SI-4121

Dinding Penahan Tanah dan Stabilitas

Dr. Ir. Hasbullah Nawir, MT

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan,
Institut Teknologi Bandung
 SI-4121
Dinding Penahan Tanah
• Dosen: Dr. Ir. Hasbullah Nawir, MT
• Jadwal kuliah: Rabu, 10.00 s/d 13.00
Jum’at, 13.00 s/d 14.00
• Referensi: Principal of Foundation Engineering
(Braja M. Das minimal edisi 1990)
• Penilaian: UTS (40%)
UAS (40%)
Tugas/absensi (20%)

Teknik Sipil, Institut Teknologi Bandung

 SI-4121
Dinding Penahan Tanah dan Stabilitas
• Setelah dosen masuk kelas, mahasiswa tidak diizinkan
masuk
• Berpakaian rapih
• Mahasiswa yang memakai sandal jepit, dilarang masuk

Teknik Sipil, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Retaining walls

Structure that are built to retain

vertical or nearly vertical earth banks
or any other material are called as
Retaining walls.
The retaining walls may be of:

Wall can be categorized into four main types:

◼ Gravity wall
derive stability mainly from their
weight
◼ Reinforced Earth

derive their stability from earth

◼ Embedded walls pressures, props and anchors.

◼ Trench support essentially propped vertical sheets

 Gravity Walls:

As the name implies, rely almost entirely upon their weight for stability.
· They usually have wide bases.
· Their construction is rigid, e.g. masonry, mass or reinforced concrete.
· They tend to fail by sliding or rotating.

◼ Types of Gravity Wall:

– Mass concrete or masonry wall
• The strength of the wall material is usually
greater than that of the underlying soil.
• Base is formed with mass concrete, with
formed or cut key slots.
• Breadth of base is typically H/2 to H/3
(H = wall height)
 › Mass concrete or masonry wall
Back-filled walls Mass concrete wall against cut face

After the wall is constructed, the back fill is • The wall is not constructed directly against
compacted in layers. cut soil, but against a gravel/stone drainage
• Temporary propping may be required to prevent blanket.
displacement during the compaction of back-fill. • Drains are usually installed along the heel of
• Drains are usually installed along the heel of the wall.
the wall. • Further drainage of the back-fill can be
• Further drainage of the back-fill can be afforded afforded by weep holes.
by weep holes.
 Gravity Walls:
◼ Types of Gravity Wall:
– Reinforced concrete cantilever wall

• Reinforced concrete cantilever walls are the commonest modern form of gravity wall.
• Can be L-shaped or an inverted T-shaped cross-section; with a vertical cantilever
slab.
• Simple cantilevers, some utilizing the weight of backfill on the heel portion of the slab
are suitable for walls up to 6m in height.
• For greater heights, counter forts or buttresses walls are incorporated.
• To improve resistance to sliding a downward-projecting key is often incorporated into
the base.
 Reinforced concrete cantilever wall
L-shaped RC wall Propped RC wall

• The down stand nib improves resistance to • The figure shows a reinforced concrete
sliding basement wall.
• The RC ground floor slab acts as a prop,
eliminating cantilever bending.
• The RC basement floor slab provide
resistance to sliding
 Reinforced concrete cantilever wall
RC cantilever backfilled wall

• Drains are usually installed along the heel of the wall.

• Further drainage of the back-fill can be afforded by weep holes.
• The downstand nib improve resistance to sliding
 Gravity Walls:
◼ Types of Gravity Wall:
– Counterfort or buttressed wall

• Counterfort walls are RC gravity walls with

tension stiffeners (counterforts) connecting the back
of the wall slab and the base, so that the bending
and shearing stresses are reduced. They are used counter fort
for high walls or where high lateral pressures will
occur, e.g. where the backfill is heavily surcharged.

