thickness shall be
Schedule 160. Note that there are restrictions on use of 1/2 in. nominal sized pipe (see
Sections 6.8 "Vent and Drain Piping" and 6.9 "Injection Points and Sample Connection Piping"
of this PROJECT SPECIFICATION).
b) For pipe sizes 3 in. and smaller, but larger than 3/4 in., in all fluid services, minimum pipe wall
thickness shall be Schedule 80.
36. Ball valves constructed so that the ball is held in place with a threaded portion of the valve body
(e.g., threaded body valves) are not permitted unless the valve halves are positively secured
together (e.g., by seal-welding) by the Valve Manufacturer. See Section 9.6 "Ball Valves" for
additional details.
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61. For Class 150, flexible graphite sheet gaskets, or spiral-wound gaskets with types 304/304L or
316/316L stainless windings and flexible graphite filler material, may be used. The use of "low
stress" spiral wound gaskets is recommended for Class 150. The use of graphite filler material is
allowed only when the fluid service is compatible with flexible graphite. Flexible graphite is generally
not compatible with sea water, acids, caustics, chlorine, and hydrogen sulfide. Gaskets for services
such as these must be approved by Company.
62. The correlation of fitting class with schedule number (or wall thickness) in accordance with ASME
B16.11 is as follows:
For pressure class 1500 and lower, the pipe wall thicknesses shown in the table above may not
match the line class tables in the Piping Classification PROJECT SPECIFICATIONs. For smaller
nominal sizes, the line class tables show pipe wall thicknesses that are generally heavier than
required solely for pressure containment. In determining minimum pipe wall thickness requirements,
structural and/or mechanical integrity are considered along with pressure containment. Therefore,
the recommended forged fitting class and pipe wall thicknesses in the PROJECT SPECIFICATION
line class tables should be followed.
63. Non-impact tested carbon steel pipe, such as ASTM A 106/A 106M Grade B and API SPEC 5L
Grade B, with a wall thickness greater than 13 mm (1/2 in.) cannot be used for design
temperatures below −29°C (−20°F) (per the impact testing requirements table, "Curve B" of
ASME B31.3). If the above referenced non-impact tested carbon steel pipe with a wall
thickness greater than 13 mm (1/2 in.) is to be used below 0°C (32°F), refer to Figure
323.2.2 in ASME B31.3 for minimum design temperature. Note that for ASTM A 671 CC 60
pipe that has been normalized, impact testing may not be required for all thicknesses.
Furthermore, note that X grade piping MDMT is determined per ASME B31.3, "Curve A"
unless it is normalized, or quenched and temperd, to be exempted from impact testing.
See ASME B31.3, Figure 323.2.2A (table on impact testing) for more specific requirements.
64. Ring gaskets for ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47 RTJ flanges shall be oval, Type R in accordance
with ASME B16.20 which includes the maximum hardness and identification requirements shown in
the table below.
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65. Compact flange and/or hub connectors [such as those manufactured by ReFlange, Inc., or
Techlok (Vector International)] may be acceptable alternatives to ASME B16.5/ASME B16.47
flanges, when approved by the Company. These connectors may be evaluated for use in Class 900,
and higher services, where weight and space savings are necessary.
66. Designer is required to calculate a minimum wall thickness for all pipe sizes not shown in the table.
The calculations shall be based upon suitable materials to withstand the design conditions including
the pressure and all coincident loads to which the piping system shall be subjected. The calculations
must be done in strict accordance with the applicable Code.
67. Pipe and pipe fittings shall be ASTM D 2996 RTRP-11FE filament-wound fiberglass reinforced epoxy
with a 20 mil integral resin-rich epoxy liner, minimum gauge pressure rating to 13.8 bar (200 psig).
Examples of such products are Ameron Bondstrand® Series 2000M or Company-approved equal
(such as Fiberbond Series HV).
68. Flanges shall be flat face (FF), ASTM D 4024 RTR-11E, filament-wound fiberglass heavy-duty,
drilled to ASME B16.5 dimensions. Examples of such products are Ameron Bondstrand® Series
2000M heavy-duty hubless or Company-approved equal (such as Fiberbond Series HV).
69. Jointing method for fiberglass reinforced epoxy pipe, fittings, and flanges shall be carefully selected.
Joining methods include bell and spigot type joints with thermosetting adhesives and the "Buttweld
and Strap" method. There shall be an integral pipe stop in the bell for predictable laying lengths.
Fittings NPS 18 and larger shall be provided flanged from the Manufacturer.
