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    CHEM-Types of Solid

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    Mark Joseph Pulintan
    There are two main types of solids: crystalline solids and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in a definite repeating pattern, while amorphous solids lack an ordered internal structure. Crystalline solids can be further divided into ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids based on the type of particles and bonds involved. Each type of crystalline solid has distinct properties like conductivity, hardness, and melting points.

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    CHEM-Types of Solid

    Uploaded by

    Mark Joseph Pulintan
    39 views4 pages
    There are two main types of solids: crystalline solids and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in a definite repeating pattern, while amorphous solids lack an ordered internal structure. Crystalline solids can be further divided into ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids based on the type of particles and bonds involved. Each type of crystalline solid has distinct properties like conductivity, hardness, and melting points.

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    There are two main types of solids: crystalline solids and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in a definite repeating pattern, while amorphous solids lack an ordered internal structure. Crystalline solids can be further divided into ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids based on the type of particles and bonds involved. Each type of crystalline solid has distinct properties like conductivity, hardness, and melting points.

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    39 views4 pages

    CHEM-Types of Solid

    Uploaded by

    Mark Joseph Pulintan
    There are two main types of solids: crystalline solids and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in a definite repeating pattern, while amorphous solids lack an ordered internal structure. Crystalline solids can be further divided into ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids based on the type of particles and bonds involved. Each type of crystalline solid has distinct properties like conductivity, hardness, and melting points.

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    of 4

    Types of Solid

    1) Crystalline solids- solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are


    arranged in a definite repeating pattern. It is also possible for a liquid to
    freeze before its molecules become arranged in an orderly pattern.
    2) Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses). The
    particles of such solids lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly
    arranged.

    SOLIDS
    Amorphous Solids Crystalline Solids
    Particles are arranged randomly and Particles are arranged in an ordered
    have no ordered pattern. repeating pattern.

    Ex. Quartz glass, rubber, plastics Ex. Sodium chloride, Quartz

    Soften over a range of temperature Sharp melting point

    Isotropic in nature (Isotropic means the Anisotropic in nature (Anisotropic


    value of any physical property would be means the value of same physical
    same along any direction) property is found to be different along
    each direction)
    Do not have definite heat of fusion.
    Definite and characteristics heat of
    fusion.
    MAJOR TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

    Ionic solids- such as sodium chloride and nickel


    oxide, are composed of positive and negative ions
    that are held together by electrostatic attractions,
    which can be quite strong. Many ionic crystals also
    have high melting points.

    Sodium chloride is an ionic solid

    Metallic solids- such as crystals of copper,


    aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The
    structure of metallic crystals is often described as a
    uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of
    delocalized electrons.

    Copper is a metallic solid.

    Covalent network solids- include crystals of diamond, silicon, some other non-
    metals, and some covalent compounds such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon
    carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of
    covalent bonds. The atoms in these solids are held together by a network of
    covalent bonds.

    covalent crystal contains a three-dimensional network of covalent bonds, as


    illustrated by the structures of diamond, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, and graphite.
    Molecular solids- such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are composed of
    neutral molecules. The strengths of the attractive forces between the units present
    in different crystals vary widely, as indicated by the melting points of the crystals.
    Small symmetrical molecules (nonpolar molecules), such as H 2, N2, O2, and F2, have
    weak attractive forces and form molecular solids with very low melting points (below
    −200 °C).

    Carbon dioxide (CO2) consists of small, nonpolar molecules and forms a molecular
    solid with a melting point of −78 °C. Iodine (I2) consists of larger, nonpolar
    molecules and forms a molecular solid that melts at 114 °C.

    Types of Crystalline Solids and Their Properties


    Types of solid Type of Types of Properties Examples
    particles attraction
    Ionic Ions ionic bonds hard, brittle, NaCl, Al2O3
    conducts
    electricity as a
    liquid but not
    as a solid,
    high to very
    high melting
    points
    Metallic atoms of metallic bonds shiny, Cu, Fe, Ti, Pb,
    electropositive malleable, U
    elements ductile,
    conducts heat
    and electricity
    well, variable
    hardness and
    melting
    temperature
    Covalent atoms of covalent very hard, not C (diamond),
    Network electronegative bonds conductive, SiO2, SiC
    elements very high
    melting points
    Molecular molecules (or IMFs variable H2O, CO2, I2,
    atoms) hardness, C12H22O11
    variable
    brittleness, not
    conductive,
    low melting
    points

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