Python (Programming Language) - Wikipedia

Python
(programming
language)
Python is a high-level, general-purpose

programming language. Its design
philosophy emphasizes code readability
with the use of significant indentation.[33]
Python
Paradigm Multi-paradigm:
object-oriented,[1]
procedural
(imperative),
functional, structured,
reflective
Designed by Guido van Rossum
Developer Python Software

Foundation
First appeared 20 February 1991[2]
Stable release 3.11.1[3] / 6

December 2022
Preview release 3.12.0a4[4] / 10
January 2023
Typing discipline Duck, dynamic, strong

typing;[5] gradual
(since 3.5, but ignored
in CPython)[6]
OS Windows, macOS,
Linux/UNIX,
Android[7][8] and
more[9]
License Python Software

Foundation License
Filename extensions .py, .pyi, .pyc, .pyd,

.pyw, .pyz (since
3.5),[10] .pyo (prior to
3.5)[11]
Website python.org (https://w
ww.python.org/)
Major implementations
CPython, PyPy, Stackless Python,

MicroPython, CircuitPython, IronPython,
Jython
Dialects
Cython, RPython, Starlark[12]
Influenced by
ABC,[13] Ada,[14] ALGOL 68,[15] APL,[16] C,[17]

C++,[18] CLU,[19] Dylan,[20] Haskell,[21][16]
Icon,[22] Lisp,[23] Modula-3,[15][18] Perl,[24]
Standard ML[16]
Influenced
Apache Groovy, Boo, Cobra, CoffeeScript,[25]

D, F#, Genie,[26] Go, JavaScript,[27][28] Julia,[29]
Nim, Ring,[30] Ruby,[31] Swift[32]
Python Programming at Wikibooks
Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-

collected. It supports multiple
programming paradigms, including
structured (particularly procedural), object-
oriented and functional programming. It is
often described as a "batteries included"
language due to its comprehensive
standard library.[34][35]
Guido van Rossum began working on

Python in the late 1980s as a successor to
the ABC programming language and first
released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0.[36]
Python 2.0 was released in 2000 and
introduced new features such as list
comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage
collection, reference counting, and
Unicode support. Python 3.0, released in
2008, was a major revision not completely
backward-compatible with earlier versions.
Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the
last release of Python 2.[37]
Python consistently ranks as one of the

most popular programming
languages.[38][39][40][41]
History
The designer of Python, Guido van Rossum, at OSCON 2006
Python was conceived in the late 1980s[42]

by Guido van Rossum at Centrum
Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the
Netherlands as a successor to the ABC
programming language, which was
inspired by SETL,[43] capable of exception
handling (from the start plus new
capabilities in Python 3.11) and interfacing
with the Amoeba operating system.[13] Its
implementation began in
December 1989.[44] Van Rossum
shouldered sole responsibility for the
project, as the lead developer, until 12 July
2018, when he announced his "permanent
vacation" from his responsibilities as
Python's "benevolent dictator for life", a
title the Python community bestowed
upon him to reflect his long-term
commitment as the project's chief
decision-maker.[45] In January 2019, active
Python core developers elected a five-
member Steering Council to lead the
project.[46][47]
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October
2000, with many major new features.[48]
Python 3.0, released on 3 December 2008,
with many of its major features
backported to Python 2.6.x[49] and 2.7.x.
Releases of Python 3 include the 2to3
utility, which automates the translation of
Python 2 code to Python 3.[50]
Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially set for

2015, then postponed to 2020 out of
concern that a large body of existing code
could not easily be forward-ported to
Python 3.[51][52] No further security
patches or other improvements will be
released for it.[53][54] Currently only 3.7 and
later are supported. In 2021, Python 3.9.2
and 3.8.8 were expedited[55] as all versions
of Python (including 2.7[56]) had security
issues leading to possible remote code
execution[57] and web cache poisoning.[58]
In 2022, Python 3.10.4 and 3.9.12 were

expedited[59] and 3.8.13, and 3.7.13,
because of many security issues.[60] When
Python 3.9.13 was released in May 2022, it
was announced that the 3.9 series (joining
the older series 3.8 and 3.7) will only
receive security fixes going forward.[61] On
September 7, 2022, four new releases
were made due to a potential denial-of-
service attack: 3.10.7, 3.9.14, 3.8.14, and
3.7.14.[62][63]
As of November 2022, Python 3.11.0 is the

current stable release and among the
notable changes from 3.10 are that it is
10–60% faster and significantly improved
error reporting.[64]
Python 3.12 (alpha 2) has improved error

messages.
Removals from Python
The deprecated smtpd module has

been removed from Python 3.12 (alpha).
And a number of other old, broken and
deprecated functions (e.g. from
unittest module), classes and
methods have been removed. The
deprecated wstr and wstr_ length
members of the C implementation of
Unicode objects were removed,[65] to make
UTF-8 the default in later Python versions.
Historically, Python 3 also made changes

