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SIWT 1
1. Practical exercises
1.You have studied links of discourse with other sciences. Now, explain, how
discourse is connected with:
a) Linguistics
b) Anthropology
c) Literary Criticism
d) Ethnography
e) Sociology
f) Sociolinguistics
g) Philosophy
h) Psycholinguistics
i) Cognitive Psychology
a) In linguistics, discourse refers to a unit of languagelonger than a single

sentence. The word discourse is derived from the latin
prefix dis- meaning "away" and the root word currere meaning "to run".
Discourse, therefore, translates to "run away" and refers to the way that
conversations flow. To study discourse is to analyze the use of spoken or
written language in a social context.
b) If the analytical value of some terms derives from their descriptive
precision and specificity of meaning, other words — such as discourse —
owe their utility to multiple layers of meaning and their ability to
stimulate ambiguity. Anthropological discourse about ‘discourse’
expanded markedly in volume beginning in the 1970s. The term entered
the discipline from two directions: it is part of the language of both
descriptive linguistics and cultural studies. Beyond a common
understanding that discourse involves the communication of meaning, the
term has divergent uses in these two fields. Moreover, within linguistics
and cultural studies, as within anthropology, discursive analysis signifies
several different sorts of methodological enterprise.
c) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) deals with the idea that language is
more than a simple means of communication and tries to analyze
language as a social behavior to see how social/political power can be
conveyed through language.
d) Ethnography can also invite discourse researchers to understand a text's
meaning by looking not only at its chosen words and sentences, but by
paying close attention to how the text and what it says figure in specific
situations and events.
e) Sociologists see discourse as embedded in and emerging out of relations
of power because those in control of institutions—like media, politics,
law, medicine, and education—control its formation. As such, discourse,
power, and knowledge are intimately connected, and work together to
create hierarchies.
f) Sociolinguistics studies varieties of language, and how these define and
distinguish social groups: how people from different regions and of
different age, gender, social class, origin, etc. use different words,
grammatical forms, sounds, intonation patterns, ...Discourse analysis
studies how the communicative context determines the interpretation of a
piece of language: a word, sentence, text, … This context consists of the
interlocutors (speaker/writer and listener/reader), the spatial setting, the
time of speaking, the cotext (preceding and surrounding discourse), etc.
g) Philosophical discourse is a process by which two or more people
discuss and communicate about various topics and concepts within
philosophy. Philosophical discourse is a process by which two or more
people discuss and communicate about various topics and concepts
within philosophy.
h) Philosophical discourse often happens in a structured way, with various
individuals who have studied philosophy and who talk about these
subjects with great experience and background in the field. It can also
arise as a natural process, however, as people discuss the realities of the
world and try to understand the larger human experience.
i) A psychological or cognitive study of discourse is rather different from a
more formal, grammatical or (say) stylistic, narrative or argumentative
analysis. It does not deal with abstract categories and rules purported to
describe 'structures' of discourse, but with the actual mental
representations and processes of language users. In that respect,
psychology intends to provide a more 'empirically' based understanding
of discourse.
3. Fill in the gaps with missed items of the distinguishing feature of the
discourse and the text. After characterize discourse and text according to
disctinction criteria.
Correlation of features of text and discourse
Distinction criteria Discourse Text
Interpretive system Speech-communicative Speech material
activity
Ontological status Intersubjectivity Objectivity
Psychological status Activity Product of activity
Semiotic status Process of signification Complex sign
Empirical mode A three-dimensional Visual perception as a
perception of the process result of written fixation
of interaction by all
senses.
Status in a Speech behavior as an Speech product as a
communicative event empirically observed part system-structural
of speech activity. formation
Processuality Dynamism and Static character and
linearity hierarchy
Functions Requests Reflection and
imagination of
communication.
4. Match the definitions of discourse with the right examples. Explain your
choice.

Definition Example
spoken or written Gates responds
communication between with a lengthy
people, escpecially serious discourse on
discussion of a particular deployment
subject strategy
is a serious talk or piece of the language of
writing which is intended to political discourse
teach or explain something
discourse is natural spoken or the Centre has a
written language in context, strong record of
especially research in
when complete texts are discourse analysis
being considered
5. Analyze the approach to discourse, proposed by such well known linguists

as G. Pocheptsov, R. Hodge, G. Kress and others. Define the parallel, which can
be drawn between text and discourse. Fill in the gaps. Describe such kind
analogy. Provide any examples.
Such well-known linguists as G. Pocheptsov, R. Hodge, G. Kress and others
believe that text and discourse can be considered by the analogy with a sentence
and an utterance: “A sentence is a usual for us element of a structure. An
utterance combines in itself both sentence and the social context of its usage. On
the higher level the same relations are repeated in the text and discourse”.
Drawing a parallel between the notions of “text-discourse” and “sentence-
utterance” is heuristically convenient, though a kind of simplified analogy.
Going further, it is necessary to point out that the definition of the utterance as
“a sentence in the social context” grades the difference between the utterance
and discourse, extremely expands its borders. On this basis, it is better to adhere
to the traditional interpretation: “utterance = sentence + actual division +
intonation”, regarding the context, after T. van Dijk, the determinant
characteristic feature of discourse.

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SIWT 1

a) In linguistics, discourse refers to a unit of languagelonger than a single

5. Analyze the approach to discourse, proposed by such well known linguists

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