Reviewer For 12 STEM
Reviewer For 12 STEM
Reviewer For 12 STEM
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the world facilitates the understanding and
analysis of literary texts in various genres across cultures.
• The range of years in 21st century literature was written from (roughly) the year 2001 to
the present.
• In the early 2000 saw a steep increase in the acceptability of all types, inspired by the
coming of age of millions of people who enjoyed the works of writers such as C.S. Lewis
and J.R.R Tolkien.
• Some books were written in Simple English and works of -old writers were translate into
language that was easier to understand.
• Mythology was converted into graphic novel form to build interest among young readers.
• It is an imaginative writing.
• Most of the themes deal with current themes or situations and reflect technological
culture.
• Breaks traditional writing in the old century literature.
• 21st century is written by contemporary authors.
• This period is the emerging of different genres:
• IM (Instant messaging) Blog books
Digi fiction
Manga
graphic novels
-The roots of Philippine Literature can be traced back to the pre- colonial period.
-Literature in this period is any literature which existed before the Spaniards entered Philippine
soil.
-Subject matter is about the common experience of the people in the village, like their
experiences in food gathering, caring for the children, nature, and etc.
-Bulong - murmurs or incantation (e.g. Tabi Tabi po. )
-Bugtong - A riddle, or Bugtong in Filipino, is a statement or question that directly requires a
concrete answer or presents a puzzle whose hidden meaning has to be deciphered.
-Salawikain - A proverb is a simple and insightful, traditional saying that expresses a perceived
truth based on common sense or experience.
-Kasabihan - A saying is any concisely written or spoken expression that is especially
memorable because of its meaning or style. Sayings are categorized as follows: Aphorism: a
general, observational truth; "a pithy expression of wisdom or truth".
-During the American colonization (1898 - 1946), free public transportation for all children were
introduced.
-English was the medium of instruction in all levels.
-Because of this, Philippine literature was imitative of the American models of writing.
-These are the following notable Filipino writers during the American Period:
• Paz Marquez Benitez
• Manuel E. Arguilla
• Francisco Arcellana
-Between 1941-1945, the development of Philippine Literature was interrupted due to the
Japanese colonization.
-There was no freedom of speech and of the press.
-Newspapers in English were banned by the Japanese. This became a blessing in disguise as
writers started writing in Filipino.
-The common literary themes were nationalism, country, and life in the barrios.
-Post-war poetry and fiction were dominated by writers in English who were educated and
trained in writers' workshops in the United States or England.
-In the 1950s, every artist, writer, musician, critic or academician was given a grant to stay in the
U.S. through the Educational Exchange Program or the "Fulbright Program."
-The development of Philippine literature in various languages continue especially with the new
a publications after the Martial Law years.
-This was a period of activism and literary revolution. The writers during this period used words
to confront Martial Law and repression.
-Behind these scenes, oral literature flourished in the outlying communities of the Cebuanos, the
Ilokanos, the Tagalogs, the Samals, and the Ilonggos. The Philippine novel has remained social
realist.
-Established in 1950, the Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature had been giving cash prizes
for short story, poetry and one-act play writing as an incentive to Filipino writers.
• The prizes come from La Tondena, Inc.,
the firm founded by the late Carlos Palanca Sr.
CPAR
The word art is quite difficult to define and its definition has been highly contested throughout
history. The word originated from the Latin word ars which means skill and with the Greek word
techne which means technology. A common definition of art is that it is used to express ideas or
feelings through creative processes and imagination. This is often done through the various
forms of art discussed below.
Visual Arts
Visual arts is an expression of artistic ideas through images, structures, and tactile work.
Painting, sculpture, and architecture are considered as examples of it. Some visual artworks are
integrated which means it combines several medium to create a new and unique artwork.
Literary Arts
Literary arts is an expression of ideas through writing. There are many types of literary
artworks, and this can be categorized into:
- Poetry It is considered as one of the oldest forms of literature characterized by its imaginative
and figurative language. Some poetic forms are strict with rhymes and syllabic counts, like the
sonnet, while contemporary poetry pieces now go beyond the limits of form and more and more
writers dwell more into free verse.
Prose When an imaginative literary piece is not written in figurative language, then it is
considered as prose. Prose is usually written in complete and grammatical narratives. Examples
of prose are short stories and novels among others. Generally, prose is a literary piece that is
not poetry.
