Text Book Of

Android Programming
For
B.C.A. Science : Semester - VI

As Per New Syllabus

Kamil Ajmal Khan

M.Sc. Computer Science
Assistant Professor, Computer application Department
Abeda Inamdar Senior College Pune

Dr. Ms. Manisha Bharambe

M.Sc (Comp. Sci.), M.Phil, Ph.D (Comp. Sci.)
Associate Professor, Computer Science Department
MES Abasaheb Garware College, Pune

Price ` 200.00

N3886
Android Programming ISBN 978-93-88897-20-4
First Edition : February 2019
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Syllabus...
1. Introduction to Android (06 L)
1.1 Overview
1.2 History
1.3 Features of Android
1.4 Architecture of Android
• Overview of Stack
• Linux Kernel
• Native Libraries
• Android Runtime
• Application Framework
• Applications
1.5 SDK Overview
• Platforms
• Tools – (JDK, SDK, Eclipse/Android Studio, ADT, AVD, Android Emulator)
• Versions
1.6 Creating your first Android Application
2. Activities, Fragments and Intents (09 L)
2.1 Introduction to Activities
2.2 Activity Lifecycle
2.3 Introduction to Intents
2.4 Linking Activities using Intents
2.5 Calling built-in applications using Intents
2.6 Introduction to Fragments
2.7 Adding Fragments Dynamically
2.8 Lifecycle of Fragment
2.9 Interaction between Fragments
3. Android User Interface (10 L)
3.1 Understanding the Components of a Screen
• Views and ViewGroups
• LinearLayout
• AbsoluteLayout
• TableLayout
• RelativeLayout
• FrameLayout
• Scrolllayout
• ScrollView
3.2 Adapting to Display Orientation
• Anchoring Views
• Resizing and Repositioning
3.3 Managing Changes to Screen Orientation
• Persisting State Information during changes in Configuration
• Detecting Orientation changes
• Controlling the Orientation of the Activity
3.4 Utilizing the Action Bar
• Adding Action Items to the Action Bar
• Customizing the Action Items and Application Icon
4. Designing Your User Interface with Views (10 L)
4.1 Using Basic Views
• TextView
• Button, ImageButton, EditText, CheckBox,
• ToggleButton, RadioButton, and RadioGroup Views
• ProgressBar View
• AutoCompleteTextView View
4.2 Using Picker Views
• TimePicker View
• DatePicker View
4.3 Using List Views to Display Long Lists
• ListView View
• Using the Spinner View
4.4 Understanding Specialized Fragments
• Using a ListFragment
• Using a DialogFragment
• Using a PreferenceFragment
5. Displaying Pictures and Menus (05 L)
5.1 Using Image Views to Display Pictures
• Gallery and ImageView Views
• Image Switcher
• Grid View
5.2 Using Menus with Views
• Creating the Helper Methods
• Options Menu
• Context Menu
6. Databases - SQLite (06 L)
6.1 Introduction to SQLite
6.2 SQLiteOpenHelper and SQLiteDatabase
6.3 Creating and Using Database
6.4 Working with Cursors
6.5 Building and executing queries
7. Messaging and E-mail (06 L)
7.1 SMS Messaging
• Sending SMS Messages Programmatically
• Getting Feedback after Sending a Message
• Sending SMS Messages Using Intent
• Receiving SMS Messages
• Caveats and Warnings
7.2 Sending E-mail
8. Location-Based Services and Google Map (08 L)
8.1 Display Google Maps
• Creating the Project
• Obtaining the Maps API Key
• Displaying the Map
• Displaying the Zoom Control
• Changing Views
• Navigating to a Specific Location
• Adding Markers
• Getting the Location that was Touched
• Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding
8.2 Getting Location Data
8.3 Monitoring a Location
Contents...

