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    Capstone 62

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    ela kikay
    - In ancient times, people like Pliny the Younger, Aristotle, and Herodotus made early observations about natural phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes based on limited information. This early work was built upon by Arab intellectuals in the Dark Ages. - In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci observed that fossils were once living organisms and that the land was once covered by the sea. The term "geology" was first used in its modern sense in 1603. - Foundational concepts in geology like stratigraphy and theories of the formation of the Earth from vapor to solid surface were developed in the late 17th century by scientists like Nicolas Steno, René Descartes, and Gottfried Wilhelm Le

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    Capstone 62

    Uploaded by

    ela kikay
    21 views1 page
    - In ancient times, people like Pliny the Younger, Aristotle, and Herodotus made early observations about natural phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes based on limited information. This early work was built upon by Arab intellectuals in the Dark Ages. - In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci observed that fossils were once living organisms and that the land was once covered by the sea. The term "geology" was first used in its modern sense in 1603. - Foundational concepts in geology like stratigraphy and theories of the formation of the Earth from vapor to solid surface were developed in the late 17th century by scientists like Nicolas Steno, René Descartes, and Gottfried Wilhelm Le

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    - In ancient times, people like Pliny the Younger, Aristotle, and Herodotus made early observations about natural phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes based on limited information. This early work was built upon by Arab intellectuals in the Dark Ages. - In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci observed that fossils were once living organisms and that the land was once covered by the sea. The term "geology" was first used in its modern sense in 1603. - Foundational concepts in geology like stratigraphy and theories of the formation of the Earth from vapor to solid surface were developed in the late 17th century by scientists like Nicolas Steno, René Descartes, and Gottfried Wilhelm Le

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    21 views1 page

    Capstone 62

    Uploaded by

    ela kikay
    - In ancient times, people like Pliny the Younger, Aristotle, and Herodotus made early observations about natural phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes based on limited information. This early work was built upon by Arab intellectuals in the Dark Ages. - In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci observed that fossils were once living organisms and that the land was once covered by the sea. The term "geology" was first used in its modern sense in 1603. - Foundational concepts in geology like stratigraphy and theories of the formation of the Earth from vapor to solid surface were developed in the late 17th century by scientists like Nicolas Steno, René Descartes, and Gottfried Wilhelm Le

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    However, even in ancient times people thought about the causes of phenomena such as earthquakes

    and volcanoes. Pliny the Younger recorded the plinian eruption of Vesuvius in AD79, while philosophers
    such as Aristotle, Lucretius and Herodotus, made astute observations based on meager information, and
    these data were preserved and developed through the Dark Ages by Arab intellectuals such as the
    polymath Avicenna (981–1037) (Lyell, 1830). Then, towards the end of the fifteenth century, Leonardo
    da Vinci observed that fossils had once been living organisms and that the land had once been covered
    by the sea (Richter, 1880). In 1603, Ulisse Aldrovandi first used the term ‘geology’ in its modern sense in
    Bologna (Vai, 2003). So it was with the development of the Enlightenment, that ancient ideas were re-
    examined and new thoughts advanced. Bishop Nicolas Steno, the founder of modern geology,
    developed the concept of stratigraphy in Florence in 1669 with the principle of superposition. Then, in
    the late seventeenth century, René Descartes in France followed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in
    Germany formulated the hypothesis of the formation and development of our planet from vapor
    through molten rock to the solid surface (Holmes and Holmes, 1978).

    Geology is a discipline in which time plays a fundamental role. Indeed, it forms the very backbone of this
    discipline. Furthermore, as it covers a timespan of over 4 billion years, it is necessary to divide this time
    into separate intervals. The only record of Earth's history, its past time, is the rock record. And this rock
    record is subdivided into stratigraphic intervals of varying thickness and referred to by a hierarchal set of
    units (Erathems, Systems, Series and Stages). These material rock units (i.e. stratigraphic intervals) serve
    as the basis for the corresponding units of the Geologic Time Scale (Eras, Periods, Epochs, and Ages).
    These stratigraphic intervals are more or less thick, and they serve to establish correlations between
    different geographical terrains that are often very distant from one another. Since life spread over the
    Earth in abundance, 550 million years ago (Ma), Erathems, Systems, Series, and Stages are distinguished
    on the basis of their fossil content, and more generally by crises in the living world.

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