Technology in Society 67 (2021) 101766

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Technology in Society
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/techsoc

Green Supply Chain Management practices and impact on firm

performance: The moderating effect of collaborative capability
Sarminah Samad a, *, Mehrbakhsh Nilashi b, **, Ahmed Almulihi c, Mesfer Alrizq d,
Abdullah Alghamdi d, Saidatulakmal Mohd e, Hossein Ahmadi f,
Sharifah Nurlaili Farhana Syed Azhar b
a
Department of Business Administration, College of Business and Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
b
Centre for Global Sustainability Studies (CGSS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM Penang, Malaysia
c
Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
d
Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
e
Centre for Global Sustainability Studies & School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
f
OIM Department, Aston Business School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The environmental effects of supply chain operations are under the significant influence of Green Supply Chain
Green supply chain management Management (GSCM), with a potential enhancement of organizational sustainability performance. Even though
Manufacturer previous studies have pointed to the contribution of integration of various activities associated with GSCM, no
Moderator
investigations have been carried out for the possible interdependencies of these activities and their application
Firm’s performance
effects. Consequently, this paper aims at investigating the associations of GSCM methods and performance of
manufacturing firms using the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) as well as Institutional Theory. The
collected data from manufacturing firms were analyzed using the partial least squares technique. Accordingly,
mimetic, normative, and coercive pressures were found to affect GSCM positively and significantly. Moreover,
the GSCM and the firms’ environmental, operational and economic performances were found to be positively and
significantly associated. In addition, according to the moderation analysis, collaborative capabilities had sig­
nificant moderating effects on the association of green chain management and environmental as well as eco­
nomic performance. However, collaborative capabilities could not moderate the association of GSCM and
operational performance. Managers, supply chain specialists and also policy makers would benefit from the
findings of the present study along with the inspirations resulting from the contribution of specific drivers in
implementing GSCM methods, while application of the mentioned methods could be effective in achieving the
desired performance levels. Furthermore, industrial sectors are provided with managerial and theoretical insights
by the results obtained in the present paper to concentrate on environmental awareness through the adoption of
GSCM methods.

1. Introduction pressure from the rest of the world to promote Green Supply Chains
(GSC) and subsequently enhance their environmental as well as eco­
Governments, communities, and businesses regard environmental nomic performance [3–5]. In this regard, several different firms,
degradation as one of the critical concerns of the contemporary world particularly those which belong to large multinational corporates
[1]. According to Kaliani Sundram et al. [2], manufacturing industries experience higher levels of pressure from their shareholders to adopt
contribute significantly to this serious global challenge. Furthermore, as green strategies [6,7]. Moreover, as Eltayeb et al. [8] stated, the envi­
resources decrease and the problems associated with the environment ronment has gained a priority for the Malaysian government and general
increase, manufacturers of developing countries face considerable population. Accordingly, the integration of environmental strategies

* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Samad), [email protected] (M. Nilashi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101766
Received 15 October 2020; Received in revised form 22 September 2021; Accepted 22 September 2021
Available online 9 October 2021
0160-791X/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S. Samad et al. Technology in Society 67 (2021) 101766

