Learning Area General Biology 1 Grade Level 11/12

W3-4 Quarter 4 Date

I. LESSON TITLE Aerobic and Aerobic Respiration and events of Cell Respiration
II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING 1. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration; and
COMPETENCIES (MELCs) 2. Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of cellular
respiration.
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT Cell Respiration
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
I. Introduction (Time Frame: 30 minutes)
Definition of terms utilized in this lesson:
1. Adenosine Triphosphate- energy currency of the cell.
2. Glycolysis- literally means splitting of sugar.
3. Citric Acid Cycle- the second stage of Cell respiration and known as Krebs’s Cycle.
4. ATP synthase- an enzyme embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondria that plays a very important role in
producing ATP.
5. Aerobic Respiration- the process of converting glucose into energy with the presence of oxygen.
6. Anaerobic respiration- the process of converting glucose into energy without oxygen.
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into energy. The stages of cellular respiration include
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. A glucose molecule is slowly
broken down into carbon dioxide and water during cellular respiration. Any ATP is generated directly in the glucose-
transforming reactions along the way. The ATP is generated much more later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidative phosphorylation is driven by electrons passing through the electron transport chain, a sequence of proteins found in
the mitochondrion’s inner membrane. These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport
chain by electron carriers NAD+ and FAD which become NADH and FADH2 when they gain electrons. Cellular respiration can
occur both aerobically and anaerobically. Aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm as well as in the mitochondria. It is a set
of reactions occurring in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a set of reactions occurring in the absence of oxygen
which breaks down food into simple organic compounds, generating energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm.
D. Development (Time Frame: 1 hour)
DIFFERENTIATING AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Basis Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
Maximum yield of 36 to 38 ATP molecules per Maximum yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose
Energy Produced
glucose for obligate anaerobes
Equation C6H1206 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy C6H1206 → C2H50H + CO2 + energy

Exchange of gases does not take place

Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is
Exchange of gases however some gases like sulfur and nitrogen
released
gases are released by some organisms.
Complete breakdown of glucose to carbon
Partial degradation of glucose without the use
dioxide and water with the use of oxygen. The
of oxygen (obligate anaerobes). Cause burning
Oxidation presence of enough oxygen in the cell makes
sensation in the muscle during strenuous
the cell perform its job smoothly without burning
exercise (in fermentation).
sensation
More efficient in harvesting energy from glucose
with estimated 39% energy efficiency (36-38 Less efficient in harvesting energy from glucose
Efficiency ATP) in eukaryotic organisms but much higher with 2% energy efficiency (for obligate
ATP production (38-40 ATP) in prokaryotic anaerobes)
organisms
Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron
Electron Transport Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron
transport chain; but in fermentation electrons in
Chain transport chain
NADH are transferred to organic molecule
Mechanisms of ATP synthesis is by substrate-level
Mechanisms of ATP synthesis are by substrate-
and oxidative phosphorylation/chemiosmosis;
Mechanism level and oxidative
but in fermentation substrate level
phosphorylation/chemiosmosis.
phosphorylation only during glycolysis
Pathway Multiple metabolic pathways Single metabolic pathway (in fermentation)
Outputs are lactate, alcohol and carbon
Outputs Outputs are carbon dioxide, water and ATP dioxide (in fermentation); but reduced
inorganic compounds.
 SIMILARITIES OF AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC
Basis Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
Location Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell
Both undergo substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation and
Mechanism
chemiosmosis in producing ATP molecules
Both use NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a redox coenzyme that accepts two
Electron Transport Chain
electrons plus a hydrogen that becomes NADH
Both split the 6-carbon glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, the three-carbon molecule.
Process
Both involve a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that take place in the cytoplasm
Cells Both performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Learning Task 1: Just Compare
Similarities
Direction: Using the given Venn Diagram below, compare
and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (Answer
according to your gained knowledge).

