Health and Social Care Education in Action Unit 5
Health and Social Care Education in Action Unit 5
Health and Social Care Education in Action Unit 5
by [Name]
Course
Professor
[Name of Institution]
City
Date
2
Table of Contents
Task 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
LO 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Physical and Mental Disability and Communication Barriers to Accessing Healthcare -------- 8
Factors Affecting Communication between Service Users and Healthcare Practitioners -----10
Language -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
Environment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
LO 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Task 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
LO 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
LO 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
3
References -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
4
Task 1
LO 1
Socioeconomic Factor
inequities." Health disparities between groups based on their socioeconomic status are more
often known as "health disparities" than "health disparities" (Song et al., 2020). Shorthand for
socioeconomic standing is essential to making informed decisions about one's career and
status. The term "most recent profession" is often used among the jobless and retired (Kim et
al., 2018). Children are categorized according to their parents' occupations, and although this
tradition is fading out, women living with men are typically classed according to their
partners' occupations. Health inequities may be seen before the beginning of life. For
instance, birth weight significantly impacts future mental and physical abilities and various
Fig 1: Prevalence of mental disorder in children aged 5-15 by gross weekly household income
Adults are not exempt from health disparities. Self-rated health is a critical component
of overall health and a predictor of mortality risk, as seen in Figure 2. People in the census
were asked to rate their health during the previous year as "good," "fair," or "not good." It is
the basis for the survey. Current employment shows the percentage of 'not good' health
Fig 2: Among British men and women ages 25 to 64, the percentage of those who report having "not
significant. Even though female death rates tend to be lower than males, they also have a
higher incidence of morbidity and are over-represented in healthcare systems (Barreto et al.,
2020). As a result, the myth that "men die faster, but women are sicker" was born.
Health and wellness concerns in one gender tend to be more commonplace. For
instance, dementia, anxiety, and arthritis are more common in women, but lung cancer, heart
disease, and suicide are more common in men. Biological differences may explain male-
female inequalities in health and longevity, the most common biomedical explanation would
say (Barreto et al., 2020). It has caused gender-specific medication, which practices the
While gender-specific roles may have serious health repercussions, gender does not
work on its own but interacts with other variables. An example of this is the effect on women
been studied more extensively in males than in women, but this does not mean women are
less affected (Armstrong et al., 2020). People of diverse origins within the same gender may
have health disparities, which might compound the gap in health between men and women.
An individual's mental and physical health may be affected by many factors, which
frequently have a long-term impact. Fig. 3 depicts Dahlgren and Whitehead's model of the
most important health determinants. For example, age, genetics, and other 'constitutional
Fig 3: Model of the primary health determinants developed by Dahlgren and Whitehead
a significant portion of their time. The Public Health England (PHE) paper and Spatial
Planning for Health describes in detail how factors such as community development,
accommodation, the food environment, transportation, and natural and sustainable settings
are all considered lifestyle factors for health (Sanghera et al., 2020).
pollutants in the atmosphere have detrimental health consequences (Kontis et al., 2020). It
has been shown that delicate particulate matter significantly impacts human health (PM2.5).
The risk of death from cardiovascular and respiratory illness is heightened when people are
exposed to PM2.5.
many emissions sources. Weather patterns also have a significant impact on their behaviour.
8
Due to long-distance travel from Europe, England's mid-and southeast is home to large
proximity to polluted areas, low-income neighbourhoods are more vulnerable to the adverse
Providing practical mental health nursing and psychological treatment relies heavily on it.
Contact may be hindered by several factors, including those on the part of the patient or the
healthcare professional. A health care professional should also be able to analyze each client's
unique requirements and empower the client to do the same (Rodgers et al., 2018). People
9
with schizophrenia are the subject of the following case study. It will draw attention to the
In our health care facility named Digby Manor Residential Care Home, Birmingham,
Additional information indicated that the individual had been abusing drugs and alcohol for
the last four years. During the interview, the patient seemed tired and uninterested in
speaking. As a healthcare practitioner, I noted his tendency to talk slowly and without
establishing eye contact and that he answered four to five questions only after underlining
them repeatedly. It is common for the patient to speak the exact phrase as the interviewer.
