Moment

MomentDistribution Method
Distribution Method
2
Objectives:
Definition of stiffness, carry over factor, distribution factor. Analysis of continuous beams without
support yielding – Analysis of continuous beams with support yielding – Analysis of portal
frames – Naylor’s method of cantilever moment distribution – Analysis of inclined frames –
Analysis of Gable frames.

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The end moments of a redundant framed structure are determined by using the classical
methods, viz. Clapeyron’s theorem of three moments, strain energy method and slope
deflection method. These methods of analysis require a solution of set of simultaneous
equations. Solving equations is a laborious task if the unknown quantities are more
than three in number. In such situations, the moment distribution method developed by
Professor Hardy Cross is useful. This method is essentially balancing the moments at
a joint or junction. It can be described as a method which gives solution by successive
approximations of slope deflection equations.
In the moment distribution method, initially the structure is rigidly fixed at
every joint or support. The fixed end moments are calculated for any loading under
consideration. Subsequently, one joint at a time is then released. When the moment is
released at the joint, the joint moment becomes unbalanced. The equilibrium at this joint
is maintained by distributing the unbalanced moment. This joint is temporarily fixed
again until all other joints have been released and restrained in the new position. This
procedure of fixing the moment and releasing them is repeated several times until the
desired accuracy is obtained. The experience of designers points that about five cycles
of moment distribution lead to satisfactory converging results.
Basically, in the slope deflection method, the end moments are computed using the
slopes and deflection at the ends. Contrarily in the moment distribution method, as
a first step — the slopes at the ends are made zero. This is done by fixing the joints.
Then with successive release and balancing the joint moments, the state of equilibrium
is obtained. The release-balance cycles can be carried out using the following theorems.
130  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

In conclusion, when a positive moment M is applied to the hinged end of a beam

1
a positive moment of ÊÁ ˆ˜ M will be transferred to the fixed end.
Ë 2¯
2.2.2 Theorem 2
Consider a two span continuous beam ACB as shown in Fig. 2.2(a). A and B are fixed
supports with a prop at C. A moment is applied at C and it is required to know
how much moment is distributed between spans AC and CB. Let this moment M be
decomposed and distributed as M1 to CA and M2 to CB as shown in Fig. 2.2(b).
i.e. M1 + M2 = M (1)

M
A C B
I1 I2

l1 l2

FIG. 2.2(a) Continuous beam ACB with moment M

M1 M2

A
M1
2 C B
( )
M2
2

FIG. 2.2(b) Distribution of bending moments

The bending moment diagram is drawn by considering each span AC and CB

respectively.

( )
M1 1 M
2 2
−
−
A B
+ C
+
( ) 1 M
2 1
M2
l1
3
( )
2l1
3 ( )
2l2
3 ()
l2
3

FIG. 2.2(c) Bending moment diagram

As the ends A and B are fixed; the slope between A and B is zero. That is, the area
of the bending moment diagram between A and B is zero.
 Moment Distribution Method 133

x2
M1

A2
l2

()
M1
2
A1 A3

A B
()
l1
3
()
2l1
3 C M2 x3
x1

FIG. 2.4(c)

The tangent drawn at A passes through C and B. Hence, from the above figure;
Ai xi /EIi = 0
M1 l1
i.e. A1 = (1/2) (l1/3) (M1/2) =
12
Ê2 2 l1 ˆ 8
x1 = l2 + Á l1 + ˜; x1 = l2 + l1
Ë3 3 3¯ 9

Ê2 ˆ M1 l1
A2 = (– 1/2) Á l1 ˜ M1 = -
Ë3 ¯ 3

Ê 1ˆ Ê 2 ˆ Ê l ˆ 2
x2 = l2 + Á ˜ Á ˜ Á 1 ˜ ; x1 = l2 + l1
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ Ë 3 ¯ 9

M 2 l2
A3 = (1/2) (l2 )M2 =
2
2
x3 = l2
3

Thus, Aixi/EI gives

- 3 M1 l1 l2 M l2
+ 22 = 0
12 EI 1 3EI 2

M 2 l22 - 3 M1 l1 l2
=
3EI 2 12 EI 1
l2 M 2 3 M1 l1
=
I2 4 I1
134  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

M2 3 M1
=
k2 4 k1

M2 (3/4 k2 )
i.e., =
k2 k1

If one end of a member is not fixed then the “stiffness” of that member should be
multiplied by (3/4).

2.2.4 Theorem 4
Consider a fixed beam AB as shown below. End B has settled by a distance . As the
ends are fixed, there must develop a fixing moment M at the each end of the beam.

FIG. 2.5(a) Sinking of supports in a fixed beam

A1
A B
A2
x1

x2
l2 l2

FIG. 2.5(b) Bending moment diagram

Taking moments about B and using the moment area theorem;

Ai xi /EIi = – 
1 l - Ml
i.e. A1 = – ÊÁ ˆ˜ ÊÁ ˆ˜ M =
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ 4

Ê 1ˆ Ê l ˆ Ml
A2 = Á ˜ Á ˜ M =
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ 4

l 2 Ê lˆ 5l
x1 = + ÁË ˜¯ =
2 3 2 6
1 Ê lˆ l
x2 = ÁË ˜¯ =
3 2 6
 Moment Distribution Method 135

1 È Ê Ml ˆ Ê 5l ˆ Ê Ml ˆ Ê l ˆ ˘
-Á ˜ Á ˜ + ÁË ˜ Á ˜ = -d
EI ÍÎ Ë 4 ¯ Ë 6 ¯ 4 ¯ Ë 6 ¯ ˙˚

Ê - 5 Ml 2 Ml 2 ˆ 1
ÁË 24 + = -d
24 ˜¯ EI

( - 5 + 1) Ml 2
= -d
24 24

6Eld
M=
l2

i.e., when a fixed ended beam settles by an amount δ at one end, the moment required
to make the ends horizontal = 6EI/l2.
The above four theorems can be summarised as
(1) When the member is fixed at one end and a moment is applied at the other end
which is simply supported or hinged, the moment induced at the fixed end is
one half of the applied moment. The induced moment at the fixed end is in the
same direction as the applied moment.
(2) If a moment is applied in a stiff joint of a structure, the moment is resisted by
various members in proportion to their respective stiffnesses (i.e., moment of
inertia divided by the length). If the stiffness of the member is more; then it
resists more bending moment and it absorbs a greater proportion of the applied
moment.
(3) While distributing the moments in a rigid joint, if one end of the member is not
restrained then its stiffness should be multiplied by (3/4).
(4) In a fixed beam, if the support settles/subsides/sinks by an amount , the
moment required to make the ends horizontal is 6EI/l2.