into organizational strategic thinking is persistently observed across 2. Supply chain management and green supply chain
Malaysia to deal with this concern. Different environmental plans have management
been considered as an integrated part of the organization as well as
technological projects to introduce potential alternatives and obtain or 2.1. Supply chain management
keep competitive advantages [9]. Consequently, Green Supply Chain
Management (GSCM) can be efficient in combining the environment and By definition, a supply chain can be considered as a series of three or
Supply Chain Management (SCM) [10,11]. This concept has attracted more entities such as individuals or organizations with direct involve­
many scholars as a critical business procedure that improves ment in the downstream and upstream flows of finances, services,
eco-sustainability, helps to deal with the previously mentioned share­ products, and/or information from the source to customers [26]. Ac­
holders’ drivers, while achieving acceptable profits and meeting market cording to Ref. [27], the supply chain includes various sections which
share goals through reduction of environmental risks and influences are interested in satisfying a customer’s demand directly or indirectly.
[12]. Achieving GSC is among the important SCM issues, consisting of The eventual supply chain consists of the total number of organizations
the management of different aspects such as procuring, managing engaging in overall upstream and downstream flows of products, ser­
manufacturing materials, circulation, marketing, and reverse logistics vices, finances, and information from the eventual suppliers to the
[13,14]. Green et al. [15] have pointed out that adopting these strategies eventual customers [28]. More recently, managing several associations
by manufacturers would motivate higher environmental as well as in the supply chain has been considered as an SCM. It should be, how­
economic measures, leading to the promotion of operational and orga­ ever, noted that the supply chain does not mean a chain of businesses
nizational activities. Several research works on the GSCM have with one-to-one, business-to-business associations, and it rather means a
concentrated on identifying the central driving factors of the share­ network of several businesses and relations [29]. SCM can be regarded
holders and the impacts they have on adopting GSCM initiatives [12, as the coordination and management of a complicated network of ac­
16]. Furthermore, previous studies have examined the potential positive tivities carried out to deliver a finished product to the end-users or
relationship of adopting GSCM with firms’ performance and whether customers [30]. Three conventional steps can be mentioned for supply
implementing environmental GSCM strategies can result in the chains, including procuring, producing and distributing. Each step can
improvement of firm performance [11,17–20]. Nevertheless, there are include a variety of facilities in various regions worldwide [31]. SCM has
no conclusive studies on the effects of implementing strategies associ­ been applied by several manufacturers and retailers to enhance the
ated with the management of GSC on firms’ performance yet [15,21]. effectiveness of the value chain [32]. Manufacturers are currently
Various GSCM research has identified several internal and external GSC exploiting supplier advantages and technologies to support developing
initiative drivers [22–24], but there has been little research on the new products, and retailers are continuously integrating their physical
simultaneous examination of the effects of internal and external pres­ distribution functions with transport partners to achieve direct store
sures or drivers on GSCM initiatives. Yet, little consensus has been delivery or go beyond docking with no requirement to receive in­
achieved primarily because of limited experimental works on the factors spections [33]. The supply chain plays an essential role in any enter­
which moderate the associations of GSCM strategies and firms’ perfor­ prise’s major success [34]. SCM in terms of food and healthcare supply
mance, resulting in unclear and uncertain results. Moreover, Zhu, et al. chains has also been a significant issue during disaster conditions such as
[25] indicated that the application of GSCM needs significant internal the COVID-19 pandemic [35].
and external coordination. Since few studies have been carried out on
the adoption of GSCM and given the misconceptions regarding its as­ 2.2. Green supply chain management
sociation with other external forces, the present paper has tried to deal
with this problem. Accordingly, the present study has integrated Insti­ The green concept has been widely applied to various fields [36].
tutional Theory (INT) and the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) to The addition of the concept of ‘green’ to SCM includes dealing with the
examine the ways through which enterprises are motivated by internal effects and associations of SCM and the environmental context [37].
and external drivers toward the implementation of GSCM strategies. The Like SCM, the limits of GSCM depend on the investigators’ objectives
suggested study has examined the moderating effects of collaborative [38]. GSCM with environmental sustainability has developed as a sig­
capabilities amongst GSCM strategies and firms’ performance. There­ nificant philosophy of organizations toward the achievement of orga­
fore, the present paper is expected to identify the exact series of GSCM nizational profits and market share goals through reduction of
strategies which will probably improve the performance of environmental risks and effects along with improvement of environ­
manufacturing firms regarding the environment, operations, and per­ mental effectiveness of the organizations and their partners [39]. GSCM
formance in a single context. Consequently, the main objectives of the decreases the ecologic effects of activities in industries, enhances energy
paper are as follows: consumption efficacy as well as collaboration amongst business part­
ners, and leads to organizational strength. Moreover, environmental
i. Development of a research framework to examine the effects of performance and the corporate green image are enhanced, while waste
GSCM on firms’ operational performance, environmental perfor­ is minimized [40]. Based on Diabat and Govindan [41], GSCM is
mance, and economic performance, while investigating the moder­ composed of a series of environmental management strategies that can
ating effects of collaborative capabilities between GSCM and firms’ be beneficial for logistics management and their design aims at incor­
performance. porating environmental issues into forward and reverse logistics. In­
ii. Evaluation of the outcomes obtained based on the experiences of stances of GSCM strategies are the reduction of packaging and waste, the
manufacturing firms in Malaysia. assessment of suppliers according to environmental performance, the
development of more environmentally friendly productions, and the
The organization of this paper is in the following form. Section 2 is reduction in carbon emissions related to the transportation of products
allocated to supply chains and GSCM. Then, Section 3 refers to the [42]. The most common GSCM strategies include organizations that
theoretical frameworks and develops the research hypotheses. Sections evaluate the environmental performance of their suppliers, require
4 and 5 represent the methods used in the study and data analysis along suppliers to consider measures that focus on their products’ environ­
with the results obtained. Sections 6 and 7 respectively present the mental quality, and evaluate the costs of waste in their operations [43].
discussions and research implications, while Section 8 has considered The emergence of GSCM as a critical innovation has helped organi­
the limitations and future studies. Finally, Section 9 is allocated to the zations with the development of “win-win” procedures which result in
conclusions. profit and market share goals through the reduction of environmental
risks and effects, with a simultaneous increase in their environmental