• Buttressed walls are similar except that the

stiffeners are placed in front of the wall and act as
compression braces. These are used for very tall buttress
walls, but are not as common.
 Gravity Walls:
◼ Types of Gravity Wall:
– Gabion

• Rectangular (occasionally cylindrical) baskets made from galvanised steel mesh,

woven strips, or plastic mesh (originally wickerwork), filled with stone rubble or
cobbles, to provide free-draining wall units.
• Useful in remote areas, using local labour and materials.
• To ensure internal stability and structural integrity, the choice of sound material
is important, as is a high standard of workmanship in the filling and lacing
together of the gabion units.
Gravity Walls:
◼ Types of Gravity Wall:
– Crib wall

• A gravity wall structure formed with interlocking pre-cast concrete units (or sometimes
timber for temporary works).
• Stretchers run parallel to the wall face and headers are laid perpendicular to the wall
face.
• The outer face is usually constructed to a slope of between 1h:8v and 1h:6v, except
when the wall height is less than the header length, when a vertical face is permitted.
• The space formed within the cribs is filled with free-draining fill, such as stone rubble,
cobbles or gravel.
 Reinforced Earth Walls:

• Reinforced earth walls were first introduced by Henri Vidal, a French

architect and engineer.
• They consist of rolled layers of backfill, between which is laid strip or
mesh reinforcement.
• Reinforcement is usually tied to facing panels or rolled back in to the
layer above.
• The weight of the wall is less than concrete, thus reducing ground
pressures.
• Reinforced earth is also more flexible and can absorb considerable
strains.
Reinforced Earth Walls:
◼ Types of Reinforced Earth Wall:
– Reinforced earth - Strip Reinforcement

• Strip reinforcement can be high-stiffness material, e.g. galvanised steel, plastic-coated

metal.
• Strips and bars are suitable for highly frictional soils.
• Strips or bars are tied to pre-formed facing panels.
Reinforced Earth Walls:
◼ Types of Reinforced Earth Wall:
– Reinforced earth - Mesh reinforcement

• Mesh reinforcement is often geosynthetic mesh or grid, which have low deformation
moduli.
• Mesh reinforcement is suitable in cohesive back-fill
• Faces are formed by wrapping the mesh over and into the layer above.
 Reinforced Earth Walls:
◼ Types of Reinforced Earth Wall:
– Types of wall - Soil nailing

• An in-situ soil reinforcement method developed in the last twenty years or so.
• Steel bars, angles or other metallic elements are driven in (or grouted in) drilled holes
(but not pre-stressed); they are typically 3-5m long and at spacings of 0.5-2 m.
• The facing of the soil-nailed mass is often simply a layer of shotcrete 100-150 mm thick
(although pre-cast concrete panels are also used). It has no structural function, but
serves to protect the face from weathering.
• Primarily used for temporary works, but may be suitable for some permanent structures
with non-corrodable nails.
 Embedded Walls:

Embedded walls consist of driven or placed sheets or piles.

• They are slender vertically and are considerable to be weightless in

calculations.
• Stability is derived from opposing earth pressures, with or without props or
anchors,
• They may be used for both temporary or permanent works.
• Quite often the wall is driven and excavation then carried out on one side.
Embedded Walls:
◼ Types of Embedded Wall:
– Driven sheet-pile wall

• Sheet-pile walls are flexible structures consisting essentially of a vertical

wall without a foundation.
• They are used particularly for temporary works, in harbour structures
and in poor ground.
 Driven sheet-pile wall
Cantilever sheet piling Anchored sheet piling

• Support is derived from both the embedment

earth pressures and the attachment of
anchors, usually near the top of the wall.
• Pile sections are simply driven into the ground, with • Used for a wide range of applications in
no foundation, anchoring or bracing provided. different soils, for heights up to 20 m.
• The depth of penetration below the dredge line has • Anchor forces reduce the lateral deflection
to be at least the depth of excavation. and bending moment in the pile, and also
• Structurally, the wall acts as a cantilever beam with the depth of embedment required
the reaction shear and moment developed by earth (compared with cantilever piling).
pressure in the embedment. • Piles can be driven either before or after
• Economical for heights up to 4 m; used mainly for excavation, resulting in different earth
temporary works. pressure distributions.
 Driven sheet-pile wall
Braced sheet piling

• Props, braces, shores or struts are placed in front of the wall.