2.3 BASIC DEFINITIONS OF TERMS IN THE MOMENT

DISTRIBUTION METHOD
(a) Stiffness
Rotational stiffness can be defined as the moment required to rotate through a unit
angle (radian) without translation of either end.
(b) Stiffness Factor
(i) It is the moment that must be applied at one end of a constant section member
(which is unyielding supports at both ends) to produce a unit rotation of that
end when the other end is fixed, i.e. k = 4EI/l.
(ii) It is the moment required to rotate the near end of a prismatic member through
a unit angle without translation, the far end being hinged is k = 3EI/l.
136  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

(c) Carry Over Factor

It is the ratio of induced moment to the applied moment (Theorem 1). The carry over
factor is always (1/2) for members of constant moment of inertia (prismatic section). If
the end is hinged/pin connected, the carry over factor is zero. It should be mentioned
here that carry over factors values differ for non-prismatic members. For non-prismatic
beams (beams with variable moment of inertia); the carry over factor is not half and
is different for both ends.
(d) Distribution Factors
Consider a frame with members OA, OB, OC and OD rigidly connected at O as shown
in Fig. 2.6. Let M be the applied moment at joint O in the clockwise direction. Let the
joint rotate through an angle . The members OA,OB,OC and OD also rotate by the
same angle θ.

M
D B
O

FIG. 2.6

Let kOA, kOB, kOC and kOD be the stiffness values of the members OA, OB, OC and
OD respectively; then
MOA = kOA (i)
MOB = kOB (ii)
MOC = kOC (iii)
MOD = kOD (iv)

MAB = 4EI MBA = 2EI

L L
A B
θA = 1

(a) Beam with far end fixed

138  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

kOB
dOB = = distribution factor for OB
Sk
kOC
dOC = = distribution factor for OC
Sk
k
dOD = OD = distribution factor for OD
Sk
2.4 SIGN CONVENTION
Clockwise moments are considered positive and anticlockwise moments negative.

2.5 BASIC STAGES IN THE MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

The moment distribution method can be illustrated with the following example.
It is desired to draw the bending moment diagram by computing the bending
moments at salient points of the given beam as shown below.

100 kN 50 kN/m
2.5 m
A 'I = 2I 3I C'
A B 6m C
5m

FIG. 2.8 A two span continuous beam

Step 1
Determine the distribution factor at each joint A,B and C respectively. The distribution
factor of a member is the ratio of the stiffness of the member divided by the total
stiffness of all the members meeting at that joint.
The distribution factor for the fixed support A is determined by assuming an
imaginary span AA (Fig. 2.8). The flexural rigidity of AA is infinity. Hence, the stiffness
is infinite. The stiffness of AB is 2I/5 = 0.4I. Hence, the total stiffness is infinite. Thus,
the distribution factor for AA is (infinity/infinity) = 1.0 and for AB the distribution
factor kAB = (0.4I/infinity), i.e. zero. In essence dAA = 1.0 and dAB = 0.0
The distribution factor at the support B is determined as follows. The stiffness of
the member BA is (0, 4I). The stiffness of the member BC is taken as three-fourths
Ê 3 ˆ Ê 3I ˆ
of its stiffness (refer Theorem 3). Hence, kBC = Á ˜ Á ˜ = 0.375I. The sum of the
Ë 4¯ Ë 6 ¯
stiffness at the joint B is k = (kBA + kBC) = 0.775I. Therefore, the distribution factors are
dBA = kBA/(kBA + kBC), i.e. dBA = 0.4I/(0.4I + 0.375I) = 0.52; similarly dBC = kBC/k, i.e. dBC
= (0.375I/0.775I) = 0.48. The sum of the stiffnesses is (0.52 + 0.48) = 1.0.
The distribution factor for the simple support at C is determined by extending the
span to CC. The rigidity of CC is zero and hence kCC = 0. On the other hand, the
 Moment Distribution Method 139

stiffness kCB = 0.375I. The total stiffness at C is kCB + kCC = 0.375I. The distribution factor
dCB = kCB/k = 1.0 and dCC = kCC/k = 0.
The above procedure is summarised in the following table for quick understanding.

Table 2.1 Distribution factor at joint B

Joint Members k = I/l k DF

2l
BA = 0.4 I 52
5
B 0.775I

BC 3 Ê 3I ˆ
Á ˜ = 0.3/5I 0.48
4Ë 6¯

Step 2
Imagine all the three joints A, B and C are rigidly fixed with horizontal tangents. Write
down the fixed end moments for the beam AB as if it were built in at A and B and
also for the beam BC as if it were built in B and C.