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effectiveness [44]. Nevertheless, GSCM strategies can also expand over higher sustainability significantly [62]. This is while coercive pressure
the whole value chain, including suppliers to consumers in cases where has a positive relationship with internal environmental management
organizations give the buyers necessary information on ways to decrease procedures, and less coercive pressures indicate positive associations
their effects on the natural circumstances. Each action can potentially with external GSCM strategies [63]. Moreover, institutional pressures
decrease the direct and indirect organizational final products’ effects on moderate the associations of management and suppliers along with their
the environment [45]. Manufacturers have started the implementation effects on the environmental performance [64]. Therefore, the strong
of GSCM strategies in reaction to customers’ demands for products and argument is that the Institutional Theory is supposed to be chosen
services with environmental sustainability and produced with the use of among the overall organizational theories as the second one, due to its
environmentally friendly and sustainable methods, while governmental considerable fitness in explaining the social and environmental aspects
regulations associated with the environment are also taken into account of the supply chain’s sustainability performance.
[15]. Firms have become more environmentally conscious in their
supply chains in order to reduce waste, preserve the quality of products’ 3.3. Coercive pressure and green supply chain management
lives, and conserve natural resources in order to provide better service to
customers [46]. According to Wei et al. [47], GSCM inside the circular The conceptual model of the study is represented in Fig. 1. Coercive
economy contributes significantly to the growth of manufacturing in­ pressure can be described as those pressures imposed on firms by others
dustries. In Ref. [48], the authors found that the use of renewable energy on which the firms depend [56]. Coercive isomorphism can be associ­
in logistics operations can improve economic and environmental per­ ated with both formal and informal pressures imposed on firms by others
formance to reduce emissions. In addition, the authors in Ref. [49] such as buyers, governmental institutes, regulatory standards, and so on,
reveal that green logistics and renewable energy have a positive rela­ because of what is expected from society [56,64]. Regulatory standards
tionship. Furthermore, it has been found that there are significant effects are normally regarded as the most important source of external impacts
of renewable energy consumption on international trade and environ­ on firms’ GSCM functions [65], while coercive pressures are typically
mental sustainability [50]. significant factors that affect environmental management strategies.
Research in the German context has shown that the current and expected
3. Theoretical framework and hypothesis development regulations stimulate firms to decrease air, water, and noise emissions
along with avoiding the use of dangerous materials and improving
3.1. Natural Resource-Based View products recyclability [66]. Reviewing the available GSCM research,
Sarkis, et al. [57] examined the effects of changing the regulatory
Integration of the natural environment’s challenges within a theo­ environment, by introducing regulations like the European Community
retical framework was carried out by Hart [51] who introduced the Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment on the ways
natural-resource-based view or NRBV. Preventing pollution, products through which organizations get involved in GSCM and their associated
stewardship, and sustainable development were regarded as inter­ functions. Furthermore, Lopes de Sousa Jabbour et al. [67] stated that
connected methods that need critical resources and play an important the firms which experience considerable governmental regulations will
role in sustainable competitive advantages. According to the firms’ face more possibilities for adopting GSC initiatives, including environ­
natural-resource-based view, the organizational resources and capabil­ mentally friendly measures. Consequently, the following hypothesis is
ities contribute significantly to the success of environmental supply raised:
chain strategies management [51,52]. The NRBV argues that the
H1. Coercive pressure affects the GSCM strategies of the
application of a special series of strategies in line with proactive ap­
manufacturing firms positively.
proaches to environmental management will be capable of enhancing
organizational performance [53,54]. In addition, Graham and Potter
3.4. Normative pressure and green supply chain management
[55] supported the NRBV proposition with an examination of the rela­
tionship between environmental proactivity, environmental strategies,
Normative drivers indicate the pressures which come from social
and performance in the UK food industries. The ways through which
groups, end-users, and downstream supply chain partners [68,69].
GSCM methods could make organizations capable of improving both
Moreover, as Saeed et al. [70] have stated, normative pressures are
economic and environmental performance were illustrated by this the­
considered the main predictors of adopting GSCM, particularly in
ory along with the use of this conceptual framework as a lens to perform
developing nations. Organizations usually experience the pressure
the analyses.
imposed by the end customers and shoppers given their good interper­
sonal relations in a developed context. Besides, organizations may be
3.2. Institutional theory
affected by consumers’ behaviors at the time of making service and
product purchases with minimum ecologic as well as environmental
Based on the institutional theory, three institutional isomorphic
effects due to their green designs, products, and manufacturing pro­
pressures including normative, coercive, and mimetic pressures can
cesses [71,72]. In addition, cooperation between firms, suppliers, and
affect organizational competitive coordination with the environment
customers can be facilitated through GSC initiatives, minimizing the
[56,57]. Accordingly, a perspective is provided by the theory for re­
impacts of organizational functions on the environment [22]. Corpo­
searchers to examine the effects of influencing factors on the promotion
rates will adopt organizational strategies in order to gain the capability
of organizational procedures and cultural context [56]. In this regard,
of conforming to social legitimacy derived from normative pressures
the effects of social, political, and economic factors in organizational
[25]. Furthermore, as Lee [73] and Walker et al. [42] have posited,
contexts on its procedures and decision-making methods are described
normative pressures and GSCM monitoring and cooperation adoption
[58]. These three factors perform as the underlying forces for the
are positively related. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
organizational actions to enhance the social and environmental sus­
tainability strategies to obtain higher levels of legitimacy along with the H2. Normative pressures affect the GSCM strategies of manufacturers
brand value [59]. Based on several current research works, a variety of positively.
standards have been introduced for the adoption of GSCM taking the
type of institutional pressure imposed into account [60]. 3.5. Mimetic pressure and green supply chain management
It is currently well known that organizational pressure may stimulate
manufacturers toward adoption of special GSCM strategies [25,59,61], Corporates imitate their competing institutions as a result of mimetic
including mimetic pressures which affect the evolution of suppliers’ institutional pressures, and this can be a normal reaction to uncertain