• Lateral deflection and bending moment are reduced, and embedment may not
be required.
• In trenches, struts (lateral)and waler (horizontal) are used. In wide excavation
framed shores or raking shores are used.
• Over-bracing during installation can cause excessive lateral pressures, as well
as loosening previously installed braces.
Embedded Walls:
◼ Types of Embedded Wall:
– Continuous bored-pile wall

• The wall is formed from a single or double row of piles installed in

contact (or in very close proximity) with each other.
• Alternate piles are first drilled and placed; a casing guide is then used
to drill intervening pile holes.
• In granular soils, the spaces between piles can be grouted.
• Note: Secant bored piles and diaphragm walls EMBEDDIAPHRAGM are
more watertight.
 Embedded Walls:
◼ Types of Embedded Wall:
– Secant bored-pile wall

• Alternate piles, usually about 1m in diameter, are drilled at closer spacing than
the pile diameter and the concrete placed.
• While the concrete is still quite weak (after 2 or 3 days), intermediate holes
are drilled along a parallel, but slightly offset, line so that the holes cut into the
already installed piles.
• Subsequent concreting produces a continuous wall, which is water-tight and
strong.
• Alternatively, steel columns are grouted in the first set of holes, with the
intermediates being quickly drilled and cast-in-place concrete piles formed to
complete wall.
Embedded Walls:
◼ Types of Embedded Wall:
– Diaphragm

• Constructed in an narrow (wall width) excavated trench which is

temporarily supported by a bentonite slurry.
• As the soil is grabbed, it is replaced with slurry to ground level until the
required depth is reached.
• The reinforcement cage is lowered into the trench and the concrete placed
though a trémie, thus displacing the slurry.
• Used in difficult ground, where driving sheet piles would be troublesome,
where unfavourable groundwater levels occur, or on restricted sites.
• Prefabricated panels are also used, especially in stiff or dense ground.
 Trench support:

Trench support is placed or driven on either side of relatively

narrow excavations.

• It is almost always supported by lateral braces or props.

• Steel sheets or timber boards are placed directly against soil faces; theses
are then supported by horizontal walings.
• Props are inserted at several heights between the walings.
Perencanaan Dinding Penahan Tanah

◼ Survey topografi dan fisik.

◼ Investigasi tanah guna penentuan
paremeter tanah: ,  dan c.
◼ Penentuan beban kerja (jalan, gedung,
gempa, dll).
◼ Pilih bentuk dinding yang sesuai dan
perkirakan ukuran penampang
 Perencanaan Dinding Penahan Tanah

h
H


H/3
D

◼ Hitung tegangan lateral tanah (resultante)

yang akan membebani dinding baik secara
analitis maupun secara grafis.
Perencanaan Dinding Penahan Tanah

◼ Hitung berat dinding dan gaya lateral tanah

serta arah resultantenya.
◼ Lebar dasar dinding penahan tanah harus
cukup untuk memobilisasi daya dukung
tanahnya.
◼ Prediksi penurunan (elastis dan konsolidasi)
◼ Periksa tegangan kerja pada beton dan
tulangan
◼ Periksa stabilitas global
Perencanaan Dinding Penahan Tanah

◼ Stabilitas global
 Modes of failure
◼ Sliding/translation failure along its base
◼ Overturning/rotation about its toe
◼ Ground yielding or settlement
◼ Structure Failure
◼ Overall slip stability
◼ Lateral bottom heave
◼ Vertical base heave
◼ Settlement behind the wall
Perkiraan Dimensi Komponen
Retaining Walls (Braja M. Das):

Lebar penampang atas = min. 30 cm

Heel Dmin = 60 cm
Toe
Perkiraan Dimensi Komponen
Retaining Walls:

Lebar penampang atas = min. 30 cm

Dmin = 60 cm
0.1H
 Bagan empiris untuk penentuan
beban lateral dinding penahan:

• Bisa digunakan untuk dinding yang tidak terlalu besar

• ½ Kh H’2 adalah komponen horisontal gaya lateral tanah pada bidang AB
• ½ Kv H’2 adalah komponen vertikal gaya lateral tanah pada bidang AB
• Tipe tanah backfill sesuai bagan:
1. Tanah granular kasar tanpa kandungan lempung dan sangat permeable
(pasir atau kerikil bersih)
2. Tanah granular dengan permeabilitas rendah akibat kandungan lempung
yang dimilikinya
3. Tanah residual berbatu, fine silty sand, tanah granular dengan banyak
kandungan lempung
4. Lempung sangat lunak sampai lunak, lanau organik, atau lempung berlanau
5. Lempung dengan konsistensi medium sampai keras, kadang masih berupa
bongkahan-bongkahan yang mudah dirembesi air.
Bagan untuk permukaan
backfill miring:
Bagan untuk permukaan
backfill patah:
Bagan untuk permukaan backfill
patah:
STABILITAS GESER

• The wall must not slide along its base, nor along any lateral joint.
• Forces tending to cause sliding are due to active pressures and the
net sum of horizontal structural or applied loads.
• Resistance to sliding will be provided mainly by friction under the
base.
• Passive resistance (Pp) in front of the wall should only be considered
when excavation or surface disturbance can be discounted.
 STABILITAS GESER
A
1
1
FS geser =
 F
R'
c1 Fd
V H’

Ph
H’/3
D
Pp
R’
2
B
2
c2
Tegangan geser
di dasar dinding s =  tan  2 + c2
Gaya geser di
dasar dinding = R' = s(luas dasar dinding ) = s( B 1) = B tan  2 + Bc 2
R ' = ( V ) tan  2 + Bc 2 V
 STABILITAS GESER
A FS geser =
 F R'

1 F d

1

= (V ) tan  2 + Bc 2 + Pp
c1
V H’ F R'

Ph

D
Pp
H’/3 F d = Pa cos 
R’
B 2 ,  2 , c 2

FS sliding =
( V ) tan  2 + Bc 2 + Pp
Pa cos 
Reduksi:
2 1
 2 hingga 2  2
2 3
c2 1 2
c2 hingga c2
2 3
MEMPERTINGGI STABILITAS GESER
A FS geser =
 F
R'

Fd
1
1
c1

H’
V
Ph
H’/3
D
Pp
R’

R ' = ( V ) tan  2 + Bc 2
2
B 2
c2
Tegangan geser
di dasar dinding s =  tan  2 + c2
Stabilitas Guling
(overturning)

• The wall must not overturn and therefore the moment balance about
any point must be favourable to stability.
• For rigid gravity and RC walls the moment balance about the toe of
the wall should be checked.
• For diaphragm and sheet-pile walls, overturning should be checked at
either the theoretical or actual bottom of the wall.
 Kontrol

Stabilitas Guling A

1
1
c1=0

Pv Pa H’

  Ph
H’/3
D
Pp 
C
2
q2 2
q1 c2
B
  A Stabilitas Guling
1

Ph = Pa cos ;
1
c1=0

 Pv
Pa H’
Pv = Pa sin ;
  Ph

D
 = kemiringan backfill
Pp 
C
2 M v = Pv B = Pa sin   B
2
c2
B

1
Pp = K p 2 D 2 + 2c2 K p D K p = tan 2 (45 +  2 / 2)
2
 M  H'
=  0 h  3 
=
R
FSoverturning M P
M O
Weight/unit Moment arm
Section Area length of wall measured from C Moment about C
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1 A1 W1=1 A1 X1 M1
W2=1 A2
M
2 A2 X2 M2
3 A3 W3=1 A3 X3 M3 Calculation of R
4 A4 W4=c A4 X4 M4
5 A5 W5=c A5 X5 M5
Pv B Mv
SV S MR
  A Stabilitas Guling
1
1
c1=0 FSoverturning =
M R

 Pv
Pa
M O
H’