from Python 2, e.g. changed the division
operator.
Design philosophy and

features
Python is a multi-paradigm programming
language. Object-oriented programming
and structured programming are fully
supported, and many of their features
support functional programming and
aspect-oriented programming (including
metaprogramming[66] and
metaobjects).[67] Many other paradigms
are supported via extensions, including
design by contract[68][69] and logic
programming.[70]
Python uses dynamic typing and a

combination of reference counting and a
cycle-detecting garbage collector for
memory management.[71] It uses dynamic
name resolution (late binding), which
binds method and variable names during
program execution.
Its design offers some support for

functional programming in the Lisp
tradition. It has
filter , map and reduce functions;
list comprehensions, dictionaries, sets,
and generator expressions.[72] The
standard library has two modules
( itertools and functools ) that
implement functional tools borrowed from
Haskell and Standard ML.[73]
Its core philosophy is summarized in the
document The Zen of Python (PEP 20),
which includes aphorisms such as:[74]
Beautiful is better than ugly.

Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Readability counts.
Rather than building all of its functionality

into its core, Python was designed to be
highly extensible via modules. This
compact modularity has made it
particularly popular as a means of adding
programmable interfaces to existing
applications. Van Rossum's vision of a
small core language with a large standard
library and easily extensible interpreter
stemmed from his frustrations with ABC,
which espoused the opposite approach.[42]
Python strives for a simpler, less-cluttered

syntax and grammar while giving
developers a choice in their coding
methodology. In contrast to Perl's "there is
more than one way to do it" motto, Python
embraces a "there should be one—and
preferably only one—obvious way to do it"
philosophy.[74] Alex Martelli, a Fellow at the
Python Software Foundation and Python
book author, wrote: "To describe
something as 'clever' is not considered a
compliment in the Python culture."[75]
Python's developers strive to avoid

premature optimization and reject patches
to non-critical parts of the CPython
reference implementation that would offer
marginal increases in speed at the cost of
clarity.[76] When speed is important, a
Python programmer can move time-critical
functions to extension modules written in
languages such as C; or use PyPy, a just-
in-time compiler. Cython is also available,
which translates a Python script into C and
makes direct C-level API calls into the
Python interpreter.
Python's developers aim for it to be fun to
use. This is reflected in its name—a tribute
to the British comedy group Monty
Python[77]—and in occasionally playful
approaches to tutorials and reference
materials, such as the use of the terms
"spam", and "eggs" (a reference to a Monty
Python sketch) in examples, instead of the
often-used "foo", and "bar".[78][79]
A common neologism in the Python

community is pythonic, which has a wide
range of meanings related to program
style. "Pythonic" code may use Python
idioms well, be natural or show fluency in
the language, or conform with Python's
minimalist philosophy and emphasis on
readability. Code that is difficult to
understand or reads like a rough
transcription from another programming
language is called unpythonic.[80][81]
Python users and admirers, especially

those considered knowledgeable or
experienced, are often referred to as
Pythonistas.[82][83]
Syntax and semantics

Python is meant to be an easily readable
language. Its formatting is visually
uncluttered and often uses English
keywords where other languages use
punctuation. Unlike many other languages,
it does not use curly brackets to delimit
blocks, and semicolons after statements
are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer
syntactic exceptions and special cases
than C or Pascal.[84]
Indentation
Python uses whitespace indentation,

rather than curly brackets or keywords, to
delimit blocks. An increase in indentation
comes after certain statements; a
decrease in indentation signifies the end
of the current block.[85] Thus, the
program's visual structure accurately
represents its semantic structure.[86] This
feature is sometimes termed the off-side
rule. Some other languages use
indentation this way; but in most,
indentation has no semantic meaning. The
recommended indent size is four
spaces.[87]
Statements and control flow
Python's statements include:
The assignment statement, using a

single equals sign =
The if statement, which conditionally
executes a block of code, along with
else and elif (a contraction of
else-if)
The for statement, which iterates
over an iterable object, capturing each
element to a local variable for use by the
attached block
The while statement, which
executes a block of code as long as its
condition is true
The try statement, which allows
exceptions raised in its attached code
block to be caught and handled by
except clauses (or new syntax
except* in Python 3.11 for exception
groups[88]); it also ensures that clean-up
code in a finally block is always
run regardless of how the block exits
The raise statement, used to raise a
specified exception or re-raise a caught
exception
The class statement, which
executes a block of code and attaches
its local namespace to a class, for use in
object-oriented programming
The def statement, which defines a
function or method
The with statement, which encloses
a code block within a context manager
(for example, acquiring a lock before it
is run, then releasing the lock; or
opening and closing a file), allowing
resource-acquisition-is-initialization
(RAII)-like behavior and replacing a
common try/finally idiom[89]
The break statement, which exits a
loop
The continue statement, which
skips the rest of the current iteration and
continues with the next
The del statement, which removes a
variable—deleting the reference from the
name to the value, and producing an
error if the variable is referred to before
it is redefined
The pass statement, serving as a
NOP, syntactically needed to create an
empty code block
The assert statement, used in
debugging to check for conditions that
should apply
The yield statement, which returns
a value from a generator function (and
also an operator); used to implement
coroutines
The return statement, used to
return a value from a function
The import and from statements,
used to import modules whose
functions or variables can be used in the
current program
The assignment statement ( = ) binds a