3
S. Samad et al. Technology in Society 67 (2021) 101766

Fig. 1. Proposed model.

conditions [56]. Mimetic pressures may be associated with competitive on the environmental performance of manufacturing firms [41,79].
standards and rules, particularly competitors which seem to be imitated Therefore, the Hypothesis 4 is formed as follows:
to at least keep the existing competitive conditions [63]. Based on
H4. GSCM strategies are positively related to environmental
mimetic pressures, the functions of successful competitors such as green
performance.
and social champions are followed by other firms. Accordingly, imita­
tion of the environmental and social strategies of green and social
champions would be inevitable to precede the competitors. In this re­ 3.7. Green supply chain management practices and operational
gard, as the level of sustainable strategies taken by firms in the source performance
country increases, the pressures for the implementation of these stra­
tegies will increase as well [62]. Previous studies [60,74] have indicated Operational performance is associated with the effectiveness of the
that mimetic pressures have potentially positive effects on the firms’ firms’ operational factors, including reduced scrap rates and delivery
willingness toward the implementation of GSCM. Therefore, Hypothesis times, lower inventory levels, as well as better employment of the ca­
3 is formed as follows: pacities [80]. Three important criteria can be considered for production
corporates concentrating on the improvement of their operational per­
H3. Mimetic pressures affect the GSCM strategies of the manufacturers formance, consisting of customer satisfaction, flexibility of suppliers,
positively. and interaction with them, along with internal service quality [72,81,
82]. Adopting GSCM strategies would lead to higher effectiveness of the
procedures and waste recycling, avoiding penalties from the govern­
3.6. Green supply chain management practices and environmental ment’s environmental department, disposal expenses, and more future
performance compatibility costs [83]. A significant number of researchers in the
emerging economies of Asia have concluded that GSCM strategies and
Embracing the concept of sustainability, particularly the Triple operational performance are positively related [83–85]. Green et al.
Bottom Line (TBL), which includes corporate economic, environmental, [15] stated that adopting GSCM strategies by manufacturers would
and social performance, is currently required for the successful opera­ result in the improvement of environmental as well as economic per­
tion of businesses [75]. The environmental performance shows typical formance that can subsequently have positive effects on operational
concerns about reducing energy consumption and decreased the pro­ performance. Organizational performance is enhanced by operational
duction of waste, pollution, and emissions. Furthermore, relating the performance. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be formed:
supply chain performance to the manufacturing firms, the environ­
mental performance consisted of decreasing air emissions, water, and H5. GSCM strategies are positively related to operational
solid wastes, along with a reduction in consuming dangerous substances performance.
[18,76]. Considerable perspective can be found in the improvement of
the environmental performance of manufacturing firms via environ­ 3.8. Green supply chain management practices and economic
mental management procedures, including GSCM and green innovation performance
strategies [77]. Implementing GSCM leads to the improvement of
environmental performance both for corporations and for the suppliers Economic performance reflects the financial and marketing perfor­
that follow the environmental regulations [78]. Prior research has mance enhancement as a result of green strategies implementation with
indicated that green purchasing and environmental collaboration stim­ the subsequent improvement of the organizational conditions in com­
ulate suppliers and customers to act more environmentally friendly and parison with the industrial average [86]. Economic performance can be
reduce their unsustainable behaviors that may result in positive effects considered a significant motive for organizations for the implementation

4
S. Samad et al. Technology in Society 67 (2021) 101766

of environmental management strategies. Prior literature indicates that represented in Table 1 based on the study variables.
successful dealing with environmental issues can lead to new chances of
competition, along with new ways of adding value to central business 4.2. Measurement of variables
programs [25,87]. Zhu and Sarkis [88] concluded that GSCM strategies
adoption and environmental as well as economic performance were The constructs covered in the present study include coercive,
positively related. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was mimetic, and normative pressures, environmental performance, GSCM
examined by Ref. [89], concluding that GSCM would enhance both strategies, operational performance, collaborative capabilities, and
environmental and economic performance. Overall, according to what economic performance. For the assessment of GSCM strategies, in­
was discussed and the studies reviewed, the following hypothesis can be dicators employed in previous studies were used [13,39,61,86,94,
formed: 96–102]. The design of the survey items aimed at eliciting the re­
H6. GSCM Strategies are positively related to economic performance. spondents’ agreement or disagreement based on a 5-point Likert scale
including a number of assertions concerning the five main drivers at a
3.9. Collaborative capability range of complete disagreement = 1 to complete agreement = 5.