70. Fiberglass pipe, fittings, flanges, and the adhesives shall be provided by the same manufacturer.
71. Blind flanges shall be compression-molded fiberglass reinforced epoxy.
72. Not used.
73. All dry fire water systems, constructed of fiberglass, shall be fireproofed (for example, piping
downstream of deluge valves).
74. Wet fire water systems do not require fireproofing, except all joints such as flanges and fittings shall
be coated with fireproofing in accordance with PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-CW-FSPDS-
000003. This coating may be applied in the field after completion of the joints.
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75. NPS 2 and larger pipe and pipe fittings shall be ASTM D 2996 RTRP–11FE filament-wound
fiberglass reinforced epoxy (GRE) with a 20 mil integral resin-rich epoxy liner. Examples of such
products are Ameron Bondstrand® Series 2000M or Company-approved equal (such as Fiberbond
Series HV).
76. NPS 2 and larger flanges shall be flat face (FF), ASTM D 4024 RTR–11E, filament-wound fiberglass
heavy-duty, drilled to ASME B16.5, Class 150 dimensions. Examples of such products are Ameron
Bondstrand® Series 2000M heavy-duty hubless or Company-approved equal (such as Fiberbond
Series HV).
77. GRE blind flanges shall be compression-molded fiberglass reinforced epoxy. In sizes where GRE
flanges are not available, ASTM A 105/A 105M carbon steel flat face flanges with full coverage
gaskets may be used.
78. The use of threaded NPS 3/4 and smaller piping shall be kept to a minimum (see Note 79). Unions
shall be used instead of flanges for these sizes NPS 11/2 and smaller.
79. NPS 11/2 and smaller pipe shall be 70–30 Cu-Ni with a wall thickness of Schedule 160 (threaded),
except for "dry" fire water systems. Type 316L stainless steel pipe and fittings shall be used.
80. Bolting, including nuts and washers, shall be coated with a system that includes a corrosion resistant
basecoat and a fluoropolymer topcoat per PROJECT SPECIFICATION IDBU-ED-RSPDS-000027.
Coated carbon steel flat washers shall be used between the fiberglass flanges and nuts.
81. Pipe support spacing, as well as support of metal valves, shall be in accordance with the
recommendations of the GRP Manufacturer. Support details, such as guides, anchors, and support
saddles shall be in accordance with the Pipe Manufacturer's recommendations.
82. Refer to line branch table for each specific pressure class and fluid service for information pertaining
to header to branch connection type.
83. Valving NPS 11/2 and smaller shall be threaded and NPS 2 and larger shall be flanged, flat face. For
NPS 6 and smaller, ball valves shall be used where quick opening valves are required. For NPS 8
and larger, high performance (triple offset design) butterfly valves shall be used.
84. GRE pipe, fittings, flanges, and adhesives used shall be provided by the same manufacturer.
85. NPS 11/2 and smaller pipe and valves may be 316L stainless steel. The minimum wall thickness for
threaded pipe shall be Schedule 80.
86. All ASTM A 105/A 105M fittings and flanges shall be normalized.
87. Wall thicknesses shown apply to welded joints only. For pressure containment purposes, wall
thicknesses for threaded, grooved, or other similarly modified piping connections are likely to require
adjustment (to minimum wall thickness) for thread or groove depth allowance.
88. For sizes 16 in. and larger, the use of SAW or DSAW carbon steel pipe is acceptable, if supplied in
accordance with ASME B31.3, Table A-1B and with prior Company approval. Note that if API 5L
SAW or DSAW pipe is used, the maximum permissible Basic Quality Factor (i.e., longitudinal weld
joint seam efficiency factor) is 0.95, even with 100 percent radiography, per ASME B31.3.
89. Per ASME B16.5 (paragraphs 2.5.2 and 2.5.3), at temperatures above 200°C (400°F) for Class 150
and above 400°C (750°F) for other class designations, flanged joints may develop leakage problems
unless care is taken to avoid imposing severe external loads, severe thermal gradients, or both. In
additions, some of the materials, particularly some carbon steels, may undergo a decrease in
ductility when used at low temperatures to such an extent as to be unable to safely resist shock
loading, sudden changes of stress, or high stress concentration. Per ASME B31.3, some of the
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materials may require impact testing for applications even where temperatures are higher than -29°C
(-20°F).
90. API SPEC 6A/ISO 10423 flanges shall be provided with "U" temperature classification and a product
specification level of 2 (PSL 2).