name as a reference to a separate,
dynamically-allocated object. Variables
may subsequently be rebound at any time
to any object. In Python, a variable name is
a generic reference holder without a fixed
data type; however, it always refers to
some object with a type. This is called
dynamic typing—in contrast to statically-
typed languages, where each variable may
contain only a value of a certain type.
Python does not support tail call

optimization or first-class continuations,
and, according to Van Rossum, it never
will.[90][91] However, better support for
coroutine-like functionality is provided by
extending Python's generators.[92] Before
2.5, generators were lazy iterators; data
was passed unidirectionally out of the
generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is
possible to pass data back into a
generator function; and from version 3.3, it
can be passed through multiple stack
levels.[93]
Expressions
Python's expressions include:

The + , - , and * operators for
mathematical addition, subtraction, and
multiplication are similar to other
languages, but the behavior of division
differs. There are two types of divisions
in Python: floor division (or integer
division) // and floating-
point / division.[94] Python uses the
** operator for exponentiation.
Python uses the + operator for string
concatenation. Python uses the *
operator for duplicating a string a
specified number of times.
The @ infix operator. It is intended to
be used by libraries such as NumPy for
matrix multiplication.[95][96]
The syntax := , called the "walrus
operator", was introduced in Python 3.8.
It assigns values to variables as part of
a larger expression.[97]
In Python, == compares by value.
Python's is operator may be used to
compare object identities (comparison
by reference), and comparisons may be
chained—for example, a <= b <= c .
Python uses and , or , and not as
boolean operators.
Python has a type of expression called a
list comprehension, as well as a more
general expression called a generator
expression.[72]
Anonymous functions are implemented
using lambda expressions; however,
there may be only one expression in
each body.
Conditional expressions are written as
x if c else y [98] (different in
order of operands from the c ? x :
y operator common to many other
languages).
Python makes a distinction between
lists and tuples. Lists are written as
[1, 2, 3] , are mutable, and cannot
be used as the keys of dictionaries
(dictionary keys must be immutable in
Python). Tuples, written as (1, 2,
3) , are immutable and thus can be
used as keys of dictionaries, provided all
of the tuple's elements are immutable.
The + operator can be used to
concatenate two tuples, which does not
directly modify their contents, but
produces a new tuple containing the
elements of both. Thus, given the
variable t initially equal to (1, 2,
3) , executing t = t + (4, 5)
first evaluates t + (4, 5) , which
yields (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) , which is
then assigned back to t —thereby
effectively "modifying the contents" of
t while conforming to the immutable
nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are
optional for tuples in unambiguous
contexts.[99]
Python features sequence unpacking
where multiple expressions, each
evaluating to anything that can be
assigned (to a variable, writable
property, etc.) are associated in an
identical manner to that forming tuple
literals—and, as a whole, are put on the
left-hand side of the equal sign in an
assignment statement. The statement
expects an iterable object on the right-
hand side of the equal sign that
produces the same number of values as
the provided writable expressions; when
iterated through them, it assigns each of
the produced values to the
corresponding expression on the
left.[100]
Python has a "string format" operator
% that functions analogously to
printf format strings in C—e.g.
"spam=%s eggs=%d" % ("blah",
2) evaluates to "spam=blah
eggs=2" . In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this
was supplemented by the format()
method of the str class, e.g.
"spam={0} eggs=
{1}".format("blah", 2) .
Python 3.6 added "f-strings": spam =
"blah"; eggs = 2; f'spam=
{spam} eggs={eggs}' .[101]
Strings in Python can be concatenated
by "adding" them (with the same
operator as for adding integers and
floats), e.g. "spam" + "eggs"
returns "spameggs" . If strings
contain numbers, they are added as
strings rather than integers, e.g. "2" +
"2" returns "22" .
Python has various string literals:
Delimited by single or double quote
marks; unlike in Unix shells, Perl,
and Perl-influenced languages,
single and double quote marks
work the same. Both use the
backslash ( \ ) as an escape
character. String interpolation
became available in Python 3.6 as
"formatted string literals".[101]
Triple-quoted (beginning and ending
with three single or double quote
marks), which may span multiple
lines and function like here
documents in shells, Perl, and Ruby.
Raw string varieties, denoted by
prefixing the string literal with r .
Escape sequences are not
interpreted; hence raw strings are
useful where literal backslashes are
common, such as regular
expressions and Windows-style
paths. (Compare " @ -quoting" in
C#.)
Python has array index and array slicing
expressions in lists, denoted as
a[key] , a[start:stop] or
a[start:stop:step] . Indexes are
zero-based, and negative indexes are
relative to the end. Slices take elements
from the start index up to, but not
including, the stop index. The third slice
parameter called step or stride, allows
elements to be skipped and reversed.
Slice indexes may be omitted—for
example, a[:] returns a copy of the
entire list. Each element of a slice is a
shallow copy.
In Python, a distinction between

expressions and statements is rigidly
enforced, in contrast to languages such as
Common Lisp, Scheme, or Ruby. This
leads to duplicating some functionality.
For example:
List comprehensions vs. for -loops