According to Dyer and Singh [90], have stated cooperating firms are 5. Data analysis and results
capable of generating relational rents which seem to be a supernormal
profit produced by cooperation in an exchange relationship that cannot Application of PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares Structural Equation
be gained by each of the firms alone and its creation is just possible with Modeling) with the Smart-PLS 3 program aimed at testing the research
the mutual idiosyncratic collaborations of the determined alliance hypotheses and building a theoretical model Hair Jr et al. [103]. The
partners. These associations assist firms in the reduction of transaction PLS-SEM analysis part consists of measuring validity and testing the
costs and lead to sustainable competitive conditions in totally uncertain hypotheses.
business contexts [91]. Furthermore, according to Schreiner and Corsten
[92], organization-wide capabilities reflect the emphasis on the fact that 5.1. Measurement model testing
collaborative capabilities should not be restricted to individuals or
specific functions, while their presence in all related departments and Cronbach’s alpha has been applied for the assessment of the reli­
their employees seems essential. Different firms have aimed at maxi­ ability of all the constructs along with the validity of the data. The values
mizing the investment recovery value by the collaboration of obtained for the whole dataset were in a range of 0.755–0.832 (Table 2),
closed-loop supply chain members [93]. Choi and Hwang [94] stated indicating values that exceeded the 0.70 threshold proposed by Hair Jr
that efficient GSCM practices implementation is capable of enhancing et al. [103]. The composite reliability, factor loadings, and AVE or
the environment as well as the financial performance of organizations. Average Variance Extracted of all items were utilized for the assessment
Their study concluded that organizations could improve their financial of convergent validity. The Composite Reliabilities (CR) of the con­
performance through ensuring the collaborative involvement of their structs exceeding 0.8 indicated good internal consistency reliability of
partners in GSCM strategies implementation. Accordingly, the next hy­ the scales [103]. The AVE for each construct exceeded 0.5, indicating
potheses are formed as follows: acceptance of the convergent validity [104].
Moreover, an assessment of discriminant validity was performed
H7a. Collaborative capabilities moderate the association of GSCM and
through a comparison of the square root of every construct’s AVE with
environmental performance.
its correlation coefficients with other constructs. In the case where the
H7b. Collaborative capabilities moderate the association of GSCM and square root was the highest in comparison with its correlation coef­
operational performance. ficients with other constructs in the model, the construct had acceptable
discriminant validity [104]. According to Table 3, all constructs in the
H7c. Collaborative capabilities moderate the association of GSCM and
study model satisfied these conditions and indicated acceptable
economic performance.
discriminant validity.
Examination of the constructs’ discriminant validity was also carried
4. Research methodology
out by analyzing the indicators’ loadings as well as cross-loadings. A
cross-loading table indicates high loadings of the measurement items on
4.1. Data collection and samples
their theoretically allocated factors, not on other factors [105]. The
cross-loadings in Table 4 indicate that each item’s loading on its allo­
The quantitative approach was utilized as the research design with
cated construct is higher, with another construct satisfying this
the use of survey questionnaires. Collection of the required data was
performed across different Malaysian manufacturing corporations. Ac­
cording to Kaliani Sundram et al. [2], manufacturing industries are Table 1
Demographic profiles of respondents.
among the major contributing factors to environmental deterioration.
Consequently, the present paper aimed at identifying the correct series Characteristics Number of respondents (n = 183) Percentage
of green strategies which have the potential of enhancing the perfor­ Area of manufacturing
mance of manufacturing firms regarding environmental, economic, and Electric & Electronic 118 43.70%
operational performance. In this regard, Malaysian manufacturing firms Chemical & Plastics 79 29.26%
Wood & Paper 12 4.44%
were selected as the target population. Questionnaires were utilized to Textile 14 5.19%
collect the required data for the study. A number of 550 respondents Food & Beverage 31 11.48%
received the questionnaires through emails according to the addresses Machinery and Metal industries 16 5.93%
taken from the FMM Directory. A combination of response-rate Age
41 15.18%
improvement strategies including second e-mails, follow-up calls, and <30
31–45 132 48.89%
hand deliveries, was provided for the respondents to increase the >45 97 35.93%
response rate. Eventually, following a two-month interval, 270 Job Positions
completed questionnaires were returned to the researchers. Based on CIO or vice president 19 7.04%
Hair et al. [95], the sample size was enough to test the research hy­ Head of department 97 35.92%
Mid-level manager 154 57.04%
potheses. The information of the participants’ demographics is

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S. Samad et al. Technology in Society 67 (2021) 101766