91. All nickel alloy pipe and fitting materials (UNS N06625 and UNS N08825) shall be stabilized
annealed materi als only. For carbon steel pipe with nickel alloy cladding, the minimum finished alloy
thickness shall be 2.5 mm (0.10 in.).
92. Note: API SPEC 5LD lists both UNS N06625 (Gr. LC 2262) and UNS N08825 (Gr. LC 2242) as
CRA materials for lined pipe. During the early stages of a project, Company Materials personnel and
the Engineering Contractor shall evaluate the best lining material for the intended service.
93. Underground installation of High Density Polyethelene (HDPE) piping shall be per the
Manufacturer's recommended procedures. All site-specific conditions such as type of soil, backfill
material, buoyancy of empty pipe, and seismic condition must be carefully studied and evaluated.
94. Compacted sand or Manufacturer's recommended alternative, in conjunction with proper trenching
techniques as dictated by onsite soil conditions, is required around all fittings (particularly fabricated
tees, branch saddle reducing tees, and elbows) that will be subjected to dynamic stress resulting from
directional changes (vertical/horizontal) and/or imposed bending moment. Anchoring method for
piping systems shall be determined and recommended by HDPE Manufacturer to meet site-specific
conditions.
95. Where specified in project specification, underground installation of HDPE piping in heavy traffic
areas shall be encased with pipe sleeve. The pipe sleeve shall extend 1 m (3 ft) on either side of the
road and shall be coated, sealed, and vented in accordance with the project specification.
96. Use of Class 150 flanged joints in any fluid service shall be limited to temperatures of 200°C
(400°F). It is suggested that for all such services, Class 300 or higher flanges be used instead. See
Section 11.2 "Flanges and Flanged Joints" of this Project Specification for more details.
97. Hot-dip galvanizing (where permitted) shall be performed after fabrication of the pipe spool
assembly. After galvanizing, ensure that the flange gasket face serrations are maintained. If not,
spiral serrations shall be lightly machined into the gasket face. See additional details in Section 11.2
"Flanges and Flanged Joints" of this Project Specification.
98. Flanges larger than those listed in ASME B16.47 (NPS 60) and those sizes/pressure classes not
included in ASME B16.5 shall be individually designed on a case-by-case basis, using the
requirements of ASME SEC VIII D1 Mandatory Appendix 2, Section 2-14 "Flange Rigidity," or a
standard approved by Company. For flanges designed per ASME, the rigidity index for the flange, "J"
shall be determined at the seating and design conditions. For carbon steel piping systems with design
temperature 370°C (700°F) or lower, and for low alloy steel (up to and including 5Cr-1Mo) with design
temperature of 454°C (850°F) or less, J shall be limited to 0.9. Flanges used in water lines may be in
accordance with AWWA Standards. See also Section 11.2 "Flanges and Flanged Joints" of this Project
Specification.
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102. Flanges shall have a serrated spiral facing finish per ASME B16.5.
103. The wall thickness is per ASME B36.19M and ASME B36.10M.
104. Buttweld fittings shall be 90/10 Cu-Ni Alloy (UNS C70600).
105. Buttweld fittings shall be 90/10 Cu-Ni Alloy (UNS C70600). Pressure temperature ratings shall be
consistent with the piping to which they are attached.
106. Socket Weld fittings shall be 90/10 Cu-Ni Alloy (UNS C70600).
107. Socket Weld fittings shall be 90/10 Cu-Ni Alloy (UNS C70600 or UNS C96200). Pressure
temperature ratings shall be consistent with the piping to which they are attached.
108. An Insulating Kit, comprised of one phenolic sleeve, two phenolic washers, and two steel washers
per bolt, shall be utilized in conjunction with specified stud bolts and gaskets when bolting together
copper-nickel and any other dissimilar metal or fiberglass flanges. The more noble (cathodic)
material in the galvanic couple shall be internally coated for a minimum distance of 4 times the
nominal pipe diameter from the flange face.
109. 90/10 Cu-Ni (UNS 70600) class 3000 adapter fittings shall be used for transitions between socket
weld piping and threaded equipment and valve connections. Adapter fittings are available from
Alaskan Copper.
110. MIL-T-16420K pipe shall be tested to conform to the requirements of the following tests specified in
ASTM B 466/B 466M: (1) Hardness testing (2) Eddy current testing of pipe 3.125 in. outside
diameter and smaller.