Conditional expressions vs. if blocks
The eval() vs. exec() built-in
functions (in Python 2, exec is a
statement); the former is for
expressions, the latter is for statements
Statements cannot be a part of an

expression—so list and other
comprehensions or lambda expressions,
all being expressions, cannot contain
statements. A particular case is that an
assignment statement such as a = 1
cannot form part of the conditional
expression of a conditional statement.
This has the advantage of avoiding a
classic C error of mistaking an assignment
operator = for an equality operator ==
in conditions: if (c = 1) { ... }
is syntactically valid (but probably
unintended) C code, but if c = 1:
... causes a syntax error in Python.
Methods
Methods on objects are functions

attached to the object's class; the syntax
instance.method(argument) is, for
normal methods and functions, syntactic
sugar for Class.method(instance,
argument) . Python methods have an
explicit self parameter to access
instance data, in contrast to the implicit
self (or this ) in some other object-
oriented programming languages (e.g.,
C++, Java, Objective-C, Ruby).[102] Python
also provides methods, often called
dunder methods (due to their names
beginning and ending with double-
underscores), to allow user-defined
classes to modify how they are handled by
native operations including length,
comparison, in arithmetic operations and
type conversion.[103]
Typing
The standard type hierarchy in Python 3
Python uses duck typing and has typed

objects but untyped variable names. Type
constraints are not checked at compile
time; rather, operations on an object may
fail, signifying that it is not of a suitable
type. Despite being dynamically typed,
Python is strongly typed, forbidding
operations that are not well-defined (for
example, adding a number to a string)
rather than silently attempting to make
sense of them.
Python allows programmers to define their

own types using classes, most often used
for object-oriented programming. New
instances of classes are constructed by
calling the class (for example,
SpamClass() or EggsClass() ),
and the classes are instances of the
metaclass type (itself an instance of
itself), allowing metaprogramming and
reflection.
Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds
of classes (both using the same syntax):
old-style and new-style,[104] current Python
versions only support the semantics new
style.
The long-term plan is to support gradual

typing.[105] Python's syntax allows
specifying static types, but they are not
checked in the default implementation,
CPython. An experimental optional static
type-checker, mypy, supports compile-time
type checking.[106]
Summary of Python 3's built-in types
Type Mutability Description Syntax examples
True
bool immutable Boolean value
False
bytearray(b'Some
ASCII')
bytearray(b"Some
bytearray mutable Sequence of bytes
ASCII")
bytearray([119,
105, 107, 105])
b'Some ASCII'
b"Some ASCII"
bytes immutable Sequence of bytes
bytes([119, 105,
107, 105])
Complex number with

3+2.7j
complex immutable real and imaginary
3 + 2.7j
parts
Associative array (or

dictionary) of key and
value pairs; can {'key1': 1.0, 3:
dict mutable contain mixed types False}
(keys and values), {}
keys must be a
hashable type
An ellipsis placeholder
...
types.EllipsisType immutable to be used as an index
Ellipsis
in NumPy arrays
float immutable Double-precision

1.33333
floating-point number.
The precision is
machine-dependent
but in practice is
generally implemented
as a 64-bit IEEE 754
number with 53 bits of
precision.[107]
Unordered set,
contains no
frozenset([4.0,
frozenset immutable duplicates; can
'string', True])
contain mixed types, if
hashable
Integer of unlimited
int immutable 42
magnitude[108]
[4.0, 'string',
List, can contain
list mutable True]
mixed types
[]
An object representing
the absence of a
types.NoneType immutable None
value, often called null
in other languages
A placeholder that can

be returned from
overloaded operators
types.NotImplementedType immutable NotImplemented
to indicate
unsupported operand
types.
An immutable
sequence of numbers
range(-1, 10)
commonly used for
range immutable range(10, -5,
looping a specific
-2)
number of times in
for loops[109]
Unordered set,
contains no {4.0, 'string',
set mutable duplicates; can True}
contain mixed types, if set()
hashable
str immutable A character string: 'Wikipedia'
sequence of Unicode "Wikipedia"
codepoints
"""Spanning
multiple
lines"""
Spanning
multiple
lines
(4.0, 'string',
True)
Can contain mixed
tuple immutable ('single
types
element',)
()
Arithmetic operations
Python has the usual symbols for

arithmetic operators ( + , - , * , / ),
the floor division operator // and the
modulo operation % (where the
remainder can be negative, e.g. 4 % -3
== -2 ). It also has ** for
exponentiation, e.g. 5**3 == 125 and
9**0.5 == 3.0 , and a
matrix‑multiplication operator @ .[110]
These operators work like in traditional
math; with the same precedence rules, the
operators infix ( + and - can also be
unary to represent positive and negative
numbers respectively).
The division between integers produces

floating-point results. The behavior of
division has changed significantly over
time:[111]
Current Python (i.e. since 3.0) changed