Because the patient took up so much of my time, I could not get an accurate history of the
patient's condition, and several pieces of that information were missing. Reviewing his words
and body language made it clear that the patient's drug misuse had left him uninspired and
discouraged. Repeatedly, the same conduct was seen the next day. Reassurance of remorse
and an admission that his family would not accept him again were given when the
schizophrenia tend to speak in a whisper, which may be one of the causes of their delayed
condition that contributed to the longer response time, Echolalia (repeating what someone
else just said) may be found in persons with schizophrenia, a psychotic disease.
10
barriers may arise from the patient's illness process, perceptions, or a lack of healthcare
practitioner resources.
you and the patients you care about and back from interacting correctly. Some examples are
as follows:
healthcare provider rushes a discussion with a patient because they are overworked or
come off as rude, they might make them irritated and unwilling to cooperate (Ali and
Watson, 2018). The same may be said for those who are emotionally disturbed and
Language
the area where the practitioner resides might also make it challenging for the service
Health conditions
Some patients under the care of practitioners may be suffering from a health
problem that makes it challenging for them to speak (Kisely et al., 2020). As an
example, someone with a stroke or dementia may not be able to think logically or
11
coherently because of these conditions. A mental health issue like depression may
Physical barriers
express themselves verbally. Covid has also made it difficult for specific individuals
to communicate, such as those who are deaf and depend on lip-reading, those who
need facial gestures to help them comprehend, or those who cannot hear others
properly through the face coverings because of their hearing issues (Mold et al.,
2019).
Environment
workplace is loud and health providers fail to listen to the patient. In addition, if the
service user's surroundings are unpleasant, such as darkness or too hot or cold, they
LO 2
Simply put, health beliefs are people's conceptions of what motivates their own and
other people's actions and decisions. For example, it might include how confident you are in
your abilities, how driven or uninspired you are, or if you put yourself up for failure by
setting outrageously ambitious goals and objectives. The patient's health beliefs may also
assist healthcare practitioners in uncovering inconsistencies within their own and the patient's
understanding of their health state (Geirdal et al., 2021). Treatment options may be more
Attribution Theory
The attribution theory states that when something unexpected and personally relevant
happens in one's life, individuals tend to look for a causal explanation; therefore, it should
come as no surprise that people look for a causal reason for their disease, especially if it is
13
significant (Caruana et al., 2020). For example, Digby Manor Residential Care Home, a
healthcare service facility in Birmingham, has treated multiple ladies who had breast cancer
and discovered that 95% of the patients had a causative explanation for their disease from
their treatment. Stress (45%), a particular carcinogen (32%), genetics (26%), food (17%), a
blow to the breast (10%), and others were all listed as possible reasons (28 percent).
Moreover, they inquired as to whether or not the ladies felt guilty for the condition or who
they thought was responsible for it. Forty-one percent of the women faulted themselves, 10
percent blamed another else, 28 percent blamed the environment, and 49 percent put it down
to chance. In a survey, 56 percent of cancer patients claimed they felt some degree of control
Locus of Control
Two categories are used to divide the area of control (Shin and Lee, 2021),
It is a notion that events or risks are within the power of other individuals,
Because of this, those who work in the health and social services field want to
give people the confidence that success is within their grasp by helping them build
Task 2
LO 3
Differences exist in the aims and priorities of health promotion activities. Health
education aims to disseminate knowledge and show people and groups how to improve their
health. Health education is to influence people's values, beliefs, and attitudes such that they
increasingly being used in schools to raise awareness about the significance of healthy habits
and viewpoints. When promoting good health, social, economic, and political changes are
15
necessary to create a healthy atmosphere (Pascoe et al., 2020). We refer to both ideas as
"symbolic tactics," which implies that they are interconnected and mutually beneficial.
To put it another way, health promotion is a strategy for helping individuals take
People's health can be improved by increasing their power over the factors
influencing it (Dickerson et al., 2018). Any combined effect of experiential learning meant to
assist individuals and societies to improve their health, through expanding knowledge or
altering attitudes," says the World Health Organization (WHO) (Dickerson et al., 2018). For
those who are healthy, fit, or disabled, health may be improved by a wide range of activities.
The goal of health activists is to help individuals achieve their full potential. It aims to
organizations and individuals by promoting awareness of the illness and poor health and
There are three levels of health promotion: primary, secondary, and tertiary (Van den
Broucke, 2020).