100 kN 50 kN/m
2.5 m
62.5
62.5 150
l/m
A B 6m C
5m

FIG. 2.9 Fixed end moments

100 ¥ 5
MFAB = - = - 62.5 kNm
8
100 ¥ 5
MFBA = + = + 62.5 kNm
8
50 ¥ 6 2
MFBC = - = - 150.0 kNm
12
50 ¥ 6 2
MFCB = + = + 150.0 kNm
12
Step 3
Each joint is released in turn and if B is released it will be out of balance. This
unbalanced moment (– 150.0 + 62.5 = 87.5) is shown in Fig. 2.10.
140  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

62.5 kNm 87.5 kNm

150 kNm
A B C

FIG. 2.10 Out of balance moments

Step 4
A moment is applied at B to balance this joint B and it will distribute itself according
to the distribution factors. This is shown in the following figure.
62.5 87.5 150 kNm
1 0 0.52 0.48 1 0

A B C

FIG. 2.11 Balancing moments

62.5 0 45.50 42.00 –150.00 0 kNm

A B C

FIG. 2.12 Distributed moments

Step 5
Balance the joint C as its moment is zero (end support C is simple support). By balancing
the moment – 150, half of it is carried over to B. By balancing the joint B, half of the
moment is carried over to joint A, i.e. half of 45.50 kNm.
Step 6
Again the joints become out of balance, and the above procedure is repeated until the
moments to be distributed become negligible and can be ignored. This is illustrated
in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C
Members AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.52 0.48 1
FEMS – 62.50 +62.50 – 150.00 +150.00
Bal +45.50 +42.00 – 150.00
Co +22.75 – 75.00
Bal +39.00 +36.00
Co +19.50
Total – 20.25 +147.00 – 147.00 0.00
Nature O
 Moment Distribution Method 141

In the above moment distribution table a single vertical line is drawn between
the members. Double lines are drawn at the end of each joint. The pure moment
diagram can be drawn using the end moments in the moment distribution table. The
pure moments are the values just to the left of double line. Thus, MA = – 20.25 kNm,
MB = – 147.00 kNm, MC = 0.

147.00 kNm

20.25 −ve

A B C

FIG. 2.13 Pure moment diagram

The simple beam moment diagram is drawn by considering each span separately.
The simple beam moment diagram is always positive. While the pure moment diagram
is negative. The maximum positive bending moment for span AB is (wl/4) = 100 ×
5/4 = 125 kNm. The maximum bending moment for a simple beam of BC is wl2/8 =
(50 × 62/8) = 225 kNm.

125
225 kNm
−
+ +

A D B E C

FIG. 2.14 Simple beam moment diagram

The net bending moment diagram is drawn by superimposing the pure moment
diagram on the simple beam moment diagram. Thus, the net moment at D and E are

Ê 147.00 + 20.25 ˆ
MD = 125 – Á ˜¯ = +41.38 kNm
Ë 2

Ê 147.00 + 0.00 ˆ
ME = 225 – Á ˜¯ = +151.5 kNm
Ë 2

The final net bending moment diagram is as follows.

142  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

151.5 kNm

41.4
+
+

A − D B E C
−
20.25
147

FIG. 2.15 Bending moment diagram

The net bending moment diagrams are preferable in design offices. The elastic curve
is drawn using the net bending moment diagram.

A B C

FIG. 2.16 Elastic curve

2.6 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

2.6.1 Analysis of Continuous Beams without Support Settlement
Example 2.1 Analyse the continuous beam shown in Fig. 2.17 by the moment
distribution method. Draw the bending moment diagram and shear force diagram.
The beam is of uniform section.

30 kN/m
10 kN/m

6m 4m
A B C

FIG. 2.17

Solution
Step 1
The distribution factors at joint B are evaluated as follows.
 Moment Distribution Method 143

Table 2.3 Distribution factors

Joint Members Relative Stiffness (k) Sum k Distribution Factors (k/ k)

BA I/6 = 0.167I 0.47
B 0.3555I
3 I
BC ¥ = 0.188I 0.53
4 4

Step 2 Fixed End Moments

- 10 ¥ 6 2
MFAB = = – 30 kNm, MFBA = +30 kNm
12
- 30 ¥ 4 2
MFBC = = – 40 kNm, MFCB = +40 kNm
12
Step 3 Moment Distribution Table
As the joint C is a hinged end, the moment is zero. Hence, it is balanced first. Then
half of this moment is carried over. Then joint B is balanced. From the joint B, the
moment is carried over to A.
Table 2.4 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C
Members AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.47 0.53 1
FEMS – 30.00 +30.00 – 40.00 +40.00
Bal – – – – 40.00
Co – – – 20.00
Total – 30.00 +30.00 – 60.00 0.00
Bal – +14.10 +15.90 –
Co +7.05 – – –
Final – 22.95 +44.10 – 44.10 0.00

44.1 kNm
22.95 kNm

D − E
−
A B C
+ +

11.48 kNm

37.95 kNm

FIG. 2.18 Bending moment diagram

144  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

10 ¥ 6 2 Ê 22.95 + 44.1 ˆ
MD =
8
- Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ = 11.48 kNm

30 ¥ 4 2 Ê 44.1 + 0 ˆ
ME =
8
- Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ = 37.95 kNm
Step 4 Shear Force Diagrams
Equilibrium of span AB
22.95 kNm 10 kN/m 44.1 kNm

6m
A B
FIG. 2.19

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 60 (1)

62
MA = 0; – 22.95 + 44.1 + 10 × 2
– 6VBA = 0 (2)
VBA = 33.5 kN
VAB = 26.5 kN

Equilibrium of span BC
44.1 kNm 30 kN/m

4m
B C
FIG. 2.20

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 120 (3)

2
4
MB = 0; – 44.1 + 30 × – 4VCB = 0
2
VCB = 49 kN
VBC = 71 kN

71 kN
26.5 kN
6 – x1
4 – x2

x1

x2
49 kN
33.5 kN
FIG. 2.21 Shear force diagram
 Moment Distribution Method 159

Hence, MFAB = – 120 – 90 = 210 kNm

MFBA = +120 – 90 = +30 kNm
MFBC = – 120 + 20 = – 100 kNm
MFCB = +120 + 20 = + 140 kNm

Moment distribution table

Table 2.16 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C
Members AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.67 0.33 1

FEMS – 210.00 +30.00 – 100.00 +140.00

Bal +46.90 +23.10 – 140.00

Co +23.45 – – 70.00 –
Bal +46.90 +23.10

Co +23.45
Total – 163.10 – 123.8 – 123.80 0.00

Equilibrium of span AB

240 kN
2m 2m
4m 123.8 kNm
163.10
VAB D VBA

FIG. 2.42

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 240 (1)

MA = 0; – 163.10 + 123.8 + 240(2) – 4VBA = 0 (2)

VBA = 110.2 kN
VAB = 129.8 kN

MD = – 163.10 + 129.8(2) = 96.5 kNm

164  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

73.7 kN

39.9 kN
x

A D B C

40.1
46.3 kN

FIG. 2.50 Shear force diagram

2.32 2
Absolute maximum BM is 46.3 × 2.32 – 20 × = 53.6 kNm
2

88.33 kNm
81.65 kNm
−
− D 2.32 m C
+
A B +

77.95 kNm

53.6 kNm

FIG. 2.51 Bending moment diagram

Example 2.9 A continuous beam is loaded as shown in Fig. 2.52. During loading the
support B sinks by 10 mm. Determine the bending moments at the supports. Sketch
the BMD. Given that I = 1600(10)4 mm4; E = 200 kN/mm2. Use moment distribution
method. Draw SFD also.