/ to always be floating-point division,
e.g. 5/2 == 2.5 .
The floor division // operator was
introduced. So 7//3 == 2 , -7//3
== -3 , 7.5//3 == 2.0 and
-7.5//3 == -3.0 . Adding
from __future__ import division
causes a module used in Python 2.7 to
use Python 3.0 rules for division (see
above).
In Python terms, / is true division (or

simply division), and // is floor division.
/ before version 3.0 is classic
division.[111]
Rounding towards negative infinity, though
different from most languages, adds
consistency. For instance, it means that
the equation
(a + b)//b == a//b + 1 is always
true. It also means that the equation
b*(a//b) + a%b == a is valid for
both positive and negative values of a .
However, maintaining the validity of this
equation means that while the result of
a%b is, as expected, in the half-open
interval [0, b), where b is a positive
integer, it has to lie in the interval (b, 0]
when b is negative.[112]
Python provides a round function for
rounding a float to the nearest integer. For
tie-breaking, Python 3 uses round to even:
round(1.5) and round(2.5) both
produce 2 .[113] Versions before 3 used
round-away-from-zero: round(0.5) is
1.0 , round(-0.5) is −1.0 .[114]
Python allows boolean expressions with

multiple equality relations in a manner that
is consistent with general use in
mathematics. For example, the expression
a < b < c tests whether a is less
than b and b is less than c .[115] C-
derived languages interpret this
expression differently: in C, the expression
would first evaluate a < b , resulting in
0 or 1, and that result would then be
compared with c .[116]
Python uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic

for all integer operations. The Decimal
type/class in the decimal module
provides decimal floating-point numbers
to a pre-defined arbitrary precision and
several rounding modes.[117] The
Fraction class in the fractions
module provides arbitrary precision for
rational numbers.[118]
Due to Python's extensive mathematics

library, and the third-party library NumPy
that further extends the native capabilities,
it is frequently used as a scientific
scripting language to aid in problems such
as numerical data processing and
manipulation.[119][120]
Programming examples
Hello world program:
print('Hello, world!')
Program to calculate the factorial of a

positive integer:
1 n = int(input('Type a
number, and its
factorial will be
printed: '))
2
3 if n < 0:
4 raise
ValueError('You must
enter a non-negative
integer')
5
6 factorial = 1
7 for i in range(2, n +
1):
8 factorial *= i
9
10 print(factorial)
Libraries
Python's large standard library[121]
provides tools suited to many tasks and is
commonly cited as one of its greatest
strengths. For Internet-facing applications,
many standard formats and protocols
such as MIME and HTTP are supported. It
includes modules for creating graphical
user interfaces, connecting to relational
databases, generating pseudorandom
numbers, arithmetic with arbitrary-
precision decimals,[122] manipulating
regular expressions, and unit testing.
Some parts of the standard library are

covered by specifications—for example,
the Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI)
implementation wsgiref follows PEP
333[123]—but most are specified by their
code, internal documentation, and test
suites. However, because most of the
standard library is cross-platform Python
code, only a few modules need altering or
rewriting for variant implementations.
As of 14 November 2022, the Python

Package Index (PyPI), the official
repository for third-party Python software,
contains over 415,000[124] packages with a
wide range of functionality, including:
Automation
Data analytics
Databases
Documentation
Graphical user interfaces
Image processing
Machine learning
Mobile apps
Multimedia
Computer networking
Scientific computing
System administration
Test frameworks
Text processing
Web frameworks
Web scraping
Development environments
Most Python implementations (including
CPython) include a read–eval–print loop
(REPL), permitting them to function as a
command line interpreter for which users
enter statements sequentially and receive
results immediately.
Python also comes with an Integrated
development environment (IDE) called
IDLE, which is more beginner-oriented.
Other shells, including IDLE and IPython,

add further abilities such as improved
auto-completion, session state retention,
and syntax highlighting.
As well as standard desktop integrated

development environments, there are Web
browser-based IDEs, including SageMath,
for developing science- and math-related
programs; PythonAnywhere, a browser-
based IDE and hosting environment; and
Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE
emphasizing scientific computing.[125]
Implementations
Reference implementation
CPython is the reference implementation

of Python. It is written in C, meeting the
C89 standard (Python 3.11 uses C11[126])
with several select C99 features (With later
C versions out, it is considered
outdated.[127][128] CPython includes its
own C extensions, but third-party
extensions are not limited to older C
versions—e.g. they can be implemented
with C11 or C++.[129][130]) It compiles
Python programs into an intermediate
bytecode[131] which is then executed by its
virtual machine.[132] CPython is distributed
with a large standard library written in a
mixture of C and native Python, and is
available for many platforms, including
Windows (starting with Python 3.9, the
Python installer deliberately fails to install
on Windows 7 and 8;[133][134] Windows XP
was supported until Python 3.5) and most
modern Unix-like systems, including
macOS (and Apple M1 Macs, since
Python 3.9.1, with experimental installer)
and unofficial support for e.g. VMS.[135]
Platform portability was one of its earliest
priorities.[136] (During Python 1 and 2
development, even OS/2 and Solaris were
supported,[137] but support has since been
dropped for many platforms.)
Other implementations
PyPy is a fast, compliant interpreter of