Our health promotion programme aims to keep people healthy by doing all in our
It is the process of identifying and correcting any abnormalities in the body via
Healthy lifestyle applications and social media platforms such as Facebook and
Instagram are among the many tools utilized in health promotion. Presently, a promotion in
Birmingham promotes the psychological and emotional well-being of residents across the
city. The 'Functioning Together to Encourage Psychological Wellbeing' social media strategy
has been established by the Public Health Agency (PHA), four H&SC Trusts, and
Birmingham Emergency Services (BES) to promote good psychological and emotional well-
being for individuals in Birmingham. With the slogan "Take initiatives to well-being," the
initiative invites people to tweet about their experiences with mental health issues using the
efforts are being utilized to raise awareness of mental health issues (O'Reilly et al., 2018).
concentrate on mental health education for communities and individuals. Additionally, they
have a Youth Development Division wherein youngsters present and design seminars
depending on their own stories for other young adults. Counselling, support staff, and
Various ideas and methodologies support health promotion and illness prevention.
These tools are often consulted when developing treatments and training programmes to
improve people's health. Theoretical frameworks and models are often used in health
intrapersonal approach, it may be used for health promotion and disease prevention
efforts and the development of intervention strategies when the former has failed to
achieve the latter's goals (Macnamara, 2018). The Birmingham Health Safety &
public and educational workshops for local schools and organizations. In addition,
BHSEA lays out an exit plan and thinks it can contribute to the near-eradication of
COVID-19, allowing the general public to handle the virus after the lockdown ceases and
preventing the need for it a subsequent local or national lockdown. The Health Belief
Model suggests that persons who use the BHSEA technique are likely through perceived
vulnerability and severity phases (Ocloo et al., 2021). They may turn to the BHSEA for
commencement, and sustain healthy activities must be seen as a process that includes at
least two distinct stages: motivation and willpower (Hamilton et al., 2020). The latter may
that self-efficacy and other cognitions are essential at all stages (Yu et al., 2022). While
risk perceptions are primarily used to set the setting for a thinking process in the
motivation phase, they do not continue beyond. People need to weigh the benefits and
drawbacks of various behaviours during the motivation phase, but after a choice has been
taken, result expectations lose predictive effectiveness (Yu et al., 2022). A lack of
confidence in one's capacity to do the desired activity will lead to a lack of commitment.
19
LO 4
By the middle of March, 49% of individuals said the epidemic had caused them
anxiety or worry in the preceding two weeks. These numbers rose to 53% by the end
of May and then to 62% at the end of May and June (Thomeer, Yahirun and Colón‐
López, 2020).
Almost one in four adults (27%) reported feeling lonely, a gain of 9% from Wave 4
However, the percentage of those contemplating suicide in the preceding two weeks
Many individuals have a significantly harder time than is reflected by examining the
UK's elderly population (Hou et al., 2020), notwithstanding this overall image. According to
our results, the epidemic has affected people throughout the nation. Young adults, the jobless,
single parents, and persons with chronic health issues are among the most at risk of feeling
Because of this, the Health Belief Model (HBM) is appropriate for both extended- and
short-term programmes aimed at promoting good health. Health promotion campaigns that
use needs assessments to collect data and identify the campaign's target audience are more
likely to succeed if they identify potential risk factors related to mental health concerns,
communicate suggested actions to the audience, and emphasize the benefits of such activities.
20
A person's self-efficacy and ability to modify their behaviour during a lockdown may be
boosted by demonstrating proper behaviours and providing support (Seboka et al., 2021).
COVID-19 remained a threat in the UK even after the lockdown was lifted in June. It
was preceded by a rise in virus rates, regional lockdowns, following graded response to local
Dulebenets and Goniewicz, 2021). As the country prepares to emerge from its second
lockdown, it cannot repeat the same error and risk a rebound rise in illnesses and the need for
other national lockdowns in the future. As a result, the Birmingham Health Safety &
to take necessary actions that are now necessary to manage COVID-19, which may be broken
down into three stages, from ceasing lockdown to widespread vaccination, to prevent local
Two things must happen before we can leave lockdown. Screening and contact
tracking must be updated to be functional, proactive, fast, and successful in tracing affected
patients and contacts. As a second step, the public must be aware of a national strategy to
keep the infection distant before the lockdown is lifted. There will be a greater emphasis on
preventative control measures, assistance for vulnerable groups, and changes to the present
As the country emerges from lockdown, it must have implemented national infection
control mechanisms that can successfully ward off the virus. Among the many possibilities
are:
To limit the time people spend together, the "rule of two homes" should be
Securing public spaces such as schools, hospitals, airports, and workplaces with
COVID-compliant surroundings
wear masks when they are within two metres of one another
Infection control must be strictly adhered to prevent the spread of the virus.