1. Introduction to Android 1.1 – 1.25

2. Activities, Fragments and Intents 2.1 – 2.31

3. Android User Interface 3.1 – 3.44

4. Designing Your User Interface with Views 4.1 – 4.32

5. Displaying Pictures and Menus 5.1 – 5.24

6. Databases - SQLite 6.1 – 6.24

7. Messaging and E-mail 7.1 – 7.22

8. Location-Based Services and Google Map 8.1 – 8.20

 CHAPTER
1
Introduction to Android
Contents…
1.1 Overview
1.2 History
1.3 Features of Android
1.4 Architecture of Android
1.4.1 Overview of Stack
1.4.2 Linux Kernel
1.4.3 Native Libraries
1.4.4 Android Runtime
1.4.5 Application Framework
1.4.6 Applications
1.5 SDK Overview
1.5.1 Android Platforms
1.5.2 Tools – (JDK, SDK, Eclipse/Android Studio, ADT, AVD, Android Emulator)
1.5.2.1 JDK (Java Development Kit)
1.5.2.2 SDK (Software Development Kit)
1.5.2.3 Android Studio
1.5.2.4 ADT (Android Development Tools)
1.5.2.5 AVD (Android Virtual Device)
1.5.2.6 Android Emulator
1.5.3 Versions of Android
1.6 Creating your first Android Application
Summary
Practice Questions

Objectives…
After reading this chapter you will be able,
• To learn Basic Concepts of Android Operating System
• To understand History, Versions and Architecture of Android Operating System
• To study JDK, SDK, ADT, Emulator in Android
• To study Android Studio with its Screen Elements
• To develop Android Applications using Android Studio

1.1 OVERVIEW
• Technology begets more technology, and new technologies proliferate with ever-increasing speed.
Some of these new technologies will survive beyond a few years, but most will not.
• There is little worse than investing time and energy in acquiring a new skill that is obsolete on arrival
or whose utility is short-lived. In this era, most of the people want to use smart devices for
communication, planning and organizing their schedule for their private and professional life.
1.1
Android Programming (BCA Science : VI) Introduction to Android

• These technologies are causing dramatic changes in the organization of information system. Android
has been changed in smart device market. Android is a new generation mobile OS which runs on
Linux kernel.

• Android device application developed is based on Java Programming. These codes are used to control
smart device via Google–enabled java libraries. It is an important platform to develop mobile device
application using software stack provided in the Google Android SDK.

• Android combines Operating System features like structured shared memory, preemptive multi-
tasking, Unix User Identifiers (UIDs) and file permission with Java language and its class library. The
Security platform is much better than J2ME or Blackberry Platforms.

• Programs can typically neither read nor write each other’s code. The software developers at mobile
development India have expertise in developing application based on Android java libraries.

• Android is an open-source operating system named Android Inc. Google has made the code for all the
low-level "stuff" as well as the needed middleware to power and use an electronic device, and gave
Android freely to anyone who wants to write code and build the operating system from it. There is
even a full application framework included, so third-party apps can be built and installed, then made
available for the user to run as they like.

1.2 HISTORY
• Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux
kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such
as smart phones and tablets.

• In addition, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and
Wear OS for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used
on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and other electronics.

• Initially developed by Andy Rubin founded Android Incorporation in Palo Alto, California, United
States in October, 2003, which Google bought in 2005, and Android was unveiled in 2007, with the
first commercial Android device launched in September 2008.

• The version history of the Android mobile began with the public release of the Android beta on
November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008.
Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) and it has seen a
number of updates to its base operating system since the initial release. OHA is a business alliance
that consist of 47 companies like Google, HTC, LG Electronics, Samsung Electronics etc. for developing
standard platforms for mobile technology.

• Versions 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names, although Android 1.1 was
unofficially known as Petit Four. Android code names are confectionery-themed and have been in
alphabetical order since 2009's Android 1.5 Cupcake, with the most recent major version being
Android 8.1 Oreo, released in December 2017.

• The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being
9.0 "Pie", released in August 2018. The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source
Project (AOSP), and is primarily licensed under the Apache License.