Aerobic Anaerobic

Now, you will dig deeper into the concept of cell respiration through understanding the events. But before diving into that, I
know that most of you, if not all have already seen a solar panel. Some of you may have those at home. Sometimes you see it
on the streetlights, on the roof of your neighbor, or even in some commercial establishments. This is very important, and this
poses a very big help especially in our environment. Now, what do you think is its function? What organelle inside our cell does
the same function as it is?
CHEMICAL EVENTS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
As stated earlier in the discussion, cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. The
stages of this pathway include Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric Cycle/Krebs Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Stage 1: Glycolysis is the extraction of energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. In
organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is (always) the first stage of this process. However, glycolysis does not
require oxygen, and many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do not use oxygen—also have this pathway. In glycolysis,
glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of chemical transformations. In the end, it gets converted into two molecules
of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is made and NAD+ is converted to NADH. This takes
place in the cytosol of a cell, and it can be broken down into two main phases: the energy-requiring phase and the energy-
releasing phase. In the energy-requiring phase, the starting molecule of glucose gets rearranged, and two phosphate groups
are attached to it. The phosphate groups make the modified sugar—now called fructose-1,6-bisphosphate—unstable, allowing
it to split in half and form two
phosphate-bearing three-carbon
sugars. Because the phosphates
used in these steps come from ATP,
two ATP molecules get used. In the
energy-releasing phase, each three-
carbon sugar is converted into
another three-carbon molecule,
pyruvate, through a series of
reactions. In these reactions, two ATP
molecules and one NADH molecule
are made. Because this phase takes
place twice, one for each of the two
three-carbon sugars, it makes four
ATP and two NADH overall.

Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation -In pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate

from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matrix—the innermost
compartment of mitochondria. There, it is converted into a two-
carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as
acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated. In
eukaryotes, this step takes place in the matrix, the innermost
compartment of mitochondria. In prokaryotes, it happens in the
cytoplasm. Overall, pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate—a https://www.google.com/searc
h?q=pyruvate+oxidation&tbm
three- carbon molecule—into acetyl CoA - a two-carbon
molecule attached to Coenzyme A producing an NADH and releasing one carbon dioxide molecule in the process. Acetyl
CoA acts as fuel for the citric acid cycle in the next stage of cellular respiration.

Stage 3: Citric Acid Cycle- is the final

common pathway for the oxidation of fuel
molecules—amino acids, fatty acids, and
carbohydrates. Most fuel molecules enter
the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A. The citric
acid cycle is the central metabolic hub of
the cell. It is the gateway to the aerobic
metabolism of any molecule that can be
transformed into an acetyl group or
dicarboxylic acid. The cycle is also an
important source of precursors, not only for
the storage forms of fuels, but also for the
building blocks of many other molecules
such as amino acids, nucleotide bases,
cholesterol, and porphyrin. What is the
function of the citric acid cycle in
transforming fuel molecules into ATP? Recall
that fuel molecules are carbon compounds
that are capable of being oxidized
—of losing electrons. The citric acid cycle
includes a series of oxidation-reduction
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2
reactions that result in the oxidation of an FCitric_acid_cycle&psig
acetyl group to two molecules of carbon
dioxide. The citric acid cycle, in conjunction with oxidative phosphorylation, provides most of the energy used by aerobic
cells—in human beings, greater than 95%. It is highly efficient because a limited number of molecules can generate large
amounts of NADH and FADH2. The four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, that initiates the first step in the citric acid cycle is
regenerated at the end of one passage through the cycle. The oxaloacetate acts catalytically: it participates in the oxidation
of the acetyl group but is itself regenerated. Thus, one molecule of oxaloacetate can participate in the oxidation of many
acetyl molecules.

Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation- the NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport
chain, turning back into their "empty" form (NAD+ and FAD). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used
to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a
gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through
an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the
end of the electron transport chain, oxygen
accepts electrons and takes up protons to form
water. The flow of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to
O2 through protein complexes located in the
mitochondrial inner membrane leads to the
pumping of protons out of the mitochondrial matrix.
The resulting uneven distribution of protons
generates a pH gradient and a transmembrane
electrical potential that creates a proton-motive
force. ATP is synthesized when protons flow back to
the mitochondrial matrix through an enzyme
complex. Thus, the oxidation of fuels and the
phosphorylation of ADP are coupled by a proton
gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

E. Engagement (Time Frame: 1 hour)

Learning Task 2:
Answer the following questions.
1. When you eat food that contains carbohydrates, you break down the carbohydrates into a monosaccharide called
____________. If you do not use this monosaccharide, your body can store it in the liver in the form of _________.
2. When your body metabolizes (breaks down) glucose, whether incompletely or completely, the first pathway glucose
molecules must go through is ____________.
3. Where does this pathway take place? ________________.
A. Assimilation (Time Frame: 1 hour)

Sketch the whole process of Cell respiration using your available materials at home. After sketching all the process, explain it
in your own words based on your gained knowledge about the lesson. Rubrics will be provided to guide you.

V. ASSESSMENT (Time Frame: 15 minutes)

Read carefully all given situations/ questions below and choose the best answer among the choices given.
______1. Which of the following organelles present in the cell is associated with cellular respiration?
a. Chloroplast b, Mitochondrion c. Cytoplasm d. Ribosome
______2. Glycolysis results in the net gain of:
a. 2 ATP b. 4 ATP c. acetyl CoA d.4 NADH
______3. Which of the following is not a requirement of glycolysis?
a. ATP b. NAD+ c. Glucose d. Oxygen
______4. Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, how many NADH molecules will be
produced from one glucose molecule?
a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. 4
______5. Before entering Krebs cycle, pyruvate is:
a. isomerized to acetyl CoA b. oxidized c. phosphorylated d. reduced
______6. At the end of the Krebs cycle, where is most of the energy from the original glucose stored?
a. in ATP b. in NADH c. in CO 2 d. in pyruvate
______7. Where does glycolysis take place in cells?
a. Cytoplasm b. Mitochondrion c. endoplasmic reticulum d. ribosomes
______8. Glucose molecules commonly enter cells through?
a. Glut 4 transporters b. symports with sucrose c. Antiports with Na+ d. Na/K pump action
______9. How many carbon atoms does each pyruvate feed into the Krebs cycle?
a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. 4
______10. The fuel for Krebs cycle is?
a. CO2 b. GTP c. H 2O d. Acetyl Co-A
______11. During which of the following phases of does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?
a. Glycolysis b. the citric acid cycle c. the electron transport chain d. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
_____12. What are the products of anaerobic respiration?
a. Glucose and oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. Lactic acid d. water
______13. Where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place?
a. Nucleus b. Cytoplasm c. Mitochondria d. Cell membrane
______14. How do cells release energy stored in ATP?
a. by releasing adenosine in ATP c. by releasing a phosphate bond in ATP
b. by trapping ATP from carbohydrates d. by combining ATP molecules in chlorophyll
_____15. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration energy is transferred by the ___.
a. aerobic respiration b. anaerobic respiration c. oxidation of glucose d. respiration It takes place in the chloroplast.
VI. REFLECTION (Time Frame: 15 minutes)
● Communicate your personal assessment as indicated in the Learner’s Assessment Card.
Personal Assessment on Learner’s Level of Performance
Using the symbols below, choose one which best describes your experience in working on each given task. Draw it in the column
for Level of Performance (LP). Be guided by the descriptions below:
✰ - I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task helped me in understanding the target content/ lesson.
✔ - I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging, but it still helped me in understanding the target content/lesso n.
? – I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need additional enrichment activities to be able to do/p erform this
task.
Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP
Number 1 Number 3 Number 5 Number 7
Number 2 Number 4 Number 6 Number 8
VII. REFERENCES Lilia M. Rabago et.al. Functional Biology (Modular Approach-2nd edition). Quezon City.
Vibal Publishing House. 2010.
Ruben E. Faltado et.al. General Biology 1. Quezon City. Lorimar Publishing Inc. 2017
Cecie Starr et.al. Biology Today and tomorrow-5th edition. Taguig City. CENGAGE Learning.
2016
Prepared by: RICHMON B. MACARUBBO Checked by: JOCELYN B. REYES
HANNAH KRYSTAL S. ROSALES