111. ASTM B 466/B 466M and ASTM B 467 shall be in accordance with Copper Development
Association (CDA) Alloy No. 706 (UNS C70600), 90/10 Cu-Ni pipe and tubing, P-number 34
(ASME B31.1). Pipe shall be in the annealed condition (except that light-drawn pipe is acceptable
where no cold-forming is done) intended for welding application with following limits on chemical
elements: Zn: 0.5% Max; Pb: 0.05% Max; P: 0.02% Max; S: 0.02% Max; C: 0.05% Max.
112. Flanges shall be bolted in accordance with the Manufacturer's recommendations, including bolt
torque and bolt sequences.
113. Socket weld flanges may be used for NPS 2 and smaller.
114. The wall thickness shall be in accordance with ASME B36.19M for Schedule 10S, 40S, and 80S.
115. Utility sea water is an industrial piping system and falls under MMS requirements. It is not covered
by this piping classification.
116. Pipe nipples for NPS 3/4 and smaller threaded connections, 100 mm (4 in.) or less in total length,
shall be Monel or 90-10 Cu-Ni Schedule 80.
117. The minimum mechanical properties from Table 2 in ASTM F 468 are as follows:
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118. Flanges in 90-10 Cu-Ni alloy C70600 are commonly available machined from plate. There
is no apparent ASME, API, or ASTM standard that covers these flanges, nor that provides
published pressure temperature ratings. These flanges are suitable for use with this
specification but must be accompanied by the Manufacturer's certified pressure-
temperature ratings, and/or the appropriate ASME calculations for allowable working
pressures and temperatures per ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Mandatory Appendix 2
(ASME SEC VIII D1 Mandatory Appendix 2). Pressure-temperature ratings for ASTM B 148,
alloy C95200 Cu-Ni flanges are listed in ASME B16.24.
119. Fire Water System Piping: Pipe, fittings, and flanges shall be Fiberbond® 20JF Advanced
Composite Piping Series or Ameron Bondstrand® 2000M with a fire protection barrier manufactured
into the products; including premium grade fire-retardant epoxy vinyl ester resin matrix, 20 mil C-Veil
reinforced resin-rich liner. The color of the piping system shall be OSHA-approved safety red. Use
for 2 in. to 4 in. (50 mm to 100 mm) nominal pipe size only. Use Piping Classification MA32 for
smaller or larger sizes. This piping shall not be used in a dry deluge system without Company
approval.
120. Fire Water Loop—Main Piping: Pipe and fittings shall be Fiberbond® 20-FR-E or Ameron
Bondstrand® 2000M, filament wound, corrosion resistant liner 0.02 in. minimum thickness, per
ASTM D 2996, ultraviolet inhibited with Nexus polyester fiber overwraps. The color of the piping
system shall be OSHA-approved safety red. Use for nominal sizes 2 in. to 16 in. only. This piping
shall not be used in a dry deluge system.
121. Alternate Fire Water System Piping: NPS 2 and larger pipe and pipe fittings shall be ASTM D 2996
RTRP–11FE filament-wound fiberglass reinforced epoxy (GRE) with a 20 mil integral resin-rich
epoxy liner with a minimum pressure rating of 15.5 barg (225 psig) and a minimum hydrotest to 23.3
barg (338 psig). Examples of pipe meeting the criteria are Fiberbond Series 20FR, Ameron
Bondstrand® Series 2000M–225 (or approved equal). This piping shall not be used in a dry deluge
system.
122. A fire blanket shall be installed over a flanged connection when protection from a jet fire is required.
123. A spacer ring shall be used when bolting a fiberglass RTR flange to a RF flange to prevent
overstressing the RTR flanges during bolt up.
124. Flat faced, hot-dip galvanized steel blind flanges per Class MA3 are acceptable for use in this piping
class when an FNPT connection in the flange is required.
125. Type 316 stainless steel studs, nuts, and washes may be used as an alternate silicon bronze
provided there is no potential for galvanic corrosion. Type 316 stainless steel studs and nut shall
comply with Class MA11 requirements. Do not mix type 316 SS bolting components with silicon
bronze bolting components.
126. Valving NPS 11/2 and smaller shall be threaded and NPS 2 and larger shall be flanged, flat face. For
NPS 6 and smaller, ball valves shall be used where quick opening valves are required. For NPS 8
and larger, high performance (triple offset design) butterfly valves shall be used.
127. Flat washers shall be used under all bolts, nuts, and cap screws. Washers may have to be trimmed
to provide clearance at the flange.
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128. NPS 2 and larger fiberglass reinforced epoxy pipe and fittings shall be recommended by the
Manufacturer.
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