5 - Hydro Power Plants
5 - Hydro Power Plants
5 - Hydro Power Plants
The principle the water conduits of a traditional high head power plant
Ulla- Frre
gate hoist
Exp. joint
DT end gate IV G Tailrace SC IV -inlet valve R -turbine runner R SC -spiral case G -generator
DT
Water intake
Dam Coarse trash rack Intake gate Sediment settling basement
Dams
Rockfill dams Pilar og platedammer Hvelvdammer
Rock-fill dams
1. 2. 3. 4.
Moraine, crushed soft rock, concrete, asphalt Sandy gravel Fine blasted rock Blasted rock
Arc dam
Types of Gates
Radial Gates Wheel Gates Slide Gates Flap Gates Rubber Gates
Radial Gate
The forces acting on the arc will be transferred to the bearing
Slide Gate
Flap Gate
Rubber gate
Reinforced rubber Open position Flow disturbance
Bracket
Air inlet
Circular gate
End cover Hinge Ribs Pipe
Manhole
Ladder
Circular gate
Trash Racks
Gravfoss
Power Plant Norway Trash Rack size: Width: 12 meter Height: 13 meter Stainless Steel
CompRack
Trash Rack delivered by VA-Tech
Pipes
Materials Calculation of the change of length due to the change of the temperature Calculation of the head loss Calculation of maximum pressure
Static pressure Water hammer
Calculation of the pipe thickness Calculation of the economical correct diameter Calculation of the forces acting on the anchors
Materials
Steel Polyethylene, PE Glass-fibre reinforced Unsaturated Polyesterplastic , GUP Wood Concrete
Materials
Material Max. Diameter [m] Steel, St.37 Steel, St.42 Steel, St.52 PE GUP Wood Concrete ~ 1,0 2,4
Max. p = 160 m.
160 320
Max. D: 1,4 m.
~5 ~5
80 ~ 400
GUP-Pipe
Raubergfossen Power Plant, Norway
Wood Pipes
L = T L
Where: L = L = = T = Change of length [m] Length [m] Coefficient of thermal expansion [m/oC m] Change of temperature [oC]
L c hf = f D 2g
Where: hf = f = L = D = c = g = Head loss Friction factor Length of pipe Diameter of the pipe Water velocity Gravity [m] [-] [m] [m] [m/s] [m/s2]
Example
Calculation of the head loss
Power Plant data: H = 100 m Head Q = 10 m3/s Flow Rate L = 1000 m Length of pipe D = 2,0 m Diameter of the pipe The pipe material is steel
L c hf = f D 2g
cD Re =
Where: c = 3,2 m/s Water velocity = 1,30810-6 m2/s Kinetic viscosity Reynolds number Re = 4,9 106
Where: Re = 4,9 106 Reynolds number = 0,045 mm Roughness D = 2,0 m Diameter of the pipe /D = 2,25 10-5 Relative roughness f = 0,013 Friction factor The pipe material is steel
0,013
Example
Calculation of the head loss
Power Plant data: H = 100 m Head Q = 10 m3/s Flow Rate L = 1000 m Length of pipe D = 2,0 m Diameter of the pipe The pipe material is steel
Hgr
a c max = g
2L IF TC << a
Jowkowsky
Pressure rise due to water hammer Speed of sound in the penstock maximum velocity gravity
Example
Jowkowsky
a = 1000 [m/s] cmax = 10 [m/s] g = 9,81 [m/s2]
TC << 2L a
h wh
a c max = = 1020 m g
c=10
m/s
2L
IF TC
[mWC] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s2] [m] [s]
2L a
C
L
Example
L TC cmax g = = = = 300 10 10 9,81 [m] [s] [m/s] [m/s2]
h wh
c max 2 L = = 61 m g TC
C =1 0
L
m/s
Based on:
Material properties Pressure from:
Water hammer Static head
p = g (H gr + h wh )
Where:
L
Di p t t Cs Hgr hwh
[m] [m]
[Pa] [Pa] [m] [-] [kg/m3] [m] [m]
ri
t
Example
Calculation of the pipe thickness
L Di p Cs = 2 t L t p ri Cs t= = 0,009 m t