   H'
D
Ph
 M 0 = Ph  3 
Pp 
C
2
M1 + M 2 + M 3 + M 4 + M 5 + M v
2 FS =
c2 H'
B Pa cos 
3

Weight/unit Moment arm

Section Area length of wall measured from C Moment about C
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1 A1 W1=1 A1 X1 M1
2
3
A2
A3
W2=1 A2
W3=1 A3
X2
X3
M2
M3 Calculation of M R
4 A4 W4=c A4 X4 M4
5 A5 W5=c A5 X5 M5
Pv B Mv
SV S MR

M v = Pv B = Pa sin   B
 STABILITAS GESER
A FS geser =
 F
R'

Fd
1
1
c1

H’
V
Ph
H’/3
D
Pp
R’

R ' = ( V ) tan  2 + Bc 2
2
B 2
c2
Tegangan geser
di dasar dinding s =  tan  2 + c2
 Yielding or settlement

• If the ground bearing pressure beneath the base exceeds the allowable
bearing capacity, some settlement may occur.
• If the ultimate bearing capacity is exceeded, yielding will occur.
• Thus, the wall may rotate and be displaced. The maximum bearing
pressure will generally occur beneath the toe and should not exceed the
allowable bearing capacity.
• The form of calculation depends on whether the pressure distribution is
trapezoidal or triangular.
 STABILITAS DAYA DUKUNG
A

1
1
c1=0

V R H’
Ph = Pa cos 
X

H’/3
D
Ph
C
2
qmin 2
qmax e
c2
B/2 B/2
 STABILITAS DAYA DUKUNG

M net =  M R −  M o Harga momen net pada titik C

M net
X = Titik tangkap gaya vertikal
V
B
e= −X Eksentrisitas gaya akibat momen
2

q=
V  M net y Maksimum dan minimum presure
A I di bawah pondasi
e( V )
B
q max =
V + 2 =  V 1 + 6e  q min =
 V  6e 
1 − 
(B )(1) (
1 3
B )
B  B B  B
12
 STABILITAS DAYA DUKUNG

Tegangan Kontak Negatif (Negative Contact Pressure)

P

M Ada kalanya
H
tegangan kontak
yang terjadi berharga
W
negatif, hal ini terjadi
S bila pada pondasi
bekerja momen yang
besar, sehingga
mengakibatkan
X
d tegangan tarik pada
tanah.
q

d/3
 STABILITAS DAYA DUKUNG

Tegangan Kontak Negatif (Negative Contact Pressure)

H
M V = 0 (gaya arah ke atas berharga positif)
W
(q / 2)  d  L − P − W = 0
S
 M = 0 (momen searah jarum jam berharga positif)
M + H  S − (q / 2)  d  L  ( X − d / 3) = 0
X
d

q Tentukan harga q
dan d
d/3
 STABILITAS DAYA DUKUNG
25 ton

30 ton.m
1.5 ton

20 ton

1.5 m 2.0 m

Tentukan:
a. SF Guling
y
b. Tegangan maksimum
c. Tegangan minimum
d. Bila terjadi harga negatif
x 50 cm 3.0 m
tentukan diagram
50 cm tegangan yang terjadi di
bawah pondasi
4.0 m
 STABILITAS DAYA DUKUNG
25 ton

30 ton.m
10 ton

15 ton

1.5 m 2.0 m

Tentukan:
a. SF Guling
y
b. Tegangan maksimum
c. Tegangan minimum
d. Bila terjadi harga negatif
x 2.5 m
tentukan diagram
tegangan yang terjadi di
bawah pondasi
3.0 m
 Overall slip stability

• Where a retaining wall is supporting sloping ground, a possible form of failure

is a shear-slip involving the wall and a portion of the retained earth.
• This typically applies to long-term conditions in clay soils, when the strength
of the soil has been reduced due to weathering or changes in groundwater
conditions.
• During site investigations the stability of existing sloping ground should be
checked, and any old slip surfaces located; new excavation and different
loading can often re-activate old slip surfaces.
 Lateral bottom heave

