Mam Joan 1

LYNDON C.
TANGGUID BSE- 2
A. Application – Let’s Apply
1. Should schools produce generalist or specialist? Defend your answer.

 The text “To know more about Less or Less about More” poses the difficulty in choosing the
best educational approach for modern times, since nowadays is still imposible to define
what a well educated person is. In a clear way the author describes how the Specialist and
the Generalist approach to education.
 For me, in what the school produced depends on society’s requirements in a particular
region and time.
 Here are some situations that, In an elementary school, there are teachers who teach a little
bit of everything on the elementary level – reading, writing, speaking properly, doing basic
arithmithics, and so forth. These teachers are generalist, they are undoubtedly useful anf
they are in demand. However, not each ofthem is able to teach more narrow courses where
more deep knowledge of a subject is required.
 At , the most of professional staff are specialist, but not generalist. Each of pofessors iin a
particular field. If one were a generalist, it would be quite a problem to invent something
new in a certain area.
 That’s why Generalist and Specialist are both of these professionals are working towards
making benefits for society. However , they indeed are related differently.
2. To who do you agree- Spencer’s individual competition or Singaporean educational system where
competition is not encourage. Justify your answer.
 Singapore has long been an educational high-achiever, endorsing rote learning and long study hours
to propel school children toward exam success. But change is in the air as the island state rethinks its
approach to education.
 The Singaporean Top the Rated countries for educational ranking, that why I rather agree with the
Singaporean education system.ss
3. “If you cannot bring the learners to the world, bring the world to the classroom.” Will this go with
John Dewey’s Philosophy of education. Explain your answer.
 Dewey’s definition of education embraced the idea of ‘learning by doing’. His work was
grounded in the ‘cognitivist’ movement of learning theories. He was strongly against some
of the ideas found in behaviourism. He believed in the notion of the learners engaging with
the environment and drawing on their experiences. So, yes if you can bring the world into
the classroom, and use the students’ experiences you would be trying to adopt one of
Dewey’s principles.
 Learning is also brought about by the student ‘reflecting’ on the experience.
 The implications, therefore, are allow students to be active in the learning event
B. Let’s check if you understand your module 1 lesson
1. Explain why each education philosopher was associated with this given words
a. John Locke – The Empiricist
 John Locke was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most
influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical
Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the
tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His
work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His
writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as
well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and
liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
 John Locke Empiricists tend to see modern science as the paradigm of knowledge.
The empiricist approach is hands-on, down-to-earth. Empiricists urge us to trust our
senses, observe the world carefully, perform experiments, and learn from
experience.
 So, empiricists would say, we should be suspicious of explanations that make

reference to non-observable entities such as gods, souls, immaterial minds, and
other metaphysical concepts not verifiable by the senses.
 No innate ideas – Theory simplification Locke’s reflection on knowing starts with the
problem of theories –Given two explanations the one that is most likely to be true is
the simplest –Is it possible to construct an explanation of knowledge without using
the notion of innate ideas According to Locke.
 The tabula rasa – The blank slate Imagine the mind like a blank slate on which
nothing is written (without any innate ideas) –“Let us suppose the mind to be, as we
say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas: How comes it to be
furnished? To this I answer in one word, from EXPEREINCE.”
 Sensation & Reflection are the origin of all ideas (and knowledge) Sensation –Sense
experiencing –So sensation the act of sensing –External (to consciousness) material
things are the objects of sensation Reflection –The mind’s experience of its own
operations of thinking, believing, doubting, reasoning etc. –The “internal” (to
consciousness) correlate of sensing –The mind’s operations are the objects of
reflection.
b. Spencer – The Utilitarianist
 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, biologist
and sociologist. He highly contributed his expertise knowledge in ethics religion,
anthropology , economics, political theory, philosophy, biology, sociology and
psychology. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992. He was the
first person to coin the phrase “survival of the fittest” His works were translated into
many other languages of the world including German, Italian, Spanish, French,
Russian, Japanese and Chinese.
 Principles of Teaching and Learning
o He believed that people in an industrialized society needed a utilitarian
education in order to learn useful scientific skills and subjects. Learning
should be a sensory experience where a student interacts within his/her
environment ; a slow, gradual, and inductive process. Children should be
encouraged to explore and discover which would allow them to acquire
knowledge naturally. A student should only engage in those activities that
would allow him/her to survive in society.
c. John Dewey – Experience
 American pragmatic philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose
ideas have been influential in education, philosophy, and psychology. known best for
his publications about education, but he also wrote about other topics such as
experience, nature, art, logic, inquiry, democracy, and ethics.
 Dewey sees reality as changeable and dependent on the experience and
environment . Dewey belief that there is no absolutes and constant . Reality exists
only function of human mind , which uses social experience and scientific method .
 Reality is that which is exist, and Which can be proved through experience and
provide ease for solving problems effectively Dewey also believe that reality comes
in to existence through mutual relation of environment and man . For Dewey the
thing which can not be in the reach of man that cannot be called reality.
 Education is the means by which the experience and values of past are transmitted
to the future. The societies maintains themselves through this transmission.
 Education is the name of experience’s development and organization through which
the meanings of experience is increased. As the result of this the capability of
directing upcoming experiences is increased 
 Dewey think that the condition of education is dynamic , and education is that force
which make aware the life of man with social requirements and trends.
d. George Counts – Building a new social order

 George Counts entered graduate school at the University of Chicago in 1913. At this
time the School of Education was influenced by John Dewey and Francis W. Parker.
Educators were determined to develop a plan for the science of education. Charles
Hubbard Judd was one of the leaders of this plan. George Counts was a student of
Charles Hubbard Judd.
 George Counts wanted teachers to lead society instead of following society. The
teachers were leaders and should be policy makers who could decide between
conflicting purposes and values. Teachers should be concerned with school matters,
but should also be concerned with controversial matters of economics, politics, and
morality. George Counts believed the school was an agency involved in society's
politics, economics, art, religion, and ethics. If the school was involved it could either
reflect the knowledge, beliefs, and values of the society, or it could seek to change
them .The school, in order to be socially reconstructive, had to help solve problems.
George Counts believed American schools needed to identify with such progressive
forces as labor unions, farmers' organizations, and minority groups. By joining with
groups that wanted to change society, the schools then could make social
improvements. If school teachers were to act as statespersons, then the solving of
major issues would result in a new social order
e. Theodore Brameld – The Social Reconstructionist
 Theodore Brameld (1904-1987) was considered the founder of social
reconstructionism. He recognized the potential for either human annihilation
through technology and human cruelty and the use technology and human
compassion to create a beneficent society.
 SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM, this theory claims to be the true successor of
progressivism and declares that the chief purpose of education is to “RECONSTRUCT”
society in order to meet the cultural crisis brought about by social, political, and
economic problems.
 Social Reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social
questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Typically
a Reconstructionist focuses on a curriculum that highlights social reform.
 The Purpose of Schooling
o Critically examine all cultural and educational institutions and recommended
change and reform as needed.
o To teach students and the public not to settle for "what is" but rather to
dream about “what might be”.
o Prepare Students to become agents for change Foudations of American
Education Josh Wilson
 Nature of the Learner
o Students are a critical element in bringing social change
o Students are capable of initiating and adapting to change especially if they
are influenced by appropriate adult role models Foundations of American
Education

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LYNDON C.

A. Application – Let’s Apply

1. Should schools produce generalist or specialist? Defend your answer.

B. Let’s check if you understand your module 1 lesson

 So, empiricists would say, we should be suspicious of explanations that make

d. George Counts – Building a new social order

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