3 kN/m 8 kN
B
A 2 2 C
2I I
8m 4m

FIG. 2.52
 Moment Distribution Method 165

Solution
Distribution factors

Table 2.19 Distribution factors

Joint Members Relative Stiffness Values (k) k k

Sk

2I
BA = 0.25 I 0.57
8
B 0.438I
3 I
BC ¥ = 0.188 I 0.43
4 4

Fixed end moments

Due to loading
82
MFAB = – 3 × = - 16 kNm; MFBA = + 16 kNm
12
4
MFBC = – 8 × = - 4 kNm; MFCB = + 4 kNm
8
Due to Settlement

8m 2m
A C
θ 10 mm
B

FIG. 2.53 Settlement diagram

6EI D 1 10 1
MFAB = - = - 6 ¥ 2 ¥ 3200 ¥ ¥ (∵ D 1 /l1 is positive)
l12 1000 82

MFAB = – 6 kNm

 MFBA = +6 kNm
6EI D 2 6 ¥ 3200 ¥ ( - 10)
MFBA = - 2
=- = + 12 kNm (∵ D 2 /l2 is negative)
l2 1000 ¥ 4 2
MFCB = + 12 kNm

It is to be mentioned here that B settles by 10 mm with respect to A. The settlement

angle is positive as AB rotates in clockwise direction with respect to A. The settlement
166  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

angle for CB is negative as CB rotates in the anticlockwise direction. With respect to

C. Thus, the fixed end moments at the joint is the sum of the moments due to loading
and the settlement. They are as follows.
Fixed end moments
MFAB = – 16 – 6 = – 22 kNm
MFBA = 16 – 6 = 10 kNm
MFBC = – 4 + 12 = 8 kNm
MFCB = + 4 + 12 = 16 kNm

Table 2.20 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C
Members AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.57 0.43 1
FEMS – 22.00 +10.00 +8.00 +16.00
Bal – – – – 16.00

Co – – – 8.00 –
Total – 22.00 +10.00 0.00 0.00
Bal – – 5.70 – 4.30 –

Co – 2.85 – – –
Final – 24.85 +4.30 – 4.30 0.00

Shear forces
Free body diagram

3 kN/m

24.85 8m 4.30
A B

FIG. 2.54(a)

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 24 (1)

82
MA = 0; – 24.85 + 4.30 + 3 ×
2
- 8VBA = 0

VBA = 9.4 kN
VAB = 14.6 kN
 Moment Distribution Method 167

3 ¥ 42
MD = – 24.85 + 14.6 × 4 – = 9.55 kNm
2

8 kN
4.3 kNm
2m 2m

B E C

FIG. 2.54(b)

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 8

MB = 0; – 4.3 + 8(2) – 4VCB = 0

VCB = 2.9 kN
VBC = 5.1 kN

ME = 2.9(2) = 5.8 kNm

14.6 kN

5.1 kN

D
A B E C

2.9 kN
9.4

FIG. 2.55 Shear force diagram

24.85 kNm
4.30 kNm

− −

+ +

5.8 kNm
9.55

FIG. 2.56 Bending moment diagram

168  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

2.6.3 Analysis of Beams with Variable Moment of Inertia

Example 2.10 A horizontal beam ACB, three metres long is fixed at both ends A
and B. They are at the same level. The member has a change of section at the centre
of the span C such that the second moments of area are I for a distance AC and 2I
for distance CB. A concentrated load of 500 kN acts at the midpoint C. Determine the
fixing end moments at A and B.

500 kN
1.5 m 1.5 m
I
2I
A

C B

FIG. 2.57

Solution

A B
6EIΔ
1.52 Δ 6E(2I)Δ
1.52
6EIΔ 6EΔ(2I)
1.52 C' 1.52

FIG. 2.58

Applying the moment distribution method,

Table 2.21 Distribution factors

Joint Members Relative Stiffness (k) Sum k Distribution Factor (k/ k)

CA I/1.5 0.33

C 2I

CB 2I/1.5 0.67

The point C is displaced vertically by an amount ∆ to the point C keeping the

section at C clamped (i.e., preventing any rotation). If an arbitrary end moment MCA
is given an arbitrary value of 100, the fixed end moment of MCB will be 200.
 Moment Distribution Method 169

Table 2.22 Moment distribution table

Joint A C B
Members AC CA CB BC
DF 1 0.33 0.67 1

FEMS – 100 – 100 +200 +200

Bal – 33 – 67

Co – 16.5 – 33.5

Final – 116.5 – 133 +133 +166.5

Equilibrium of span AC

116.5 kNm 133 kNm

1.5 m C
A
VAC VCA

FIG. 2.59

MC = 0;
– 116.5 – 133 + 1.5VAC = 0
VAC = 166.33 kN
Equilibrium of span CB

133 kNm 167.5 kNm

1.5 m B
C
VCB VBC

FIG. 2.60

Taking moment about C;

133 + 167.5 – 1.5VBC = 0

VBC = 200.33 kN
Resolving the forces vertically
= 166.33 + 200.33 = 366.66 kN
170  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

i.e., if the concentrated load applied at the centre is 366.66 kN then this will yield the
moments given in the table. But the applied load is 500 kN. Hence, the moments at
A and B are obtained as

500
MA = – 116.5 × = - 158.9 kNm
366.66

500
MB = +167.5 × = + 228.4 kNm
366.66

Example 2.11 A vertical column of 8 m height is to carry a crane girder load of 50 kN

applied at an eccentricity of 0.2 m. Calculate the moments at A and B due to this load
assuming both ends are fixed.
Solution: Evaluate the distribution factor at C.