Only one-stop for the NHS COVID-19 application that logs contacts primarily offers
That is why BHSEA has chosen to increase its support for those who are most in need
and to take action against health inequities, including a specific focus on the needs of BAME
populations, economic and practical assistance for those in need, and initiatives aimed at
English general practitioners have already agreed with NHSEI on improved service to
lead the implementation of the COVID-19 immunization campaign and be ready for the
vaccine's release (Burn and Mudholkar, 2020). Their knowledge and assistance from the
government are essential, but so are evident national efforts as well as local and public
A more thorough and rigorous strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19 has been
advocated repeatedly by the BHSEA, with the aid of the NHS. The local government's
decision to implement new national limitations in England was required because of the
A future lockdown must now be utilized to implement effective and robust procedures
that can sustainably prevent virus transmission to avoid infections increasing swiftly again
with the concomitant danger of overloading the NHS and other lockdowns (Burn and
Mudholkar, 2020). The precautionary precautions outlined by BHSEA at the local level must
be implemented and maintained until an effective and safe booster dosage vaccination is
made widely accessible to the public. In the long run, this strategy will improve healthcare
and the economic crisis by relieving pressure on the NHS and preventing further costly
lockdowns. Therefore, we have decided that COVID-19 control may now be broken down
into these three stages, each with its own set of procedures.
23
References
Ali, P.A. and Watson, R. (2018). Language barriers and their impact on provision of care to
patients with limited English proficiency: Nurses' perspectives. Journal of Clinical
Nursing, [online] 27(5-6), pp.e1152–e1160. doi:10.1111/jocn.14204.
Armstrong, J., Rudkin, J.K., Allen, N., Crook, D.W., Wilson, D.J., Wyllie, D.H. and
O'Connell, A.M. (2020). Dynamic linkage of COVID-19 test results between Public
Health England's Second Generation Surveillance System and UK Biobank.
Microbial Genomics, 6(7). doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000397.
Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M.T. and Qualter, P. (2020).
Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness.
Personality and Individual Differences, 169, p.110066.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066.
Burn, W. and Mudholkar, S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on mental health: Update from the
United Kingdom. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(9), p.365.
doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_937_20.
Caruana, E.J., Patel, A., Kendall, S. and Rathinam, S. (2020). Impact of coronavirus 2019
(COVID-19) on training and well-being in subspecialty surgery: A national survey of
cardiothoracic trainees in the United Kingdom. The Journal of Thoracic and
Cardiovascular Surgery, [online] 160(4), pp.980–987.
doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.05.052.
Dickerson, D., Baldwin, J.A., Belcourt, A., Belone, L., Gittelsohn, J., Keawe’aimoku
Kaholokula, J., Lowe, J., Patten, C.A. and Wallerstein, N. (2018). Encompassing
Cultural Contexts Within Scientific Research Methodologies in the Development of
Health Promotion Interventions. Prevention Science, 21(S1), pp.33–42.
doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0926-1.
Geirdal, A.Ø., Ruffolo, M., Leung, J., Thygesen, H., Price, D., Bonsaksen, T. and Schoultz,
M. (2021). Mental health, quality of life, well-being, loneliness and use of social
media in a time of social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-country
comparative study. Journal of Mental Health, 30(2), pp.1–8.
doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.1875413.
24
Hamilton, K., Smith, S.R., Keech, J.J., Moyers, S.A. and Hagger, M.S. (2020). Application of
the Health Action Process Approach to Social Distancing Behavior During COVID‐
19. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. doi:10.1111/aphw.12231.
Hou, T., Zhang, T., Cai, W., Song, X., Chen, A., Deng, G. and Ni, C. (2020). Social support
and mental health among health care workers during Coronavirus Disease 2019
outbreak: A moderated mediation model. PLOS ONE, 15(5), p.e0233831.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233831.
Kim, M.K., Lee, S.M., Bae, S.-H., Kim, H.J., Lim, N.G., Yoon, S.-J., Lee, J.Y. and Jo, M.-
W. (2018). Socioeconomic status can affect pregnancy outcomes and complications,
even with a universal healthcare system. International Journal for Equity in Health,
[online] 17(1). doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0715-7.
Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I. and Siskind, D. (2020).
Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging
virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ, [online]
369. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1642.
Kontis, V., Bennett, J.E., Rashid, T., Parks, R.M., Pearson-Stuttard, J., Guillot, M., Asaria,
P., Zhou, B., Battaglini, M., Corsetti, G., McKee, M., Di Cesare, M., Mathers, C.D.
and Ezzati, M. (2020). Magnitude, demographics and dynamics of the effect of the
first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality in 21 industrialized
countries. Nature Medicine. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1112-0.
Mold, F., Hendy, J., Lai, Y.-L. and de Lusignan, S. (2019). Electronic Consultation in
Primary Care Between Providers and Patients: Systematic Review. JMIR Medical
Informatics, 7(4), p.e13042. doi:10.2196/13042.
195. doi:10.1080/1553118x.2018.1428978.
O'Reilly, M., Svirydzenka, N., Adams, S. and Dogra, N. (2018). Review of mental health
promotion interventions in schools. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,
[online] 53(7), pp.647–662. doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1530-1.
Ocloo, J., Garfield, S., Franklin, B.D. and Dawson, S. (2021). Exploring the theory, barriers
and enablers for patient and public involvement across health, social care and patient
safety: a systematic review of reviews. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19(1).
doi:10.1186/s12961-020-00644-3.
Pascoe, M., Bailey, A.P., Craike, M., Carter, T., Patten, R., Stepto, N. and Parker, A. (2020).
Physical activity and exercise in youth mental health promotion: a scoping review.
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, [online] 6(1), p.e000677.
doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000677.
Rodgers, M., Dalton, J., Harden, M., Street, A., Parker, G. and Eastwood, A. (2018).
Integrated Care to Address the Physical Health Needs of People with Severe Mental
Illness: A Mapping Review of the Recent Evidence on Barriers, Facilitators and
Evaluations. International Journal of Integrated Care, 18(1). doi:10.5334/ijic.2605.
Saunders, R., Buckman, J.E.J., Fonagy, P. and Fancourt, D. (2021). Understanding different
trajectories of mental health across the general population during the COVID-19
pandemic. Psychological Medicine, pp.1–17. doi:10.1017/s0033291721000957.
Sanghera, J., Pattani, N., Hashmi, Y., Varley, K.F., Cheruvu, M.S., Bradley, A. and Burke,
J.R. (2020). The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the mental health of healthcare workers
in a hospital setting-A Systematic Review. Journal of Occupational Health, [online]
62(1), p.e12175. doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12175.
Seboka, B.T., Yehualashet, D.E., Belay, M.M., Kabthymer, R.H., Ali, H., Hailegebreal, S.,
Demeke, A.D., Amede, E.S. and Tesfa, G.A. (2021). Factors Influencing COVID-19
Vaccination Demand and Intent in Resource-Limited Settings: Based on Health Belief
Model. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, Volume 14, pp.2743–2756.
doi:10.2147/rmhp.s315043.
Shin, S. and Lee, E. (2021). Relationships among the Internal Health Locus of Control,
26
Song, C., Wang, Y., Yang, X., Yang, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, X. and Pan, J. (2020). Spatial and
Temporal Impacts of Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors on Healthcare
Resources: A County-Level Bayesian Local Spatiotemporal Regression Modeling
Study of Hospital Beds in Southwest China. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, [online] 17(16), p.5890. doi:10.3390/ijerph17165890.
Thomeer, M.B., Yahirun, J. and Colón‐López, A. (2020). How families matter for health
inequality during the
COVID
‐19 pandemic. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 12(4), pp.448–463.
doi:10.1111/jftr.12398.
Van den Broucke, S. (2020). Why health promotion matters to the COVID-19 pandemic, and
vice versa. Health Promotion International, [online] 35(2).
doi:10.1093/heapro/daaa042.
Whittle, E.L., Fisher, K.R., Reppermund, S., Lenroot, R. and Trollor, J. (2017). Barriers and
Enablers to Accessing Mental Health Services for People With Intellectual Disability:
A Scoping Review. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities,
11(1), pp.69–102. doi:10.1080/19315864.2017.1408724.
Yu, Y., Jia, W., Lau, M.M.C. and Lau, J.T.F. (2022). Levels and factors derived from the
Health Action Process Approach of behavioral intentions to take up COVID-19
vaccination: A random population-based study. Vaccine, 40(4), pp.612–620.
doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.020.