Python 2.7 and 3.8.[138][139] Its just-in-
time compiler often brings a significant
speed improvement over CPython but
some libraries written in C cannot be
used with it.[140]
Stackless Python is a significant fork of
CPython that implements microthreads;
it does not use the call stack in the
same way, thus allowing massively
concurrent programs. PyPy also has a
stackless version.[141]
MicroPython and CircuitPython are
Python 3 variants optimized for
microcontrollers, including Lego
Mindstorms EV3.[142]
Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime
that uses just-in-time compilation to
speed up the execution of Python
programs.[143]
Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of
CPython 3.8 that contains a number of
optimizations including bytecode inline
caching, eager evaluation of coroutines,
a method-at-a-time JIT, and an
experimental bytecode compiler.[144]
Unsupported implementations
Other just-in-time Python compilers have

been developed, but are now unsupported:
Google began a project named Unladen

Swallow in 2009, with the aim of
speeding up the Python interpreter
fivefold by using the LLVM, and of
improving its multithreading ability to
scale to thousands of cores,[145] while
ordinary implementations suffer from
the global interpreter lock.
Psyco is a discontinued just-in-time
specializing compiler that integrates
with CPython and transforms bytecode
to machine code at runtime. The
emitted code is specialized for certain
data types and is faster than the
standard Python code. Psyco does not
support Python 2.7 or later.
PyS60 was a Python 2 interpreter for
Series 60 mobile phones released by
Nokia in 2005. It implemented many of
the modules from the standard library
and some additional modules for
integrating with the Symbian operating
system. The Nokia N900 also supports
Python with GTK widget libraries,
enabling programs to be written and run
on the target device.[146]
Cross-compilers to other languages
There are several compilers to high-level

object languages, with either unrestricted
Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a
language similar to Python as the source
language:
Brython,[147] Transcrypt[148][149] and Pyjs

(latest release in 2012) compile Python
to JavaScript.
Cython compiles (a superset of)
Python 2.7 to C (while the resulting code
is also usable with Python 3 and also
e.g. C++).
Nuitka compiles Python into C.[150]
Numba uses LLVM to compile a subset
of Python to machine code.
Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3
to C++ (C++11).[151][152][153]
RPython can be compiled to C, and is
used to build the PyPy interpreter of
Python.
The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler[154]
compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++
(C++17).
Specialized:
MyHDL is a Python-based hardware
description language (HDL), that
converts MyHDL code to Verilog or
VHDL code.
Older projects (or not to be used with

Python 3.x and latest syntax):
Google's Grumpy (latest release in 2017)

transpiles Python 2 to Go.[155][156][157]
IronPython allows running Python 2.7
programs (and an alpha, released in
2021, is also available for "Python 3.4,
although features and behaviors from
later versions may be included"[158]) on
the .NET Common Language
Runtime.[159]
Jython compiles Python 2.7 to Java
bytecode, allowing the use of the Java
libraries from a Python program.[160]
Pyrex (latest release in 2010) and Shed
Skin (latest release in 2013) compile to
C and C++ respectively.
Performance
Performance comparison of various

Python implementations on a non-
numerical (combinatorial) workload was
presented at EuroSciPy '13.[161] Python's
performance compared to other
programming languages is also
benchmarked by The Computer Language
Benchmarks Game.[162]
Development
Python's development is conducted largely
through the Python Enhancement Proposal
(PEP) process, the primary mechanism for
proposing major new features, collecting
community input on issues, and
documenting Python design decisions.[163]
Python coding style is covered in
PEP 8.[164] Outstanding PEPs are reviewed
and commented on by the Python
community and the steering council.[163]
Enhancement of the language

corresponds with the development of the
CPython reference implementation. The
mailing list python-dev is the primary
forum for the language's development.
Specific issues were originally discussed
in the Roundup bug tracker hosted at by
the foundation.[165] In 2022, all issues and
discussions were migrated to GitHub.[166]
Development originally took place on a
self-hosted source-code repository
running Mercurial, until Python moved to
GitHub in January 2017.[167]
CPython's public releases come in three

types, distinguished by which part of the
version number is incremented:
Backward-incompatible versions, where
code is expected to break and needs to
be manually ported. The first part of the
version number is incremented. These
releases happen infrequently—version
3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0.
According to Guido van Rossum, a
version 4.0 is very unlikely to ever
happen.[168]
Major or "feature" releases are largely
compatible with the previous version but
introduce new features. The second part
of the version number is incremented.
Starting with Python 3.9, these releases
are expected to happen annually.[169][170]
Each major version is supported by bug
fixes for several years after its
release.[171]
Bugfix releases,[172] which introduce no
new features, occur about every 3
months and are made when a sufficient
number of bugs have been fixed
upstream since the last release. Security
vulnerabilities are also patched in these
releases. The third and final part of the
version number is incremented.[172]
Many alpha, beta, and release-candidates

are also released as previews and for
testing before final releases. Although
there is a rough schedule for each release,
they are often delayed if the code is not
ready. Python's development team
monitors the state of the code by running
the large unit test suite during
development.[173]
The major academic conference on