• A possible failure mode exists for propped RC walls and anchored sheet
walls having shallow penetration: the bottom of the wall may move forward
due to inadequate passive resistance or the buckling of a basement ground
slab.
• In such cases, an analysis is required involving a moment equilibrium check
about the prop or anchor attachment point.
• Also, the design of the ground slab acting as a prop must include
consideration of lateral buckling stability.
 Vertical bottom heave

• In braced trenches, coffer dams and the like, instability may develop at the base of the
excavation in which a heave or uplift occurs. Two common mechanisms are:
- Instability due to piping
- Hydrostatic base heave

• Hidrostatic Base Heave: The base stability of excavations in saturated clays and silts
should be checked. If the vertical stress below the base due to the weight of adjacent soil
exceeds the undrained strength, an uplift type failure will occur. Some associated settlement
will also occur in the soil adjacent to the excavation.

• A factor of safety can be calculated by considering the bearing capacity in terms of

undrained strength.
Fs = cu Nc/gD
where Nc = Skempton’s Bearing capacity factor
D = depth of soil between pile rows
 Settlement behind the wall

• Any forward movement of the wall will result in corresponding settlement of the
retained soil.
• Various methods of elastic and plastic analyses are available for predicting
ground movement, but these are difficult and complex.
• For design purposes, it is probably better to use a simplified method based on a
database of observations.
 Lokasi Kelongsoran

LOKASI LONGSORAN 1
(AREA JEMBATAN)
STA. 1+990
LONGSORAN 2
STA. 2+300 - 2+500

LONGSORAN 3
LONGSORAN 4 STA. 2+766
STA. 2+875
LOKASI LONGSORAN
THN 2003
(AREA COTTAGE)

FAKTOR KEAMANAN = 1.06

Perkuatan Disain Standard

N  0-1

N5

INDENES

N  20
FAKTOR KEAMANAN = 1.06 POTONGAN ME
(T
Kelongsoran pada Sta 2+300 s/d 2+400 (Jumat, 8 Desember 2006)
 PELAJARAN DARI
KELONGSORAN LERENG TEBING
S. BARITO, DEPAN MAKODIM
MARABAHAN, KAL-TIM
(Agustus 2005)
Interpretasi Hasil Penyelidikan Tanah
⚫ Data sondir di lokasi (PT. Wijaya Karya)
 Kelongsoran di Lokasi PT. Wijaya
Karya
Konstruksi miring dan bergeser

⚫ Sket pola kelongsoran Spun pile patah

Badan jalan turun

Tambahan tegangan
geser pada tanah
Awal Agustus 2005
Contoh Soal 1:
A gravity retaining wall, shown below is required to retain 5m of soil. The backfill is a
coarse-grained soil with sat = 18 kN/m3, ’cs = 30o. The existing soil (below the base)
has the following properties: sat = 20 kN/m3, ’p = 36o. The wall is embedded 1 m into
the existing soil and a drainage system is provided as shown. The groundwater level is
4.5 below the base of the wall. Determine the stability of the wall for the following
condition: Assume  = 20o. c = 24 kN/m3
0.6 m

5.0 m

Drainage blanket

1.0 m

4.2 m
Contoh Soal:

q = 1.4 t/m2 ~

3.0 m

GWT

7.0 m
Sand
 = 30 o
e = 0.65
G = 2.65

Tentukan diagram tegangan di belakang dinding dan hitung

total gaya aktif yang bekerja
Contoh Soal:

q = 1.4 t/m2 ~

3.0 m

GWT

7.0 m (Gs + e) w

Sand  sat =
1+ e
 = 30 o
G
e = 0.65 d = s w
G = 2.65 1+ e
 '= ?

Tentukan diagram tegangan di belakang dinding dan hitung

total gaya aktif yang bekerja
 Daya dukung tanah

q u = c 2 N c Fcd Fci + qN q F qd F qi + 1  2 B ' N  Fd Fi

2

N c , N q , N  = Bearing capacity factors

Fcd , Fqd , Fd = Depth factors

Fci , Fqi , Fi = Inclinatio n factors