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    Ways of Representing Molecules

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    Alexandra Miranda
    This document discusses different ways to represent molecules, including chemical formulas and molecular models. Chemical formulas include molecular formulas, which use subscripts to show the number of each atom, and empirical formulas, which give the simplest ratio of elements. Structural formulas provide more detail about carbon-containing organic compounds. Molecular models like ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the three-dimensional structure and geometry of molecules. Understanding molecular representations is important for determining a compound's composition and properties.

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    Ways of Representing Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Alexandra Miranda
    25 views32 pages
    This document discusses different ways to represent molecules, including chemical formulas and molecular models. Chemical formulas include molecular formulas, which use subscripts to show the number of each atom, and empirical formulas, which give the simplest ratio of elements. Structural formulas provide more detail about carbon-containing organic compounds. Molecular models like ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the three-dimensional structure and geometry of molecules. Understanding molecular representations is important for determining a compound's composition and properties.

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    15. Ways of Representing Molecules

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    This document discusses different ways to represent molecules, including chemical formulas and molecular models. Chemical formulas include molecular formulas, which use subscripts to show the number of each atom, and empirical formulas, which give the simplest ratio of elements. Structural formulas provide more detail about carbon-containing organic compounds. Molecular models like ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the three-dimensional structure and geometry of molecules. Understanding molecular representations is important for determining a compound's composition and properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    25 views32 pages

    Ways of Representing Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Alexandra Miranda
    This document discusses different ways to represent molecules, including chemical formulas and molecular models. Chemical formulas include molecular formulas, which use subscripts to show the number of each atom, and empirical formulas, which give the simplest ratio of elements. Structural formulas provide more detail about carbon-containing organic compounds. Molecular models like ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the three-dimensional structure and geometry of molecules. Understanding molecular representations is important for determining a compound's composition and properties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 32

    Ways of Representing

    Molecules

    General Chemistry 1
    Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
    Ever wondered how molecules look like on a
    microscopic scale?

    2
    Compounds can
    be represented by
    just the ratio of
    atoms or the exact
    number of atoms
    found in each unit.
    3
    For complicated
    molecules, how each
    atom is connected
    and how they are
    positioned are
    important in
    understanding their
    chemistry. 4
    How do we represent chemical
    substances?

    5
    Learning Competencies
    At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

    ● Represent compounds using chemical formulas,


    structural formulas, and models (STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-
    21).

    ● Give the similarities and differences between the


    empirical formula and molecular formula of a
    compound (STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-22).

    6
    Learning Objectives
    At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

    ● Differentiate between an empirical and molecular


    formula.

    ● Write the empirical formula if the molecular formula is


    given.

    ● Demonstrate ways to represent compounds using


    chemical formulas, structural formulas, and models.
    7
    How important are chemical
    formulas for knowing the
    composition and structure of a
    compound?

    8
    Chemical Formula

    Molecular Formula
    ● most common way to represent molecules

    9
    Chemical Formula

    Molecular Formula
    ● most common way to represent molecules
    ● symbols of each element are written down with a
    subscript indicating how many atoms are in the
    compound

    10
    Chemical Formula

    Molecular Formula
    ● most common way to represent molecules
    ● symbols of each element are written down with a
    subscript indicating how many atoms are in the
    compound
    ● example: compound with two atoms of hydrogen and
    one atom of oxygen is represented as H2O.

    11
    Chemical Formula

    Empirical Formula
    ● gives the simplest whole-number ratio of each element
    in a compound

    12
    Chemical Formula

    Empirical Formula
    ● gives the simplest whole-number ratio of each element
    in a compound
    ● Let us take glucose for example.