2m 50 kN
0.2 m
C

6m

FIG. 2.61

Table 2.23 Distribution factors

Joint Members Relative Stiffness (k) k (k/ k)

CA I/6 0.25

C 0.667I

CB I/2 0.75
 Moment Distribution Method 173

RB Taking moment about C for the portion AC,

B 24.00
12 + 8 – 6RA = 0
2m RA = 3.33 kN

12.00 Resolving all the forces horizontally

C − Y RA + RB – Y = 0
12.00
3.33 + 18 – Y = 0

Y = 21.33 kN
6m

RA
A 8.00
FIG. 2.64

The sway moments corresponding to the sway force 5 kN is obtained by multiplying

the moments in the moment distribution table as

Ê 5 ˆ
M = Á 8 = 1.88 kNm
AC Ë 21.33 ˜¯

Ê 5 ˆ
M = Á 12 = 2.81 kNm
CA Ë 21.33 ˜¯

Ê 5 ˆ
MCB = Á ¥ - 12 = - 2.81 kNm
Ë 21.33 ˜¯

Ê 5 ˆ
MBC = Á ¥ - 24 = - 5.63 kNm
Ë 21.33 ˜¯

Then the final moments is the sum of sway and nonsway moments as
MAC = MAC + MAC = 1.25 + 1.88 = 3.13 kNm

MBC = MBC + MBC = 3.75 – 5.63 = – 1.88 kNm

2.7 ANALYSIS OF RECTILINEAR FRAMES

Example 2.12 Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 2.65 by moment distribution method.
Draw the bending moment diagram.
174  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

20 kN/m
C
B
2m 1m
2EI

2m
EI

FIG. 2.65

Solution
Distribution factors

Table 2.25 Distribution factors

Joint Members Relative Stiffness Values (I/l) k k/ k

BA I/2 0.5
B I

3 Ê 2I ˆ
BC Á ˜ = I /2 0.5
4Ë 3¯

Fixed end moments

2
xwdx(l - x )2 2 x(20 dx ) (3 - x )2
MBC = Ú =Ú = 13.33 kNm
0
l2 0
32
2 2
x2 x2
MCB = Ú ( I - x ) wdx (3 x ) 20 dx = 8.89 kNm
l 2 Ú0
= -
0
9
Nonsway Analysis
Table 2.26 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C
Members AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.5 0.5 1.0
FEMS – 13.33 +8.89
Bal +6.66 +6.67 – 8.89
Co +3.33 – 4.44
Bal +2.22 +2.22
Co +1.11
+4.44 +8.88 – 8.88 0.00
176  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

MBC = – 8.88 + 50(0.107) = – 3.530 kNm

MCB = 0

3.53 20 kN/m
B
C
D
2m 1m

FIG. 2.67

MB = 0
20 ¥ 2 2
3VC + 3.53 =
2
VC = 12.157 kN

MD = 12.157(1) = 12.157 kNm

V = 0
VB + VC = 2(20)

VB = 40 – 12.157 = 27.843 kN

(SF)X = 27.843 – 20x = 0

x = 1.392 m

20(1.392)2
Maximum +ve BM = 27.843(1.392) – - 3.53
2
ME = 15.851 kNm

3.585 kNm

3.585 B E D C

1.392 m +ve
12.157 kNm
15.851 kNm
−

− 3.585 A
FIG. 2.68 Bending moment diagram
 Moment Distribution Method 177

Example 2.13 Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 2.69 by the moment distribution
method. Draw the bending moment diagram.

10 kN 10 kN/m 40 kN
B 3m 3m C
1m I G 2I
E A
2m
3m
F
25 kN

3 m 2I

FIG. 2.69

Solution
Distribution factors

Table 2.28 Distribution factors

Joint Members Relative Stiffness Values (I/l) k (k/ k)

3 I I
BA ¥ = 0.26
4 3 4
B BD (2I/5) 0.98 0.41
BC 2I/6 0.33

Fixed end moments

MFAE = +10 × 1 = 10 kNm
32
MFAB = – 10 × = - 7.5 kNm
12
32
MFBA = +10 × = + 7.5 kNm
12
6
MFBC = – 40 × = - 30.0 kNm
8
178  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

6
MFCB = + 40 × = + 30.0 kNm
8
2 2
MFBD = +2 × 25 × 3 /5 = +18.0 kNm
2 2
MFBE = – 3 × 25 × 2 /5 = – 12.0 kNm

Table 2.29 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C D

Members AE AB BA BD BC CB DB

DF – 1.00 0.26 0.41 0.33 0.00 0.00

FEMS +10.00 – 7.50 +7.50 +18.00 – 30.00 +30.00 – 12.00

Bal – 2.50 +1.17 +1.85 +1.48

Co – 1.25 +0.74 +0.93

Bal +0.33 +0.51 +0.41

Co 0.21

Total +10.00 – 10.00 +7.75 +20.36 – 28.11 +30.95 – 11.07

28.11 kNm 30.95 kNm

–10.00 60
7.75
20.36
A B G C

F
31.25

11.07 D

FIG. 2.70 Bending moment diagram

 Moment Distribution Method 179

Example 2.14 Analyse the frame by the moment distribution method. Draw the
bending moment diagram.