Python is PyCon. There are also special
Python mentoring programs, such as
Pyladies.
Python 3.10 deprecated wstr (to be

removed in Python 3.12; meaning Python
extensions[174] need to be modified by
then),[175] and added pattern matching to
the language.[176]
API documentation
generators
Tools that can generate documentation for
Python API include pydoc (available as
part of the standard library), Sphinx, Pdoc
and its forks, Doxygen and Graphviz,
among others.[177]
Naming
Python's name is derived from the British
comedy group Monty Python, whom
Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed
while developing the language. Monty
Python references appear frequently in
Python code and culture;[178] for example,
the metasyntactic variables often used in
Python literature are spam and eggs
instead of the traditional foo and
bar.[178][179] The official Python
documentation also contains various
references to Monty Python
routines.[180][181]
The prefix Py- is used to show that

something is related to Python. Examples
of the use of this prefix in names of
Python applications or libraries include
Pygame, a binding of SDL to Python
(commonly used to create games); PyQt
and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK to
Python respectively; and PyPy, a Python
implementation originally written in
Python.
Popularity
Since 2003, Python has consistently
ranked in the top ten most popular
programming languages in the TIOBE
Programming Community Index where as
of December 2022 it was the most popular
language (ahead of C, C++, and Java).[40] It
was selected Programming Language of
the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in
a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020 (the
only language to have done so four times
as of 2020[182]).
An empirical study found that scripting
languages, such as Python, are more
productive than conventional languages,
such as C and Java, for programming
problems involving string manipulation
and search in a dictionary, and determined
that memory consumption was often
"better than Java and not much worse
than C or C++".[183]
Large organizations that use Python

include Wikipedia, Google,[184] Yahoo!,[185]
CERN,[186] NASA,[187] Facebook,[188]
Amazon, Instagram,[189] Spotify,[190] and
some smaller entities like ILM[191] and
ITA.[192] The social news networking site
Reddit was written mostly in Python.[193]
Uses
Python Powered
Python can serve as a scripting language

for web applications, e.g., via mod_wsgi
for the Apache webserver.[194] With Web
Server Gateway Interface, a standard API
has evolved to facilitate these
applications. Web frameworks like Django,
Pylons, Pyramid, TurboGears, web2py,
Tornado, Flask, Bottle, and Zope support
developers in the design and maintenance
of complex applications. Pyjs and
IronPython can be used to develop the
client-side of Ajax-based applications.
SQLAlchemy can be used as a data
mapper to a relational database. Twisted
is a framework to program
communications between computers, and
is used (for example) by Dropbox.
Libraries such as NumPy, SciPy, and

Matplotlib allow the effective use of
Python in scientific computing,[195][196]
with specialized libraries such as
Biopython and Astropy providing domain-
specific functionality. SageMath is a
computer algebra system with a notebook
interface programmable in Python: its
library covers many aspects of
mathematics, including algebra,
combinatorics, numerical mathematics,
number theory, and calculus.[197] OpenCV
has Python bindings with a rich set of
features for computer vision and image
processing.[198]
Python is commonly used in artificial

intelligence projects and machine learning
projects with the help of libraries like
TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, and scikit-
learn.[199][200][201][202] As a scripting
language with a modular architecture,
simple syntax, and rich text processing
tools, Python is often used for natural
language processing.[203]
Python can also be used to create games,

with libraries such as Pygame, which can
make 2D games.
Python has been successfully embedded

in many software products as a scripting
language, including in finite element
method software such as Abaqus, 3D
parametric modelers like FreeCAD, 3D
animation packages such as 3ds Max,
Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini,
Maya, modo, MotionBuilder, Softimage,
the visual effects compositor Nuke, 2D
imaging programs like GIMP,[204] Inkscape,
Scribus and Paint Shop Pro,[205] and
musical notation programs like scorewriter
and capella. GNU Debugger uses Python
as a pretty printer to show complex
structures such as C++ containers. Esri
promotes Python as the best choice for
writing scripts in ArcGIS.[206] It has also
been used in several video games,[207][208]
and has been adopted as first of the three
available programming languages in
Google App Engine, the other two being
Java and Go.[209]
Many operating systems include Python
as a standard component. It ships with
most Linux distributions,[210] AmigaOS 4
(using Python 2.7), FreeBSD (as a
package), NetBSD, and OpenBSD (as a
package) and can be used from the
command line (terminal). Many Linux
distributions use installers written in
Python: Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity installer,
while Red Hat Linux and Fedora Linux use
the Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses
Python in its package management
system, Portage.
Python is used extensively in the

information security industry, including in
exploit development.[211][212]
Most of the Sugar software for the One