Table 2 hypotheses showed significance except for H7b. Based on the results
Constructs’ reliability and convergent validity. obtained, coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures could signifi­
Constructs Indicator Outer Composite Cronbach’s AVE cantly affect the GSCM. Furthermore, GSCM has had a significant impact
loading Reliability Alpha on environmental, operational, and economic performance. Considering
(CR) the moderating effects of collaborative capabilities on GSCM and envi­
Coercive CP1 0.755 0.881 0.832 0.597 ronmental, operational, as well as economic performance, collaborative
Pressure CP2 0.776 capabilities moderated the association of GSCM and environmental
CP3 0.754 performance and economic performance. However, collaborative ca­
CP4 0.811
CP5 0.765
pabilities could not moderate the association of GSCM and operational
Collaborative CC1 0.735 0.845 0.755 0.578 performance.
Capability CC2 0.708
CC3 0.829 6. Discussion
CC4 0.763
Economic ECP1 0.751 0.851 0.767 0.588
Performance ECP2 0.801 Many manufacturing firms, particularly those in developing coun­
ECP3 0.797 tries such as Malaysia, are primarily concerned with avoiding economic
ECP4 0.715 risks; as a result, proactive organizations are willing to seek improve­
Environmental EP1 0.805 0.867 0.796 0.621 ments in their economic performance through the implementation of
Performance EP2 0.814
EP3 0.786
environmental management strategies such as GSCM. The present study
EP4 0.744 focused on hypothesizing and empirical testing of a model which could
GSCM Practices GSCMP1 0.783 0.885 0.826 0.658 explain the associations between GSCM strategies and manufacturers’
GSCMP2 0.843 performance. The obtained results supported the claim that coercive
GSCMP3 0.823
pressures and GSCM had positive correlations (β = 0.5, t-value =
GSCMP4 0.794
Mimetic MP1 0.741 0.877 0.812 0.642 10.067, p < 0.001), which was in agreement with the first hypothesis
Pressure MP2 0.883 consistent with the findings of prior literature finding that the pressures
MP3 0.815 from the local government, universal limitations, and competitors
MP4 0.758 stimulate corporates toward implementation of GSC initiatives [71,72].
Normative NP1 0.851 0.863 0.761 0.677
Subject to coercive pressures, the governmental and regulatory in­
Pressure NP2 0.84
NP3 0.776 stitutes would possibly interfere and affect corporations by following the
Operational OP1 0.812 0.863 0.765 0.678 current regulations [106]. These guidelines/directives and regulations
Performance OP2 0.808 impose coercive institutional pressures on firms toward the imple­
OP3 0.849
mentation of GSCM, and may stimulate innovative environmental stra­
tegies and initiatives as well [40]. It is important to note that
condition and demonstrating acceptable discriminant validity. organizations’ compliance with environmental guidelines/directives
and regulations is essential or they may encounter the threat of the
5.2. Structural model assessment government imposing legal actions, punishments, or even elimination
from the market. Based on the empirical findings of the study, normative
Examination of path coefficients (PLS results), along with p-values as pressures affected GSCM significantly (β = 0.287, t-value = 5.445, p <
well as t-statistics (bootstrapping results) was carried out for hypothesis 0.001), which confirmed H2. These findings are consistent with the
testing (Table 5). Assessment of the strength of the associations between previous studies [80], indicating that Chinese manufacturing firms were
the dependent and independent variables was performed by considering growingly faced with normative, coercive, and mimetic pressures to­
the path loadings. The bootstrap estimations provided in this paper have ward implementation of GSCM strategies, although despite the imposed
been according to 5000 bootstrap samples [103], and the model was pressures, the progress of adoption still lagged. Thus, normative pres­
able to explain 68% of the variance in GSCM, 35.3% of the variance in sures make organizations comply with social legitimacy issues in orga­
environmental performance, 55.2% of the variance in operational per­ nizational strategies. External stakeholders with direct or indirect
formance, and 30% of economic performance’ variance. The results of interests in the organizational context can impose such pressures.
examining the hypotheses are summarized in Table 5. Furthermore, the Customer and market conditions, including social norms and their
moderating effects of collaborative capabilities on the above associa­ growing environmental expectations, make up the main normative
tions have also been tested. All direct hypotheses showed positive and pressures for manufacturing firms toward the implementation of the
statistical significance in the expected direction. The results obtained GSCM in Malaysia.
from path assessments, including β, t-value, and p-value, were used to Based on the analysis results, mimetic pressures had positive and
validate or reject the hypotheses. Table 5 and Fig. 2 indicate the path significant effects on GSCM, supporting H3 of the study (β = 0.156, t-
coefficient results along with the significance level of the associations in value = 3.04, p < 0.01). This is consistent with the findings of González-
the structural model. Benito and González-Benito [107] who stated that the pressure from
According to Table 5 and based on the hypotheses results, eight competitors, NGOs, and other entities would explain the adoption of

Table 3
Fornell-Larcker criterion analysis.
CP CC ECP EP GSCM MP NP OP

CP 0.773
CC 0.725 0.76
ECP 0.398 0.482 0.767
EP 0.541 0.548 0.421 0.788
GSCM 0.764 0.67 0.517 0.537 0.811
MP 0.594 0.606 0.492 0.586 0.628 0.801
NP 0.598 0.587 0.482 0.556 0.681 0.613 0.823
OP 0.628 0.734 0.404 0.567 0.578 0.58 0.536 0.823

6
S. Samad et al. Technology in Society 67 (2021) 101766

Table 4
Loading and cross-loading of measure.