100 kN B 20 kN/m
2 3 C
2I I
A E I 3m

3m

FIG. 2.71

Solution
Distribution factors

Table 2.30 Distribution factors

Joint Members Relative Stiffness (k) k DF = k/ k

BA 2I/5 = 0.4I 0.41

B BD I/3 = 0.33I 0.98I 0.34

3
BC ( I /3) = 0.25 I 0.25
4

Fixed end moments

32
MFAB = – 2 × 100 × = - 72 kNm
52

22
MFBA = +3 × 100 × = + 48 kNm
52

32
MFBC = – 20 × = - 15 kNm
12

32
MFCB = +20 × = + 15 kNm
12
208  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

32
MFCB = +3(90) = + 43.2 kNm
52
Nonsway Analysis

Table 2.52 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 0 0.38 0.62 0.55 0.45 0
FEMS – 30.00 +30.00 – 64.80 +43.20 – –
Bal +13.22 +21.58 – 23.76 – 19.44
Co +6.61 – 11.88 +10.79 – 9.72
Bal +4.51 +7.37 – 5.93 – 4.86
Co +2.26 – 2.97 3.69 – 2.43
Bal +1.13 +1.84 – 2.03 – 1.66
Co +0.57 – 1.02 +0.92 – 0.83
Bal +0.39 +0.63 – 0.51 – 0.41
Co +0.20 – 0.26 0.34 – 0.21
Bal +0.10 +0.16 – 0.19 – 0.15
Co +0.05 – 0.10 +0.08 – 0.08
Bal +0.04 +0.06 – 0.04 – 0.04
Final – 20.31 +49.39 – 49.39 +26.56 – 26.56 – 12.44
MAB MBA MBC MCB MCD MDC

Sway Analysis
D D
MBA : MCD = – 6E(1.5I) 2
: - 6E( I ) 2
6 3
MBA : MCD = – 15.00 : – 40.00 kNm

Correction factor
MAB = – 20.31 – 14.15 k
MBA = +49.39 – 13.34 k
MBC = – 49.39 + 13.34 k
MCB = +26.56 + 22.63 k
MCD = – 26.56 – 22.63 k

MDC = – 12.44 – 31.30 k

 Moment Distribution Method 209

Table 2.53 Moment distribution ta ble

Joint A B C D

Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 0 0.38 0.62 0.55 0.45 0

FEMS – 15.00 – 15.00 – – – 40.00 – 40.00

Bal +5.70 +9.30 +22.00 +18.00
Co +2.85 +11.00 +4.65 +9.00
Bal – 4.18 – 6.82 – 2.56 – 2.09
Co – 2.09 – 1.28 – 3.41 – 1.05
Bal +0.49 +0.79 +1.88 +1.53
Co +0.25 +0.94 +0.40 +0.77
Bal – 0.36 – 0.58 – 0.22 – 0.18
Co – 0.18 – 0.11 – 0.29 – 0.09
Bal +0.04 +0.07 +0.16 +0.13
Co +0.02 +0.08 +0.04 +0.07
Bal – 0.03 – 0.05 – 0.02 – 0.02
Final – 14.15 – 13.34 +13.34 +22.63 – 22.63 – 31.30

MAB MBA MBC MCB MCD MDC

The value of k is determined from the column shear condition as

Column shear condition
MBA MB = 0
B 62
20 MAB + MBA + 6HA = 10 ×
2
and hence
( M AB + M BA )
10 kNm
HA = 30 –
6
6m

HA
MAB
VA

FIG. 2.101
210  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

  MCD MC = 0
C
MCD + MDC + 3HD = 0

( MCD + MDC )
HD = -
3

3m

HD

MDC
VD

FIG. 2.102

HA + HD = 6(10) + 20

( M AB + M BA ) ( MCD + MDC )
30 - - = 80
6 3

Substituting the values of MAB, MBA, MCD and MDC from the above equations; and
solving

k = 1.843

Final moments
MAB = – 20.31 – 14.15(1.843) = – 46.4

MBA = +49.39 – 13.34(1.843) = +24.8

MBC = – 49.39 + 13.34(1.843) = – 24.8

MCB = +26.56 + 22.63(1.843) = +68.3

MCD = – 26.56 – 22.63(1.843) = – 68.3

MDC = – 12.44 – 31.30(1.843) = – 70.1

 Moment Distribution Method 211

68.3 kNm
24.8 kNm 69.8
108

B C

9.4
D 70.1 kNm

46.4 A
FIG. 2.103 Bending moment diagram

45.3 kN

46.4 kN
56.4
44.7

46.4 kN

33.6
FIG. 2.104 Shear force diagram

Example 2.24 Analyse the rigid portal frame by moment distribution method and
hence draw the bending moment diagram (Fig. 2.105).
Solution
Distribution factors
Table 2.54

Joint Members Relative Stiffness (I/l) k k/ k

BA 2I/5 0.44
B 0.9I
BC 2I/4 0.56
CB 2I/4 0.57
C 0.875I
3 1.5 I
CD ¥ 0.43
4 3
214  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

Column shear equation

MBA MB = 0
B
52
MAB + MBA + 5HA – 20 × = 0
2

   HA = 50 – 0.2(MAB + MBA)
20 kN/m
5m

A HA
MAB

FIG. 2.106

VC MCD MC = 0
C
HC MCD + 3HD = 0

   HD = – 0.33MCD

3m

D HD

VD

FIG. 2.107

H = 0; HA + HD = 20(5)

 50 − 0.2(MAB + MBA) – 0.33 MCD = 100 (1)

 Moment Distribution Method 215

The end moments are obtained using the sway and nonsway moment distribution
table as
MAB = – 45.49 – 86.00 k
MBA = +34.05 – 64.09 k
MBC = – 34.05 + 64.09 k
MCB = 6.50 + 44.11 k
MCD = – 6.50 – 44.11 k
MDC = 0.00
Substituting the above end moments in Eq. (1);
k = 1.022

Hence, the end moments are obtained by back substitution as

MAB = – 133.4 kNm; MBA = – 31.5 kNm; MBC = +31.5 kNm;
MCB = +51.6 kNm; MCD = – 51.6 kNm; MDC = 0