1.2
Android Programming (BCA Science : VI) Introduction to Android

1.3 FEATURES OF ANDROID

• Various features of Android are:
1. Application Framework:
Framework: It enables reuse and replacements of components.
2. Dalvik Virtual Machine:
Machine: It is optimized for mobile device.
3. Integrated Browser:
Browser: It is based on open source web kit engine.
4. Handset layouts:
layouts: Optimized Graphics:
Graphics: It is powered by a custom 2D graphics Library 3D Graphics
based on the OpenGL ES 1.0 Specification.
5. Storage: SQLite, a lightweight relational database.
6. Media Support: Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats like H.263, H.264
(in 3GP or MP4 container),MPEG‐ 4 SP,AMR, AMR‐ WB(in 3GP container), AAC, HE‐ AAC (in MP4 or
3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG,PNG,GIF, BMP.
7. Connectivity
Connectivity:
nnectivity: GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EVDO, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiFi.
8. Messaging
Messaging:: SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging also supports Android Cloud to Device
Messaging Framework (C2DM).
9. Multiple Language Support: Multiple Language Available in Android.
10. Additional Hardware Support:
Support: Android can use video/still cameras, touch screens, GPS,
accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers.
11. Multi
Multi--touch:
touch: Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in
handsets such as the HTC Hero.
12. Multitasking: Multitasking of applications is available.
13. Voice Based Features:
Features: Google search through voice has been available since initial release, voice
actions for calling, texting, navigation etc.
14. Android Market (Google Play): An online software store developed by Google for Android devices
allows users to browse and download apps published by third party developers, hosted on
Android Market.
15. Streaming Media Support: RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download,
Adobe Flash Streaming (RTP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are supported by the Flash 10.1
plugin.

1.4 ARCHITECTURE OF ANDROID

• Android architecture is structured in the form of a software stack of components such as Linux
Kernel, Libraries, Android Runtime Application Framework and Applications. These five component
assist with the operation and functionality of the Android architecture as a whole.

1.4.1 Overview of Stack

• Android operating system is a stack of software components. Main components of Android Operating
system Architecture or Software Stack are Linux Kernel, Libraries, Android Runtime, Application
Framework and Applications.

• On top of the Linux kernel, there are the middleware, libraries and APIs written in C/C++ and
application software running on an application framework which includes Java-compatible libraries.
Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android's other source code projects.

1.3
Android Programming (BCA Science : VI) Introduction to Android

Applications

Native Android Apps Third Party Apps

Application Framework

Activity Window Noti!cation View XMPP

Manager Manager Manager System Service

Location Package Resource Content Telephony

Manager Manager Manager Providers Manager

Libraries
Android Rumtime
SQLite WebKft OpenGL ES
Core
Surface Libraries
FreeType Media
Manager Framework
Dalvik Virtual
Machine
SSL SGL libc

Linux Kernel

Display WiFi Audio Binder (IPC) Bluatooth

Driver Driver Drivers Drivers Driver

Camera Power Process Memory Flash Memory

Driver Management Management Management Driver

Fig. 1.1: Architecture of Android (Layers in Android OS)

• An Android OS can be referred as a software stack of different layers, where every layer is a group of
several program components.
• The Android OS is roughly divided into five sections in four main layers:
Layer 1: Linux Kernel:
Kernel: Linux Kernel is the first layer, residing at the bottom of the architecture
and considered as to be the core layer. Linux Kernel is the kernel on which Android is based. This
layer contains all the low level device drivers for the various hardware components of an
Android device.
Layer 2: Libraries: This layer includes all the native libraries of Android. In this layer, native
2: Libraries:
libraries are developed/written in C/C++ languages to ensure smooth OS functionality when
accessing multiple apps at once. These libraries contain all the code that provides the main
features of an Android OS. For example, the SQLite library provides database support so that an
application can use it for data storage. The WebKit library provides functionalities for web
browsing.
nd
Android Runtime:
Runtime: At the same layer (2 Layer) as the libraries, the Android runtime provides a
set of core libraries that enable developers to write Android apps using the Java programming
language. This layer operates its own virtual environment. Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM), for
developing Android Apps.
1.4
Android Programming (BCA Science : VI) Introduction to Android

Layer 3: Application Framework: Exposes the various capabilities of the Android OS to application
developers so that they can make use of them in their applications.
Layer 4: Applications:
Applications: At this top layer, you will find applications that ship with the Android
device (such as Phone, Contacts, Browser, etc.), as well as applications that you download and
install from the Android Market. Any applications that you write are located at this layer.