environmentally friendly strategies, including the selection of green management and environmental performance. According to Testa and
suppliers. Moreover, Sancha, et al. [62] pointed out that mimetic pres­ Iraldo [109], the increase in committed forms toward the creation of
sures could affect sustainable supplier development strategies positively social and environmental values would make measuring and evaluating
and significantly. Consequently, mimetic institutional isomorphic pres­ environmental performance more critical compared to the past. Mean­
sures motivate corporates toward imitation of their successful compet­ while, Rao [110] concluded that undertaking GSCM initiatives by the
itors through the adoption of GSCM strategies which may promote their leading edge firms would improve their economic performance on one
competitive status. To put it simply, the pressure from competitors may hand while encouraging the undertaking of these initiatives by the
facilitate evaluation of manufacturers’ recent environmental strategies suppliers on the other hand, which can subsequently result in more
and improve their environmental management mechanisms. desirable environmental performance and competitive advantages.
Furthermore, according to the results, GSCM had positive and sig­ Thus, achieving fundamental environmental performance may be
nificant effects on environmental performance (β = 0.537, t-value = 10, possible through the elimination of waste, energy-saving, and the
p < 0.01), supporting H4 of the study. This finding is consistent with the reduction of pollution as well as emissions.
results obtained by Kung et al. [108] who carried out the analysis of the According to the study results, GSCM has significant effects on the
responses to a questionnaire filled out by 118 participants in Taiwanese operational performance (β = 0.579, t-value = 10.583, p < 0.01). Ac­
manufacturing industries to examine the association of green cording H5 was confirmed. Consistent with the results, Qorri, et al.

7
S. Samad et al. Technology in Society 67 (2021) 101766

Table 5 7.964, p < 0.01), supporting H6. These findings are in agreement with
Results of hypotheses testing. the findings of Wu et al. [114], who found that recovery and recycling of
Hypothesis Path T P Results the used productions were considered as the primary influencing factors
Coefficient Statistics Values on the economic performance. In the same line, Khan and Qianli [20]
H1: Coercive Pressure - > 0.5 10.067 0** Supported concluded that green purchase is a significant contributor to firms’
GSCM Practices economic performance in the manufacturing corporations of the United
H2: Normative Pressure - > 0.287 5.445 0** Supported States. Thus, positive economic values are generated by the economic
GSCM Practices performance of the manufacturing industries regarding the decrease in
H3: Mimetic Pressure - > 0.156 3.048 0.001** Supported
GSCM Practices
the costs of energy consumption, purchase of materials, treatment of
H4: GSCM Practices - > 0.537 10 0** Supported waste, and disposal release. Eventually, according to the empirical re­
Environmental sults, collaborative capabilities moderated the association of GSCM and
Performance environmental performance (β = 0.098, t-value = 2.022, p < 0.05), and
H5: GSCM Practices - > 0.579 10.583 0** Supported
economic performance (β = 0.154, t-value = 2.085, p < 0.05) signifi­
Operational Performance
H6: GSCM Practices - > 0.518 7.964 0** Supported cantly, supporting H7a and H7c. However, insignificant moderating
Economic Performance effects of collaborative capabilities regarding GSCM and operational
H7a: GSCM × Collaborative 0.098 2.022 0.043* Supported performance were found (p > 0.05), rejecting H7b. This finding is
Capability - > consistent with prior research [94], indicating that firms’ collaborative
Environmental
Performance
capabilities can moderate the association of GSCM strategies and firm
H7b: GSCM × Collaborative 0.044 0.51 0.61 Not- performance.
Capability - > Operational Supported
Performance 7. Implications for theory and practice
H7c: GSCM × Collaborative 0.154 2.085 0.037* Supported
Capability - > Economic
Performance The adoption of green technology is a major global challenge that has
motivated enterprises to continue to increase their green potential and
Note: Significance level = * <0.05, ** <0.01.
to use innovative green processes for improved organizational perfor­
mance. It has been revealed that the economic performance of a com­
[111] stated that GSCM strategies and operational performance were pany can be positively improved in numerous ways by green supply
positively and significantly associated. De Sousa Jabbour et al. [112] chain practices. According to the NRBV and institutional theories, the
also found that GSCM strategies of organizations with customers affect associations of GSCM and firms’ performance were examined in the
the indicators of operational performance positively and significantly. present study and the results had some theoretical as well as practical
Moreover, Ketokivi and Schroeder [113] concluded that measurement implications for GSC. Little research has taken the effects of GSCM on
of operational performance is typically based on a combination of firms’ performance into account, which is particularly true in the
different performance aspects, suggesting a bias toward the global Malaysian context, as a developing country. The combined institutional
applicability of manufacturing strategies. Therefore, it is suggested that theory and the NRBV made a better understanding of the associations of
corporations with the highest integration of GSC into their upstream external drivers possible, including coercive, normative, and mimetic
suppliers and downstream customers are capable of achieving higher pressures along with firms’ performance consisting of environmental,
levels of operational performance. It was also shown that GSCM and operational, and economic performance while examining the applica­
economic performance are related significantly (β = 0.518, t-value = tion of GSCM strategies. Based on the obtained results, the operational

Fig. 2. Result of hypotheses testing.