-Drama - When a text is written to be performed and not just read, then it is considered as
drama. Usually, people refer to dramas as plays.
Performing Arts
Performing arts is an expression of an artistic idea through written lyrics, text,
dramatization, and multimedia production. Performing arts usually require the musical theatre,
dance, and drama, a combination of different art forms, such as literary art for the material and
visual arts for stage design.
Space
When we say space, it can vary depending on what art discipline it pertains to. In visual
arts, this may pertain to emptiness which may either be positive space or negative space.
Positive space refers to a part which is enclosed in a shape, while negative space refers to the
opposite part which the shape is enclosing.
In other forms of art like literature and music, space may pertain to pauses and interval
between lines or notes.
Line
In visual arts, a line is a series of points. It may come in two characteristics:
•Form-curved, dotted, or broken
• Abstract shapes are like organic shapes for they lack definition, but they are not
necessarily found in nature. They are also asymmetrical and free flowing.
Similar to lines, shapes may contribute to meaning making when used in an artwork. For
example, a circle is usually associated with love, harmony, and infinity such as the case of an
engagement ring. Triangles, when upright, are seen to suggest stability because of its solid
base, while it suggests tension when upside down. Meanwhile, a square or a rectangle
Color
In visual arts, color is associated with the natural phenomenon in our environment.
Scientifically, when a light passes through a prism, it will produce different hues of different
wavelengths. These colors may pertain to lightness or darkness, coolness or warmth. Also,
colors may convey different meanings dependent to cultures and traditions of a region.
Value
In visual arts, value is considered a property of a color which pertains to its lightness or
darkness.
Texture
In visual arts, texture is the tactile or illusory surface of the piece. In music, texture is the
mood or quality of the composition.
Principles of Design
The elements of art may be organized in a way that it can create a more compelling
artwork. This organization of elements is called principles of design. Understanding the
elements and how they may go together will be of great help in improving, not just your
artistic skills, but also your capacity to understand art.
General Chemistry
-Physical Properties
●melting point
●boiling point
●freezing point
●solubility
●metallic properties
●size
●texture
●shape
●color
Melting Point
It is the temperature at which a solid matter changes to liquid.
It varies according to its composition of materials.
Freezing Point
It is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid matter.
Boiling Point
It is the temperature at which liquid evaporates
The vapor pressure is equal to the pressure of its surrounding liquid at this temperature.
Solubility
It is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a given solvent.
It varies depending on its composition.
It is considered as a physical property as one can tell whether a material is soluble or not by
merely observing its physical appearance.
Metallic Properties
These are qualities that are observed specifically in metals.
○conductivity
○malleability
○ductility
Conductivity
It is the ability of a material to allow heat or electric charges to pass through easily.
Materials can be thermal or electrical conductors.
Malleability
It is the ability of a material to be flattened into thin sheets.
Ductility
It is the ability of a material to be easily drawn into wires.
- Chemical Properties
●biodegradability, combustibility, flammability, and reactivity.
Biodegradability
It is the capacity of a material to decompose through the actions of microorganisms
Combustion
It is a chemical reaction between a substance (fuel) and oxygen which results in the generation
of heat and light in the form of flame.
Combustibility
It is the ability of a material to combust or burn.
Flammability
It is the ability of a combustible material to catch flame easily.
Combustibility and Flammability
It is the main difference between the two properties: ease and rate of how an object burns.
Reactivity
It is the tendency of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction.
○fluorine: most reactive element
○noble gasses: no to little reactivity
Intensive properties are physical properties that do not depend on the amount of matter.
Extensive properties are physical properties that depend on the amount of matter
Intro to Philosophy
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
Doing Philosophy
“Philosophy” came from two Greek words:
Philo which means “to love”
Sophia which means “wisdom”
Philosophy originally meant “love of wisdom.”
Philosophy is also defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes
or highest principles of all things.
-Science
• It is an organized body of knowledge.
• It is systematic.
• It follows certain steps or employs certain
procedures.
-Natural Light of Reason
• It uses a philosopher’s natural capacity to think or human reason or the so-called
unaided reason.
-Study of All Things
• It makes philosophy distinct from other sciences because it is not one dimensional or
partial.
• A philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry.