Laptop per Child XO, developed at Sugar
Labs since 2008, is written in Python.[213]
The Raspberry Pi single-board computer
project has adopted Python as its main
user-programming language.
LibreOffice includes Python and intends to

replace Java with Python. Its Python
Scripting Provider is a core feature[214]
since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013.
Languages influenced by
Python
Python's design and philosophy have
influenced many other programming
languages:
Boo uses indentation, a similar syntax,

and a similar object model.[215]
Cobra uses indentation and a similar
syntax, and its Acknowledgements
document lists Python first among
languages that influenced it.[216]
CoffeeScript, a programming language
that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has
Python-inspired syntax.
ECMAScript/JavaScript borrowed
iterators and generators from
Python.[217]
GDScript, a scripting language very
similar to Python, built-in to the Godot
game engine.[218]
Go is designed for the "speed of working
in a dynamic language like Python"[219]
and shares the same syntax for slicing
arrays.
Groovy was motivated by the desire to
bring the Python design philosophy to
Java.[220]
Julia was designed to be "as usable for
general programming as Python".[29]
Nim uses indentation and similar
syntax.[221]
Ruby's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, has
said: "I wanted a scripting language that
was more powerful than Perl, and more
object-oriented than Python. That's why I
decided to design my own
language."[222]
Swift, a programming language
developed by Apple, has some Python-
inspired syntax.[223]
Python's development practices have also

been emulated by other languages. For
example, the practice of requiring a
document describing the rationale for, and
issues surrounding, a change to the
language (in Python, a PEP) is also used in
Tcl,[224] Erlang,[225] and Swift.[226]
See also
Computer
programming
portal
Free and
open-source
software
portal
Python syntax and semantics

pip (package manager)
List of programming languages
History of programming languages
Comparison of programming languages
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521-72596-5.
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2010.
Lutz, Mark (2013). Learning Python
(5th ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-
596-15806-4.
Summerfield, Mark (2009). Programming
in Python 3 (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley
Professional. ISBN 978-0-321-68056-3.
Ramalho, Luciano (May 2022). Fluent
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nsights/books/fluent-python-2nd-editio
n) (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-
4920-5632-4.
External links
Python
at Wikipedia's sister projects
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Commons
Quotations
from
Wikiquote
Textbooks
from
Wikibooks
Resources
from
Wikiversity
Data from
Wikidata
Official website (https://www.python.or

g/)
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Python_(programming_language)&oldid=1134
491407"
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Python (Programming Language) - Wikipedia

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Python (Programming Language) - Wikipedia

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Python

Python is a high-level, general-purpose

Designed by Guido van Rossum

Developer Python Software

First appeared 20 February 1991[2]

Stable release 3.11.1[3] / 6

Typing discipline Duck, dynamic, strong

License Python Software

Filename extensions .py, .pyi, .pyc, .pyd,

CPython, PyPy, Stackless Python,

Cython, RPython, Starlark[12]

ABC,[13] Ada,[14] ALGOL 68,[15] APL,[16] C,[17]

Apache Groovy, Boo, Cobra, CoffeeScript,[25]

Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-

Guido van Rossum began working on

Python consistently ranks as one of the

Python was conceived in the late 1980s[42]

Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially set for

In 2022, Python 3.10.4 and 3.9.12 were

As of November 2022, Python 3.11.0 is the

Python 3.12 (alpha 2) has improved error

Removals from Python

The deprecated smtpd module has

Historically, Python 3 also made changes

Design philosophy and

Python uses dynamic typing and a

Its design offers some support for

Beautiful is better than ugly.

Rather than building all of its functionality

Python strives for a simpler, less-cluttered

Python's developers strive to avoid

A common neologism in the Python

Python users and admirers, especially

Syntax and semantics

Python uses whitespace indentation,

Statements and control ﬂow

Python's statements include:

The assignment statement, using a

The assignment statement ( = ) binds a

Python does not support tail call

Python's expressions include:

In Python, a distinction between

List comprehensions vs. for -loops

Statements cannot be a part of an

Methods on objects are functions

Python uses duck typing and has typed

Python allows programmers to deﬁne their

The long-term plan is to support gradual

Complex number with

Associative array (or

float immutable Double-precision

A placeholder that can

Python has the usual symbols for

The division between integers produces

Current Python (i.e. since 3.0) changed

In Python terms, / is true division (or

Python allows boolean expressions with

Python uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic

Due to Python's extensive mathematics

Program to calculate the factorial of a

Some parts of the standard library are

As of 14 November 2022, the Python

Other shells, including IDLE and IPython,

As well as standard desktop integrated

CPython is the reference implementation

PyPy is a fast, compliant interpreter of

Other just-in-time Python compilers have

Google began a project named Unladen

Cross-compilers to other languages

There are several compilers to high-level

Brython,[147] Transcrypt[148][149] and Pyjs

Older projects (or not to be used with

Google's Grumpy (latest release in 2017)

Performance comparison of various

Enhancement of the language

CPython's public releases come in three