Theoretical Foundations in Nursing

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

Session # 20

LESSON TITLE: Materials:

▪ ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Pen and notebook
THEORY
▪ HARRY STACK SULLIVAN'S TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS

LEARNING TARGETS:
Upon completion of this lesson, you can:
▪ Acknowledge the background and credentials of these
local nursing theorists;
▪ Identify the major concepts and definitions of terms as
utilized in their respective models;
▪ List down their specific theoretical assumptions;
▪ Highlight their major areas of contributions in the
nursing field; and, Reference:
▪ Describe each of these theories in view of their Alligood, M. (2018). Nursing theories and their
implications in the nursing field. work (9th ed.). Singapore: Elsevier.

LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Let us have a review of what you have learned from the previous lesson. Kindly answer the following questions on the
space provided. You may use the back page of this sheet, if necessary. Have fun!

As a nursing student, how would you apply the following theories in our health care situation during COVID-19 pandemic?
Carmencita M. Abaquin’s PREPARE ME Holistic Nursing Interventions
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Cecilia Laurente’s Theory of Nursing Practice and Career Synchronicity in Human–Space–Time: A Theory of Nursing
Engagement in Global Community
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MAIN LESSON
You will study and read their book, if available, about this lesson.

ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

✔ Proposed theory in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation

✔ This theory is a motivational theory that argues that while people aim to
meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the
form of a hierarchy.
✔ Maslow's theory has been applied in nursing to guide the prioritization of
patient care needs.
✔ It is often represented as a pyramid with five levels of needs.
✔ This is based on the theory that one level of needs must be met before
moving on to the next step.

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 Self-Actualization Morality, creativity, problem solving.
Esteem Confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect.
Belongingness Love, friendship, intimacy, family.
Safety Security of environment, employment, resources, health, property.
Physiological Air, food, water, sex, sleep, other factors towards homeostasis.

Assumptions:
✔ Maslow’s theory maintains that a
person does not feel a higher
need until the needs of the current
level have been satisfied.

Being Needs and Deprivation Needs:

Deficiency The first four levels are considered deficiency or deprivation needs in that their lack
(D-Needs / Deprivation Needs) of satisfaction causes a deficiency that motivates people to meet these needs.
✔ The needs Maslow believed to be higher, healthier, and more likely to emerge
in self-actualizing people were being needs, or B-needs.
✔ Growth needs are the highest level, which is self-actualization, or the
self-fulfillment. 
Growth Needs ✔ Maslow suggested that only two percent of the people in the world achieve
(B-Needs / Being Needs) self-actualization. Ex: Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Albert Einstein,
Eleanor Roosevelt.
✔ Self-actualized people were reality and problem-centered.
✔ They enjoyed being by themselves, and having deeper relationships with a
few people instead of more shallow relations with many people.
✔ They tended to be spontaneous and simple.

Application of the Theory in Nursing:

▪ Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a useful organizational framework that can be applied to the various nursing
models for assessment of a patient’s strengths, limitations, & need for nursing interventions (Smeltzer SC, Bare
BG, 2004)

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HARRY STACK SULLIVAN'S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

✔ Interpersonal Psychoanalysis
✔ He proposed interpersonal theory of personality.
✔ He explained the role of interpersonal relationships and social experiences in
shaping personality.
✔ He also explained about the importance of current life events to psychopathology.
✔ The theory further states that the purpose of all behavior is to get needs met
through interpersonal interactions and decrease or avoid anxiety.
✔ Sullivan explained six developmental stages called "epochs" or heuristic Stages in
Development.

STAGES CHARACTERISTICS
Infancy (birth to 18 months) Gratification of needs
Childhood (18 months to 6 years) Delayed gratification
Juvenile Era (6 to 9 years) Formation of peer group
Pre-adolescence (9 to 12 years) Developing relationships within same gender
Early Adolescence (12 to 14 years) Identity
Late Adolescence (14 to 21 years) Forming lasting, intimate relationships

Three Types of Self:

▪ The ‘good me’ versus the ‘bad me’ based on social appraisal and the anxiety that results from negative feedback.
▪ The ‘not me’ refers to the unknown, repressed component of the self.

Sullivan's theory explains about anxiety, self-system and self-esteem:

▪ Security operations – those measures that the individual employs to reduce anxiety and enhance security
▪ Self-system – all of the security operations an individual use to defend against anxiety and ensure self esteem

Application of the Theory in Nursing:

▪ Sullivan's interpersonal theory provides the theoretical basis for interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for depression
and schizophrenia.
▪ Interpersonal theory proposes that depression develops most often in the context of adverse events, particularly
interpersonal loss (Tasman 2008).
▪ He also wrote on techniques and approaches to psychiatric interviews.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the
correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not
allowed.

1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often
depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. A clinical instructor is seen asking her student in the care of her
acutely ill patient. Which of the following physiologic needs is essential?
a. Healthy diet c. Elimination
b. Hydration d. Oxygen
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Pepper is a 90-year-old widow from Vancouver. She just lost her husband Cay a week ago after being admitted at the
ICU due to heart failure. Which of the following is the developmental tasks of an older adult in the family?

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 a. Cope with loss of energy and privacy
b. Maintain a supportive home base
c. Prepare for retirement
d. Adjust to loss of spouse
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Surgical hand washing should reduce the release of skin bacteria from the hands of the surgical team for the duration
of the procedure in case of a puncture of the surgical glove releasing bacteria to the surgical wound. Careful
hand-washing and using sterile techniques are ways in which nurses meet which basic human need?
a. Love & belonging c. Self-esteem
b. Physiologic d. Safety & Security
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Nurse Pepper is assigned to care for patients at the COVID ward. Maslow's Hierarchy of basic human needs is
essential when formulating a plan and management of nursing care as it provides a basis for?
a. Establishing priorities of care
b. Making accurate nursing diagnoses
c. Integrating science into nursing care
d. Communicating concerns more concisely
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before
higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. You are asked to use the Abraham Maslow's
theory to prioritize the following health needs from most important priority to the least important priority:
a. Disturbed Body Image
b. Altered Breathing Pattern
c. Spiritual Distress
d. Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. It is the condition of being honored, to regard highly such as a highly favorable opinion or judgment.
a. Security
b. Physiological
c. Esteem
d. Self-Actualization
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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7. This includes the need to grow, to feel fulfilled, to realize one's potential.
a. Security
b. Physiological
c. Esteem
d. Self-Actualization Needs
ANSWER: ________

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RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. It grows from experiences of punishment.

a. Bad me
b. Good me
c. Anxious me
d. Not me
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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9. Anxiety provoking experiences may create dissociation from self to form the __________, experiences that are
denied.
a. Bad me
b. Good me
c. Anxious me
d. Not me
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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10. Any behavior that is rewarded, suppress parts that you don't like, display good parts?
a. Bad me c. Anxious me
b. Good me d. Not me
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY
The instructor will now provide you the rationalization to these questions. You can now ask questions and debate among
yourselves. Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER: ________
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2. ANSWER: ________
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3. ANSWER: ________
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4. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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7. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. ANSWER: ________
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9. ANSWER: ________
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10. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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LESSON WRAP-UP

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

AL Activity: CAT 3-2-1

This strategy provides a structure for you to record your own comprehension and summarize your learning. Let us see
your progress in this chapter!

Three things you learned:

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________________
Two things that you’d like to learn more about:
1. __________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. __________________________________________________________________________________________
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One question you still have:

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________
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