• Philosophy is multidimensional or holistic.
-First Cause or Highest Principle
• Principle of Identity – whatever is; whatever is not is not. Everything is its own being, and
not being is not being.
• Principle of Non-Contradiction – it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the
same time.
• Principle of Excluded Middle – a thing is either is or is not; between being and not-being,
there is no middle ground possible.
• Principle of Sufficient Reason – nothing exists without sufficient reason for its being and
existence.
Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics
It is an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is
real.
A metaphysician’s task is to explain that part of our experience which we call unreal in terms of
what we call real.
He claims that everything we experience is water (“reality”) and everything else is “appearance.”
-Idealist and Materialist
Their theories are based on unobservable entities:mind and matter.
They explain the observable in terms of the unobservable.
-Plato
Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real.
Reality is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be detected only by the intellect.
Plato calls these realities as ideas of forms.
Ethics
It explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions.
-Socrates
To be happy is to live a virtuous life.
Virtue is an awakening of the seeds of good deeds that lay dormant in the mind and
heart of a person which can be achieved through
True knowledge = Wisdom = Virtue
Courage as virtue is also knowledge.
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois
An African-American who wanted equal rights for the blacks.
His philosophy uses the same process as Hegel’s
dialectic (Thesis > Antithesis > Synthesis).
Epistemology
It deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge.
=Sources of knowledge=
-Induction
gives importance to particular things seen, heard, and touched
Empiricist – advocates of induction method
Empiricism is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience.
-Deduction
gives importance to general law from which particular facts are understood or judged
Rationalist – advocates of deduction method
-Pragmatism – the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences.
Logic
• Reasoning is the concern of the logician.
• It comes from the Greek word logike, coined by Zeno, the Stoic (c.340–265BC), which
means a treatise on matters pertaining to the human thought.
• It does not provide us knowledge of the world directly and does not contribute directly to
the content of our thoughts.
• It is not interested in what we know regarding certain subjects but in the truth or the
validity of our arguments regarding such objects.
-Aristotle
First philosopher to devise a logical method
-Zeno of Citium
One of the successors of Aristotle and founder of Stoicism
Other influential authors of logic
Cicero, Porphyry, and Boethius
Philoponus and Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes
Aesthetics
It is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations – including the sublime, comic,
tragic, pathetic, and ugly.
It vitalizes our knowledge. It makes our knowledge of the world alive and useful.
-Hans-Georg Gadamer
A German philosopher who argues that our tastes and judgments regarding beauty work
in connection with one’s own personal experience and culture.
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
- Individualism
- More on hands on
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
- Collectivism
- Spiritual Approach
FILIPINO THINKING: FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL
Conscious of his own particular life and his world.
Filipinos do have their own philosophy
Three dimensions of Filipino thought:
• Loob: Holistic and Dimensions
• Filipino Philosophy Time
• Bahala na
• Filipino Thought and Values: Positive and Negative Aspects
Methods of Philosophy
Philosophizing- is to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner.
Methods of Philosophizing
• Phenomenology
focuses on a careful inspection and description of phenomena and appearances,
defined as an object of conscious experience, that is that which we are conscious of.
• Existentialism
• truth might be based on ones attitude or outlook
• authentic self as the personally chosen self, as opposed to public or "herd identity"
• essence
• Postmodernism
postmodernism has come into vogue as the name for a rather diffuse family of ideas
and trends that in significant respects rejects, challenges. or aims to supersede
"MODERNITY"
• DIVERSITY
• THERE'S NO TRUTH
• Analytic Tradition
using common experience and ordinary language to analyze concepts and language
in philosophy.
• Logic & Critical Thinking
serves as paths to freedom from half truths and deceptions. critical thinking helps us
uncover bias and prejudice and open to new ideas not necessarily in agreement with
previous thought.
2 BASIC TYPES OF REASONING
inductive reasoning (observation)
deductive reasoning (investigation)
• Fallacies
defect in argument other that its having false premises. to detect fallacies, it is
required to examine the argument's content.
• False cause
Link between premises and conclusion depends on some imagined causal
connection that probably does not exist.
• Hasty Generalization
Is a conclusion that is not logically justified by sufficient evidence.
• Begging the question
When you use the point you're trying to prove that very same point. Rather than
proving the conclusion is true, it assumes it.