1.4.2 Linux Kernel

• Positioned at the bottom of the Android software stack, the Linux Kernel provides a level of a
abstraction between the device hardware and the upper layers of the Android software stack.
• Android devices use the Linux kernel, but every phone uses their own version of it. Linux kernel
maintainers keep everything tidy and available, contributors (like Google) add or alter things to
better meet their needs, and the people making the hardware contribute as well, because they need to
develop hardware drivers for the parts they're using for the kernel version they are using.
• This is why it takes a while for independent Android developers and hackers to port new versions to
older devices and get everything working. Drivers written to work with one version of the kernel for
a phone might not work with a different version of software on the same phone.
• And that's important, because one of the kernel's main functions is to control the hardware. It's a
whole lot of source code, with more options while building it than you can imagine, but in the end it's
just the intermediary between the hardware and the software.
• When software needs the hardware to do anything, it sends a request to the kernel. From the
brightness of the screen, to the volume level, to initiating a call through the radio, even what's drawn
on the display is ultimately controlled by the kernel.
• Linux kernel is responsible for Device Drivers, Power Management, Memory Management, Device
Management and Resource Access.
Linux Kernel

Display WiFi Audio Binder (IPC) Bluetooth

Driver Driver Drivers Drivers Driver

Camera Power Process Memory Flash Memory

Driver Management Management Management Driver

Fig. 1.2: Linux Kernel

1.4.3 Native Libraries

• This category encompasses those Java-based libraries that are specific to Android development.
Examples of libraries in this category include the application framework libraries in addition to those
that facilitate user interface building, graphics drawing and database access.
• A summary of some key core Android libraries available to the Android developer is as follows:
1. android.app
android.app:: Provides access to the application model and is the cornerstone of all Android
applications.
2. android.content
android.content:: Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging between applications and
application components.
3. android.database
android.database:: Used to access data published by content providers and includes SQLite
database management classes.
4. android.opengl:
android.opengl: A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering API.
1.5
Android Programming (BCA Science : VI) Introduction to Android

5. android.os
android.os:: Provides applications with access to standard operating system services including
messages, system services and inter-process communication.
6. android.text:
android.text: Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.
7. android.view:
android.view: The fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.
8. android.widget
android.widget:: A rich collection of pre-built user interface components such as buttons, labels,
list views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.
9. android.webkit
android.webkit:: A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities to be built into
applications.
Libraries
Android Rumtime
SQLite WebKft OpenGL ES
Core
Surface Libraries
FreeType Media
Manager Framework
Dalvik Virtual
Machine
SSL SGL libc

Fig. 1.3: Native Libraries of Android

1.4.4 Android Runtime

• Android Runtime (ART) is the third section of the Android architecture and situated on the second
layer (Libraries). It provides a set of Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) and Core Libraries that enables
developers to write Android applications using Java.
1. Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM):
• The Android runtime also includes the Dalvik virtual machine, which enables every Android
application to run in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine (Android
applications are compiled into the Dalvik executables).
• Dalvik is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-
powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU.
2. Core Libraries:
• These are different from Java SE and Java ME libraries. But these libraries provide most of the
functionalities defined in the Java SE libraries.
(i) Data Structure
(ii) File Access
(iii) Network Access
(iv) Utilities
(v) Graphics

1.4.5 Application Framework

• The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to applications in the form of
Java classes. Application developers are allowed to make use of these services in their applications.
• The application framework is used by developers for developing applications.
• The application framework is a set of services that collectively form the environment in which
Android applications run and are managed. It manages User Interface (UI), application resources, and
abstraction for hardware access.

1.6