40
51.6 kNm

62.5

133.4 kNm

FIG. 2.108 Bending moment diagram

Example 2.25 The frame shown in Fig. 2.109 is hinged at A. The end D is fixed and
the joints B and C are rigid. Column CD is subjected to horizontal loading of 30 kN/m.
A concentrated load of 90 kN acts on BC at 1 m from B. Analyse the frame and sketch
the BMD?
216  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

90 kN
B 1m 1m C
I

3 1.5I I 4m

A 30 kN/m

FIG. 2.109

Solution
Distribution factors

Table 2.57

Joint Members Relative stiffness k k k/ k

3 1.5l
BA ¥ = 0.375 I 0.43
4 3
B 0.875I
BC I/2 = 0.5I 0.57
CB I/2 = 0.5I 0.67
C 0.75I
CD I/4 = 0.25I 0.33

Fixed end moments

2
MFBC = – 90 × = - 22.5 kNm
8
2
MFCB = +90 × = + 22.5 kNm
8
42
MFCD = – 30 × = - 40 kNm
12

42
MFDC = +30 × = + 40 kNm
12
 Moment Distribution Method 217

Nonsway Analysis

Table 2.58 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 1 0.43 0.57 0.67 0.33 0
FEMS – 22.50 +22.50 – 40.00 +40.00
Bal +9.68 +12.82 +11.73 +5.77
Co +5.87 +6.41 +2.89
Bal – 2.52 – 3.35 – 4.30 – 2.11
Co – 2.15 – 1.68 – 1.06
Bal +0.92 +1.23 +1.12 +0.56
Co +0.56 +0.62 +0.28
Bal – 0.24 – 0.32 – 0.42 – 0.20
Co – 0.21 – 0.16 – 0.10
Bal +0.09 +0.12 +0.11 +0.05
Co +0.06 +0.06 +0.03
Bal – 0.03 – 0.03 – 0.04 – 0.02
Final 0 +7.90 – 7.90 +35.95 – 35.95 +42.04
Members MAB MBA MBC MCB MCD MDC

Sway Analysis
The sway moments are assumed in the following ratios
M BA 3E(1.5 I )D /32
=
MCD 6E( I )D /4 2
M BA 4
=
MCD 3

 MBA : MCD = +40 : +30 kNm

Final moments
MAB = 0
MBA = 7.90 + 25.80 k
MBC = – 7.90 – 25.80 k
MCB = +35.95 – 23.22 k
MCD = – 35.95 + 23.22 k
MDC = +42.04 + 26.58 k
 Moment Distribution Method 219

Equilibrium of column CD

MCD MC = 0;
C HC 42
MCD + MDC + 30 × - 4HD = 0
2

1
HD = 60 + ( MCD + MDC )
4
4m 30 kN/m

D HD
MDC

FIG. 2.111

Considering the horizontal equilibrium of the whole structure;

HA + HD = 4(30)

M BA ( MCD + MDC )
i.e. + 60 + = 120
3 4
Substituting the values of the moments from the final moment equations;

k = 2.65
The end moments were calculated as
MAB = 0
MBA = 7.90 + 25.80 × 2.65 = 76.3 kNm
MBC = – 7.90 – 25.80 × 2.65 = −76.3 kNm
MCB = +35.95 – 23.22 × 2.65 = – 25.6 kNm
MCD = – 35.95 + 23.22 × 2.65 = +25.6 kNm
MDC = +42.04 + 26.58 × 2.65 = +112.5 kNm
222  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

Sway Analysis

Table 2.62 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
FEMS – 100.00 – 100.00 – 100.00 – 100.00
Bal +50.00 +50.00 +50.00 +50.00
Co +25.00 +25.00 +25.00 +25.00
Bal – 12.50 – 12.50 – 12.50 – 12.50
Co – 6.25 – 6.25 – 6.25 – 6.25
Bal +3.12 +3.13 +3.13 +3.12
Co +1.56 +1.56 +1.57 +1.56
Bal – 0.78 – 0.78 – 0.79 – 0.78
Co – 0.39 – 0.40 – 0.39 – 0.69
Bal +0.20 +0.20 +0.20 +0.20
Co +0.10 +0.10 +0.10 +0.10
Bal – 0.05 – 0.05 – 0.05 – 0.05
Final – 79.98 – 60.01 +60.01 60.02 – 60.02 – 79.98

MAB MBA MBC MCB MCD MDC

Column shear condition

MBA Equilibrium of column AB

B
MB = 0;
32
MAB + MBA – 20 × + 4H A = 0
2
3m
20 kN/m 90 - ( M AB + M BA )
HA =
4

1m

A HA
MAB

FIG. 2.114
 Moment Distribution Method 223

MC = 0;
MCD + MDC + 4HD = 0

- ( MCD + MDC )
HD =
4

FIG. 2.115

Considering the horizontal equilibrium

Substituting the values in terms of moments and simplifying
HA + HD = 20 × 3
MAB + MBA + MCD + MDC = – 150
(– 26.41 + 11.81 + 3.38 + 1.68) – (79.98 + 60.01 + 60.02 + 79.98)k = – 150
k = 0.502
End moments
MAB = – 26.41 – 79.98(0.502) = 66.6 kNm
MBA = 11.81 – 60.01(0.502) = −18.3 kNm
MBC = – 11.81 + 60.01(0.502) = +18.3 kNm
MCB = – 3.38 + 60.02(0.502) = +26.8 kNm
MCD = +3.38 – 60.02(0.502) = – 26.8 kNm
MDC = 1.68 – 79.98(0.502) = – 38.5 kNm

26.8 kNm

B 18.3 C 26.8 kNm

18.3

66.6 A 38.5 D
FIG. 2.116 Bending moment diagram
224  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

Example 2.27 Analyse the rigid frame shown in Fig. 2.117 by the moment distribution
method. Draw the bending moment diagram.