    13
    Chemical Formula

    Empirical Formula
    ● gives the simplest whole-number ratio of each element
    in a compound
    ● Let us take glucose for example.
    ○ molecular formula: C6H12O6

    14
    Chemical Formula

    Empirical Formula
    ● gives the simplest whole-number ratio of each element
    in a compound
    ● Let us take glucose for example.
    ○ molecular formula: C6H12O6
    ○ empirical formula: CH2O, wherein for every carbon
    atom, there are two two hydrogen atoms and an
    oxygen atom.
    15
    Chemical Formula

    Empirical Formula
    Subscripts: divide each amount of atoms in the formula
    by the greatest common factor

    16
    Chemical Formula

    Empirical Formula
    Take H2C2O4 as an example.
    What is the greatest common factor among its subscripts?

    2
    17
    Chemical Formula

    Empirical Formula
    Take H2C2O4 as an example.
    What will happen to each subscript if we divide it by 2?

    HCO2
    18
    Chemical Formula

    Empirical Formula
    In some cases, the molecular formula is already in the
    lowest number ratio and would automatically be the
    empirical formula.
    ○ C5H12 is both the molecular and empirical formula
    of the compound.

    19
    Chemical Formula

    Structural Formula
    ● used for more complex molecules such as organic
    compounds - those containing carbon bonds

    20
    Chemical Formula

    Structural Formula
    ● used for more complex molecules such as organic
    compounds - those containing carbon bonds
    ● inorganic compounds - those that lack carbon bonds

    21
    Chemical Formula

    Structural Formula
    ● used for more complex molecules such as organic
    compounds - those containing carbon bonds
    ● inorganic compounds - those that lack carbon bonds
    ● hydrocarbons - organic compounds made up entirely
    of carbons and hydrogens

    22
    Chemical Formula

    Structural Formula
    ● complete structural formula
    ○ all bonds and atoms are shown

    the complete structural formula of n-pentane

    23
    Chemical Formula

    Structural Formula
    ● condensed structural formula
    ○ atoms connected to a specific carbon are
    represented like molecular formula

    CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
    the condensed structural formula of n-pentane

    24
    Chemical Formula

    Structural Formula
    ● skeletal or line angle formula
    ○ hydrogens attached to each carbon will not be
    drawn: implicit hydrogens

    the line-angle formula of n-pentane

    25
    Molecular Model

    Ball-and-Stick Model
    ● balls - atoms
    ● stick - bonds between atoms
    ● shows the geometry of the
    molecule and helps us Ball-and-stick model for
    predict properties n-pentane

    26
    Molecular Model

    Space-Filling Model
    ● better estimate of actual
    molecule shape
    ● bonds represented by sticks
    in previous model is cut short
    to give better representation
    Space-filling model of n-
    pentane

    27
    Why is it important that molecular
    models show the correct geometry
    of the compound?

    28
    Let’s Sum It Up!

    ● A chemical formula is a way to represent molecules to convey


    information about its composition or structure.

    ● A molecular formula is the most common chemical formula


    wherein symbols of each element are written down with a
    subscript indicating how many atoms are in the compound.

    ● An empirical formula is a chemical formula showing only the


    simplest whole-number ratio of each element in a compound.

    29
    Let’s Sum It Up!

    ● Organic compounds are compounds containing


    carbon bonds. Compounds that lack these bonds are
    called inorganic compounds. Molecules that contain
    only carbon and hydrogen are part of a family of
    organic compounds called hydrocarbons.

    30
    Let’s Sum It Up!

    ● Structural formulas are detailed chemical formulas that show


    the structure of a compound.
    ○ complete structural formula - all bonds and atoms are
    shown.
    ○ condensed structural formula - indicates the number of
    attached hydrogens to each carbon
    ○ skeletal or line-angle formula - the hydrogen and carbon
    atoms are implied from the shape of the structure.

    31
    Let’s Sum It Up!

    ● A molecular model is a 3D model showing how atoms are


    connected in a molecule.
    ○ ball-and-stick model - model where different colored
    spheres represent atoms, and sticks represent bonds.
    ○ space-filling model - model wherein bond lengths are
    shortened for better estimation of its length relative to the
    size of the atoms.

    32

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