Reviewer in Chemistry MIDTERM
Reviewer in Chemistry MIDTERM
Reviewer in Chemistry MIDTERM
Properties of Matter
The characteristics of matter that are present in all kinds of matter are known as general properties of
matter.
Qualities that are readily observable or measurable without changing the matter’s composition are
known as physical properties. Physical properties of matter may be further classified as intensive or
extensive. This classification is based on whether a physical property depends on the amount of matter.
○ Intensive properties are physical properties that do not depend on the amount of matter.
○ Extensive properties are physical properties that depend on the amount of matter.
The characteristics that can only be seen when the chemical identity of a material is altered are known
as chemical properties.
Properties of Matter
Physical Chemical
Properties Properties
Flammability
Extensive Intensive
Biodegradability
Mass
Combustibility
Density Solubility Metallic
Volume Property
Reactivity
Melting Conductivity
point
Malleability
Ductility
Understanding how chemical molecules form and react to produce complex structures is necessary to be
able to harness the benefits of chemistry and utilize them to create useful chemical products.
Chemical products are materials that contain chemical substances that are manufactured and processed
for specific purposes such as medication, food preparation, cleaning and maintenance, fuel resources,
and construction.
It is important to consider the components of the chemical products you are using to determine whether
it is safe and effective to use as well as cost-efficient.
Separation of Mixtures
Homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures may be separated by evaporation or by recrystallization.
Evaporation is the phase transition from liquid to vapor. It is done by heating the solution to dry
up the solvent and crystallized the substance of interest.
Recrystallization is a separation technique based on the difference in solubilities of substances in
an appropriate solvent at an elevated temperature.
Homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures may be separated by distillation or by chromatography.
Distillation is a separation technique based on the difference of boiling points between two liquid
components.
Chromatography is a separation technique that relies on the differential partition of the
components between the two important phases in chromatography: the mobile phase and the
stationary phase.
Different methods can be used to separate heterogeneous solid-solid mixtures. Components of some
mixtures of this type can be separated by manual picking, sieving or by using a magnet.
Different methods can be used to separate heterogeneous solid-liquid mixtures such as filtration,
sedimentation, decantation, and centrifugation.
Filtration is a process of separating solids from liquids by allowing the mixture to pass through a
filtering material.
Sedimentation is the process in which suspended solids will eventually separate from liquids by
gravity.
Decantation is the removal of the liquid component from the solid sediment by pouring the liquid
out of the container gently to avoid the solid particles to suspend again.
Centrifugation is a process in which the suspension is rotated at very high speeds, allowing the
components to separate into layers based on their densities or particle size.
Atomic Theory
The ancient concept of an atom began with the atom concept of Democritus.
The four elements of matter are fire, air, water, and earth.
Modern chemistry began with Dalton’s atomic theory, which states that
all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms;
all atoms of the same element are identical;
compounds contain atoms of different elements combined in whole-number ratios, and
atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different
numbers of neutrons.
Most isotopes are naturally occurring. Artificial isotopes, also known as radioisotopes, are radioactive
and highly unstable.
Isotopes have similar chemical properties but slightly different physical properties.
Isotones are elements that have the same number of neutrons. Isobars are elements that have the same
mass number but different atomic numbers.
On the other hand, transition elements are capable of forming multiple charge states because they can
lose varying numbers of electrons in their valence orbitals. Some common transition elements and their
charge states are shown below:
Hydrogen-containing salts are also considered as acids. For example, NaHCO3 is a salt composed of the
Na+ ion and the HCO3- ion. The HCO3- ion is considered acidic because it can still further dissociate into
the H+ ion and the CO32- ion.
To write the chemical formula of hydrogen-containing salts, the criss-cross method is again applied. The
necessary number of cations is supplied to counter the negative charge of the anion.
In naming covalent compounds, it is again important to remember the Greek prefixes listed in Table
5.4.1. For binary covalent compounds, the element that is found farthest to the left of the periodic table
is typically named first. If they are both in the same group, the one who is at the lower portion of the
periodic table is named first. The number of atoms of the element is indicated by the Greek prefix. If the
first element has only one atom, then the prefix mono- is not written. The second element is then named
by attaching the correct Greek prefix to its stem name and then appending the suffix -ide.
For example, the covalent compound CO is named carbon monoxide. Carbon, the first element in this
compound, has only one atom. Since it is the first element, it is not necessary to append the prefix mono-
to its name. Meanwhile, the second element, oxygen, also has only one atom. Thus, it should be
appended with the prefix mono- and the suffix -ide. Combining both of these, we obtain the name
carbon monoxide.
Note that the monooxide term in carbon monoxide is shortened to monoxide. The letter “o” at the end of
the prefix mono- is omitted if the next letter is an o. In a similar way, the letter “a'' at the end of a prefix
is omitted if the next letter is an o. Thus, P2O5 is diphosphorus pentoxide and not disphosphorus
pentaoxide.