p = g (H gr + h wh ) = 1,57 MPa
Where:
Based on:
Material properties Pressure from:
Water hammer Static head
t
L
Di t Cs Hgr hwh
= 0,001 m
= = = = = = 2,0 m 206 MPa 1000 kg/m3 1,2 100 m 61 m
ri
ost Installation c
s, Kt
Diameter [m]
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe Hydraulic Losses
Power Plant data: H = 100 m Q = 10 m3/s plant = 85 % L = 1000 m Head Flow Rate Plant efficiency Length of pipe
PLoss
L Q2 C2 = g Q hf = g Q f = 5 2 4 2r 2g r r
Loss of power due to the head loss Density of the water gravity Flow rate Head loss Friction factor Length of pipe Radius of the pipe Calculation coefficient [W] [kg/m3] [m/s2] [m3/s] [m] [-] [m] [m]
Where: PLoss = = g = Q = = hf f = L = r = C2 =
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe Cost of the Hydraulic Losses per year
C2 = 5 T kWh price r
[] [W] [h/year] [/kWh] [m]
Cost for the hydraulic losses Loss of power due to the head loss Energy production time Energy price Radius of the pipe Calculation coefficient
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe Present value of the Hydraulic Losses per year
Where: = Kf T = kWhprice = r = C2 =
C2 K f = 5 T kWh price r
Cost for the hydraulic losses Energy production time Energy price Radius of the pipe Calculation coefficient [] [h/year] [/kWh] [m]
K f pv
Where: Kf pv n I
Kf = (1 + I )i i =1
[] [-] [-]
= Present value of the hydraulic losses = Lifetime, (Number of year ) = Interest rate
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe Cost for the Pipe Material
pr m = m V = m 2 r t L = m 2 r L = C1 r 2
K t = M m = M C1 r
Where: m = m = V = r = L = p = = C1 = Kt = M = Mass of the pipe Density of the material Volume of material Radius of pipe Length of pipe Pressure in the pipe Maximum stress Calculation coefficient Installation costs Cost for the material
NB: This is a simplification because no other component then the pipe is calculated
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
Installation Costs:
Pipes Maintenance Interests Etc.
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
C2 T kWh price n 5 = r (1 + I )i i =1 K f pv
K t = M C1 r 2
Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
d(K t + K f ) = 2M Cr dr
C 2 T kWh price 5 =0 i 6 r i =1 (1 + I )
n
5 n C 2 T kWh price r = 7 2 i =1 M C (1 + I )i
F1 = Force due to the water pressure [N] F2 = Force due to the water pressure [N] F3 = Friction force due to the pillars upstream the anchor F4 = Friction force due to the expansion joint upstream the anchor F5 = Friction force due to the expansion joint downstream the anchor
R G
Valves
Spherical valve
Gate valve
Hollow-jet valve
Butterfly valve
Spherical valve
Bypass system
Butterfly valve
Butterfly valve
Hollow-jet Valve
Pelton turbines
Large heads (from 100 meter to 1800 meter) Relatively small flow rate Maximum of 6 nozzles Good efficiency over a vide range
Jostedal, Norway
*Q = 28,5 m3/s *H = 1130 m *P = 288 MW
Kvrner
Francis turbines
Heads between 15 and 700 meter Medium Flow Rates Good efficiency =0.96 for modern machines
SVARTISEN
P = 350 MW H = 543 m Q* = 71,5 m3/S D0 = 4,86 m D1 = 4,31m D2 = 2,35 m B0 = 0,28 m n = 333 rpm
Kaplan turbines
Low head (from 70 meter and down to 5 meter) Large flow rates The runner vanes can be governed Good efficiency over a vide range