100 kN B C
1.5EI

4m EI
EI 5m

D
6m

FIG. 2.117

Solution: In the above problem, a lack of symmetry makes the frame to sway to the
right. In the sway analysis, it is assumed that the joints B and C have no movement
of rotation but there is only lateral translation.
In the first instant, an external force necessary to prevent the lateral translation is
assumed. The moments at the supports and joints are computed for the above external
force. This is followed by a redistribution of moments allowing for the side sway by
removing the assumed external force.
The frame is analysed by considering the sway moments only.
Distribution factors

Table 2.63

Joint B C
Members BA BC CB CD

3 ÊIˆ 1.5 I 1.5 I I

k Á ˜ = 0.188 I = 0.25 I = 0.25 I = 0.20 I
4 Ë 4¯ 6 6 5

k 0.438I 0.45I
DF = k/k 0.43 0.57 0.56 0.44

Sway moments
The sway moments are assumed in the following ratio
M BA - 3EI D /4 2
=
MCD - 6EI D /52
 MBA : MCD = – 25.00 : – 32.00 kNm
 Moment Distribution Method 225

Moment distribution table

Table 2.64

Joint A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 0 0.43 0.57 0.56 0.44 1
FEMS 0 – 25.00 – 32.00 – 32.00
Bal +10.75 +14.25 +17.92 +14.08
Co +8.96 +7.13 +7.04
Bal – 3.85 – 5.11 – 4.00 – 3.13
Co – 2.00 – 2.56 – 1.57
Bal +0.86 +1.14 +1.43 +1.13
Co +0.72 +0.72 +0.57
Bal – 0.31 – 0.41 – 0.40 – 0.32
Co – 0.20 – 0.21 – 0.16
Bal +0.08 +0.12 +0.12 +0.09
Co +0.06 +0.06 +0.05
Bal – 0.03 – 0.03 – 0.03 – 0.03
Final – 17.50 +17.50 +20.18 – 20.18 – 26.07
Moment 0

Column shear condition

MB = 0 MC =0

4HA + MBA = 0 MCD + MDC + 5HD = 0

- M BA - ( MCD + MDC )
HA = HD =
4 5

FIG. 2.118 FIG. 2.119

226  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

Considering the horizontal equilibrium, substituting the values of moments, HA and

HD are calculated as
- ( - 17.50)
HA = = 4.38 kN
4
-1
HD = ( - 20.18 - 26.07) = 9.25 kN
5
The addition of HA and HD gives the lateral load which produces the assumed
moments. Thus, HA + HD gives 13.63 kN but the applied load is 100 kN. Hence, the
end moments in the table are to be multiplied by the ratio (100/13.63 = 7.34).
The final moments are
MAB = 0 × 7.34 = 0
MBA = – 17.50 × 7.34 = – 128.5 kNm
MBC = +17.50 × 7.34 = +128.5 kNm
MCB = +20.18 × 7.34 = +148.1 kNm
MCD = – 20.18 × 7.34 = – 148.1 kNm
MDC = – 26.07 × 7.34 = – 191.4 kNm
148.1 kNm

B 128.5 −
148.1 kNm
C −
128.5
+

+
A 191.4 D
FIG. 2.120 Bending moment diagram

B θ
θ C

A
D
FIG. 2.121 Elastic curve
278  Indeterminate Structural Analysis

80 + {0.2(– 36.66 – 25.36) + 0.25(– 34.09 – 35.77) + 0.33(– 29.68 – 48.18)}k = 0

k = 1.44
Final moments
The moments obtained at the end of moment distribution table is multiplied by k and
hence
MAB = – 52.8 kNm, MBA = – 36.5 kNm, MBC = – 36.5 kNm
MCB = +24.1 kNm, MCD = – 49.1 kNm, MDC = – 51.5 kNm
MCE = +35.4 kNm, MEC = +42.7 kNm, MEF = – 42.7 kNm
MFE = – 69.4 kNm

35.4 kNm
B C
42.7 kNm
36.5 E

69.4 F

51.5 D

52.79 A

FIG. 2.181 Bending moment diagram

REVIEW QUESTIONS
Remembrance
2.1. Who has developed the moment distribution method?
2.2. Is the moment distribution a stiffness method or flexibility method?
2.3. List the advantages of the moment distribution method?
2.4. List the important steps in the moment distribution method?
2.5. Does the axial deformation considered in the development of the moment
distribution method?
2.6. Define rotational stiffness?
2.7. Explain distribution factor?
2.8. Define carry over factor?
2.9. Which moment distribution is preferable for symmetric frames subjected to lateral
loads as storey heights?
 Moment Distribution Method 279

2.10. What are the other names for cantilever moment distribution method?
2.11. What are the advantages of Naylor’s method?
2.12. What is the rotational stiffness of a cantilever?
2.13. What is the magnitude of a stiffness of a member under antisymmetric bending
in Naylor’s method?
2.14. List the values of symmetric stiffness factor, skew symmetric stiffness factor and
cantilever stiffness factor?

Understanding
2.1. In a member AB, if a moment of 10 kNm is applied at A, what is the moment
carried over to the fixed end B?
2.2. What is sinking of supports? What is its effect on the end moments of the
member?
2.3. Calculate the MFBA and MFBC for the beam shown in figure below due to sinking
of support by 2 mm. E = 6000 N/mm2 and I = 1.6(10)8 mm4.

2m 4m
A EI B 2EI C

11
2.4. Calculate the MFBC and MFCB for the beam shown in figure below EI = 10 × 10 Nmm2.
Support B and C sinks by 2 mm and 3 mm respectively.

B C D
A
3m 3m 4m

2.5. Is it possible to determine the beam deflections in a continuous beam by moment

distribution method?
2.6. List the reasons for sidesway of the portal frame.
2.7. What is balancing at a joint?
2.8. While applying the moment distribution method, a designer remembers that
“nothing comes back from the fixed end”. Justify.
2.9. What we can understand from the computed sway correction factor, i.e., if it is
positive what does it indicate as well as if it is negative what does it point out?
2.10. Why sway correction is required when we analyse unsymmetrical frames?
2.11. Does the carry over factor is half for non-prismatic members?
2.12. When a symmetrical structure is subjected to symmetrical loading, it does not
sway. Does this statement applicable to Gable frames? If not, why?