8
S. Samad et al. Technology in Society 67 (2021) 101766

performance had the highest influence on the implementation of the as natural resources degradation. The present study sought to play a role
GSCM strategies. Thus, operational performance promotes the perfor­ in this area through an investigation of the factors in the association of
mance of organizations with subsequent customers’ satisfaction. As a GSCM methods and firm performance in Malaysian manufacturing
result, manufacturers whose GSC are more integrated with their up­ firms. The paper has considered survey data from 270 Malaysian cor­
stream suppliers and downstream customers will obtain higher levels of porates and examined how the internal and external drivers would affect
operational performance. Moreover, the positive relationship between the GSCM. Based on the obtained results, the internal and external
GSCM and operational performance is consistent with the increasing drivers could both significantly predict the firms’ tendency toward
number of studies that advocate the natural-resource-based view of development and participation in GSCM strategies. Moreover, the cur­
firms [51]. Consequently, firms which implement GSCM would be rent work extended previous GSCM studies through development and
capable of developing innovative strategies to address environmental empirical examination of a thorough research model which investigates
problems and customer pressures, with the subsequent promotion of the the associations of the institutional pressures, including coercive,
firms’ operational processes. Another key aspect driving green supply mimetic, as well as normative pressures and GSCM along with the re­
chain uptake seems to be economic performance. Economic perfor­ lationships of GSCM and environmental, operational, and economic
mance evaluations of various groups in the industries have shown that performance aspects. In particular, the paper has examined the moder­
an industry of the lowest environmental value is generally far less ating contribution of collaborative capabilities on the impacts of GSCM
profitable than others. Managers in business therefore need to develop strategy on firms’ performance. Furthermore, it was found that coercive,
ways to deal with current environmental problems in order to control mimetic, and normative pressures were significantly and positively
contamination and conserve natural resources. correlated with GSCM, while GSCM methods and environmental, oper­
Regarding managerial implications, valuable insights can be pro­ ational, and economic performance dimensions were also positively and
vided for the manufacturing firms related to the ways to improve their significantly associated. There were also significant moderating impacts
performance through the implementation of GSCM practices. As an of collaborative capabilities on environmental and economic perfor­
instance, understanding the structural associations of the internal as mance dimensions. It is interesting to note that collaborative capabilities
well as external dimensions of GSCM implementation seems essential, did not show moderating effects on the associations of GSCM and
along with ensuring coordinating their corresponding activities to come operational performance. Accordingly, supply chain managers are
to more desirable environmental and operational performance capable of identifying GSCM strategies which result in favorable firm
regarding the achievement of the economic gains. The experimental performance with the use of the obtained results. Moreover, the signif­
results have provided implications for the governmental sectors together icant contribution of GSCM strategy development to manufacturing
with practitioners regarding the motivation of the effective environ­ organizations can also be demonstrated, serving as a new strategic
mental management strategies inside and across the firms. Besides, procedure for managers in the field.
successful corporations in green supply chain efforts can obtain the
market niche advantages on one hand, while becoming the industrial Credit author statement
leaders of GSCM on whose guidance others may rely, on the other hand.
Accordingly, managers would be capable of strengthening their orga­ Sarminah Samad: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology,
nizational power considering supply chains. Thus, a more comprehen­ Investigation, Software, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – orig­
sive GSCM strategies understanding along with figuring out their inal draft, Writing – review & editing, Validation. Mehrbakhsh Nilashi:
associations with the use of logical structures would be beneficial in Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Software,
better prioritization and targeting the resources more effectively, while Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – re­
more efficient communications or successful engagement with other view & editing, Validation. Ahmed Almulihi: Conceptualization, Writing
suppliers would become also possible. – review & editing, Validation. Mesfer Alrizq: Conceptualization,
Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Validation. Abdullah
8. Limitations and future studies Alghamdi: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Visualization.
Saidatulakmal Mohd: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing,
Even though the present study sought to come up with potential Validation. Hossein Ahmadi: Conceptualization, Writing – review &
insights for future works, there are several limitations as well. For editing, Validation. Sharifah Nurlaili Farhana Syed Azhar: Conceptual­
instance, a merely quantitative approach has been adopted here, while a ization, Writing – review & editing, Validation.
mixed-methods approach could also be valuable, given that triangula­
tion of the results would be possible through it and deeper insights into Acknowledgements
the associations of GSCM and institutional pressures could also be pro­
vided. Furthermore, the collected data for this paper was limited to This research was supported by two grants. This research was funded
Malaysian manufacturing firms, resulting in possible challenges to by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdul­
generalizing the results. Employment of samples in other industrial rahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program.
fields or from other countries can help in the verification of the study Also, this research was made possible by a genours fund awarded to the
results. In addition, the GSCM internal and external factors were studied third author from the deanship of scientific research at Taif University,
from the firms’ INT and NRBV perspectives. However, more studies are Taif, Saudi Arabia under the Taif University researchers supporting
needed for the examination of other influencing factors in the GSCM project No. TURSP-2020/344.
strategies within the same industries. Moreover, the moderating effects
of collaborative capabilities were considered in this paper, while the References
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